Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo (1802–1885) is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets, for which he is best known in his native France. A prolific writer who could complete 20 pages a day, he also endured years (such as in the 1840s) when he was unable to produce. He penned the classic play Cromwell (1827), and novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) and Les Miserables (1862). Hugo addressed many of the social problems of his time, such as poverty, child labor, and women's condition. He strongly opposed the death penalty. While he was not blind to their flaws, he admired both the French Revolution and Napoleon. His writing style was for the common man.

Christianity animated his work. In his Preface to Cromwell, Hugo wrote:

Lastly, this threefold poetry flows from three great sources - The Bible, Homer, Shakespeare ... The Bible before the Iliad, the Iliad before Shakespeare.

In Les Miserables, Hugo wrote (Book 5, Chapter 4):

God is behind everything, but everything hides God.

His novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Miserables, and The Man who Laughs, have all been made into movies several times. Furthermore, the design of Gwynplaine in the 1928 adaptation of The Man who Laughs inspired the design of the Batman villain the Joker.

> Architecture has recorded the great ideas of the human race. Not only every religious symbol, but every human thought has its page in that vast book.

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 2 Political views
* 3 Quotes
* 4 Bibliography
* 5 A paragraph
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Biography[edit]

Victor Hugo was born in Besançon, France on February 26, 1802, to Sophie Trébuche (mother), and Joseph-Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo (father). His father traveled in Napoleon's army as a general when Hugo was a child, which forced the family to move a lot. Weary of this, Sophie separated from Joseph and settled in Paris.

Between 1815 and 1818 he studied law, though he never did anything with it. Encouraged by his mother, he instead pursued a career in literature. He founded Conservateur Litteraire where he published his own poems and stories in.

In 1819, Hugo fell in love and got engaged to Adèle Foucher, against his mother's wishes. His mother died in 1821, and the next year he married his wife Adèle Foucher, and his jealous brother Eugène went insane because of this. In the same year, he published his first book of poetry, Odes et Poésies Diverses. In 1823, he published his first novel, Hans of Iceland.

By 1830, he and his wife had four children. Tired of her husband's sexual demands and her pregnancies, Adèle began to sleep alone, and eventually had an affair with critic Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve. In 1833, Hugo met the actress Juliette Drouet, who would remain his primary mistress until she died.

In 1841, he was elected to the French Academy and nominated for the Chamber of Peers.

Following the drowning of his daughter Léopoldine (aged 19), her unborn child husband in 1843 which arose from a boat accident in the Seine, he stepped back from publishing his works.

In 1848, he was elected to the Constitutional Assembly following the February Revolution of that year.

Following Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in 1851, he fled to Brussels. He didn't return to France until 1970 when Napoleon the Third fell, declining three amnesties, and living on the Channel Islands for 19 years. While living on the island with his mistress, Hugo wrote his longest and more socialist novel, Les Miserables. When he returned to Paris, he was hailed as a hero of the republic.

Between 1871 and 1873, he lost his two sons.

In 1878, he was stricken with cerebral congestion. He and his mistress Juliette lived in Paris for the rest of their lives. On his 80th birthday in 1882, the street which he lived on was renamed Avenue Victor Hugo in his honor. Juliette died the next year. Hugo himself died on May 22, 1885. He is buried in the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, and his funeral was attended by two million people.

## Political views[edit]

Hugo viewed political liberty as fundamental to artistic freedom:

“  |  Hugo called for a "July 14" of art and declared that liberty in art was the offspring of political liberty. Harmony, the goal of all art, could not be achieved by excluding the unique and the idiosyncratic or the ugly and grotesque.[1] |  ”

|
|

## Quotes[edit]

“  |  Adversity makes men, and prosperity makes monsters.[2] |  ”

|
|

“  |  Our mind is enriched by what we receive, our heart by what we give.[3] |  ”

|
|

“  |  Don't educate your children to be rich. Educate them to be happy, so they know the value of things, not the price.[3] |  ”

|
|

“  |  Between the government which does evil and the people who accept it - there is a certain shameful solidarity.[3] |  ”

|
|

“  |  If you don't build castles in the air you won't build anything on the ground.[3] |  ”

|
|

“  |  Life is the flower for which love is the honey.[2] |  ”

|
|

“  |  When a woman is talking to you, listen to what she says with her eyes.[2] |  ”

|
|

“  |  Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.[2] |  ”

|
|

## Bibliography[edit]

* Odes et Poésies Diverses (1822)
* Hans of Iceland (1823)
* Bug-Jargal (1826)
* Cromwell (1827)
* Odes et Ballades (1928). A collection of poems.
* The Last Days of a Condemned Man (1829)
* Notre Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame) (1831)
* Napoleon the Little (1852)
* Les Miserables (1862)
* The Man who Laughs (1869)
* Ninety-Three (1874)
* History of a Crime (1877)
* Toilers of the Sea (1883)

## A paragraph[edit]

From "The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris"

> Here unfold themselves to the eye, successively and at one glance, the three deep Gothic doorways; the richly traced and sculptured band of twenty-eight royal niches; the immense central rose-window, flanked by its two lateral windows, like a priest by the deacon and subdeacon; the lofty and fragile gallery of trifoliated arches supporting a heavy platform on its slender columns; finally, the two dark and massive towers with their projecting slate roofs--harmonious parts of one magnificent whole, rising one above another in five gigantic storeys, massed yet unconfused, their innumerable details of statuary, sculpture, and carving boldly allied to the impassive grandeur of the whole.

## See also[edit]

* Leo Tolstoy
* Literature
* Author

## References[edit]

* "Victor-Marie Hugo." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2014. Web. 10 Aug. 2014. [1]
* "Barnes & Noble.com - Victor Hugo - Books: Meet the Writers." Barnes & Noble.com - Victor Hugo - Books: Meet the Writers. Barnes & Noble. Web. 10 Aug. 2014. <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497>.

## External links[edit]

* Victor Hugo quotes
* ↑ https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/romanticism-literature-and-politics
* ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/victor-hugo-quotes
* ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 https://www.azquotes.com/author/7021-Victor_Hugo