Lujanian

The Lujanian age is a South American land mammal age within the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs of the Quaternary, from 0.4–0.011 Ma or 400–11 kya.

## Contents

* 1 Chronology
* 2 Bonaerian
* 3 Lujanian 'sensus stricto'
* 4 References

## Chronology

The Lujanian age follows the Ensenadan age, and precedes the Platan age.[1][2] The age is usually divided into the middle Pleistocene Bonaerian substage, which ends at about 130,000 years, and the Lujanian 'sensus stricto' substage, which lasts from about 130,000 years into the early Holocene.[3] As the approximate boundary between the Ensenadan and Lujanian has been historically undetermined, a "Belgranian" stage has been used to bridge the two faunal stages, although more recent research does not support this.[4] The Lujanian age overlaps chronologically with the North American Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean faunal stages.

## Bonaerian

Variably categorized as either a substage of the Lujanian age or a separate age of its own, the Bonaerian ('Bonarian') substage coincides with the Megatherium americanum biozone. The base of the Bonaerian also co-records the Ctenomys kraglievichi biozone from the southern Pampean region.[2][5]

This substage begins with a warm event, which continued for most of the Bonaerian.[6] A faunal turnover happened in between the Bonaerian and the preceding Ensenadan age, which saw the replacement and diversification of several carnivoran taxa. These include various new species of short-faced bear (Arctotherium), mustelids (e.g. Galictis cuja, Lyncodon patagonicus, Eira, Pteronura), canids (Dusicyon avus), procyonids (e.g. Nasua, Procyon), and mephitids (e.g. Conepatus semistriatus, Conepatus humboldtii).[7]

## Lujanian 'sensus stricto'

The Lujanian substage is characterized by the Equus (Amerhippus) neogeus biozone.[2]

## References

1. ↑ Fernández-Monescillo, Marcos; Martínez, Gastón; García López, Daniel; Frechen, Manfred; Romero-Lebrón, Eugenia; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M.; Haro, J. Augusto; Rodríguez, Pablo E. et al. (February 2023). "The last record of the last typotherid (Notoungulata, Mesotheriidae, Mesotherium cristatum) for the middle Pleistocene of the western Pampean region, Córdoba Province, Argentina, and its biostratigraphic implications" (in en). Quaternary Science Reviews 301. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107925. Bibcode: 2023QSRv..30107925F. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S027737912200556X.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gasparini, Germán Mariano; Soibelzon, Esteban; Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor; Cruz, Laura Edith (2023-05-15). "BIOESTRATIGRAFÍA BASADA EN MAMÍFEROS: CAMBIOS FAUNÍSTICOS E INFERENCIAS PALEOCLIMÁTICAS DURANTE EL CUATERNARIO EN LA REGIÓN PAMPEANA (ARGENTINA)" (in es). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 23 (1): 296–316. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.29.11.2022.408. ISSN 2469-0228. https://peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/408.
3. ↑ Cione, A. L.; Tonni, E. P.; Soibelzon, L. (2003). "The Broken Zig-Zag: Late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extinction in South America". Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat.. New Series 5 (1): 1–19. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.5.26. ISSN 1514-5158. http://www.ege.fcen.uba.ar/materias/general/Broken_ZigZagMACN_5_1_19_.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
4. ↑ Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scillato-Yané, Gustavo J. (2009-12-01). "Paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy and systematics of the Hoplophorini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontoidea, Hoplophorinae) from the Ensenadan Stage (early Pleistocene to early-middle Pleistocene)". Quaternary International. The Ensenadan Stage/Age in southern South America 210 (1): 82–92. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.029. ISSN 1040-6182. Bibcode: 2009QuInt.210...82Z. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061820900216X.
5. ↑ Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa; Bellinzoni, Jonathan (2021-05-11). "Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications" (in en). Quaternary 4 (2): 15. doi:10.3390/quat4020015. ISSN 2571-550X. Bibcode: 2021Quat....4...15P.
6. ↑ Zamorano, Martín; Soibelzon, Esteban; Tonni, Eduardo P. (28 October 2021). "Giants of the Pampean plains (Argentina) during Early Pleistocene (Ensenadan). The case of Panochthus (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae): comparative descriptions" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 302 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2021/1017. ISSN 0077-7749. Bibcode: 2021NJGPA.302...35Z. http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/302/100312/Giants_of_the_Pampean_plains_Argentina_during_Earl?af=crossref.
7. ↑ Prevosti, Francisco J.; Soibelzon, Leopoldo H. (June 2012). "Evolution of the South American Carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora): A Paleontological Perspective". in Patterson, Bruce D. (in en). Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226649214.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-226-64919-1. https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226649214.

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