Data storage

Short description: Recording of information in a storage medium

This article is about all forms of data storage. For data storage on computers in particular, see Computer data storage.

Edison cylinder phonograph c. 1899. The phonograph cylinder is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device especially as machines of this vintage were able to record on blank cylinders. On a reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630), the recorder is data storage equipment and the magnetic tape is a data storage medium. Various electronic storage devices, with a coin for scale DNA and RNA can be considered as biological storage media.[1] Computer memory types

Volatile
RAM

* DRAM
* SDRAM
* DDR
* GDDR
* HBM
* SRAM

Historical

* Williams–Kilburn tube (1946–47)
* Delay line memory (1947)
* Mellon optical memory (1951)
* Selectron tube (1952)
* Dekatron
* T-RAM (2009)
* Z-RAM (2002–2010)

Non-volatile
ROM

* Mask ROM
* PROM
* EPROM
* EEPROM
* Flash memory

NVRAM

* ReRAM

Early stage NVRAM

* FeRAM
* MRAM
* PCM (3D XPoint)
* FeFET memory

Magnetic

* Magnetic tape data storage (Linear Tape-Open)
* Hard disk drive

Optical

* Optical disc
* 5D optical data storage

In development

* CBRAM
* Racetrack memory
* NRAM
* Millipede memory
* FJG RAM

Historical

* Paper data storage (1725)
* Drum memory (1932)
* Magnetic-core memory (1949)
* Plated wire memory (1957)
* Core rope memory (1960s)
* Thin-film memory (1962)
* Disk pack (1962)
* Twistor memory (~1968)
* Bubble memory (~1970)
* Floppy disk (1971)

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Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a storage medium. Handwriting, phonographic recording, magnetic tape, and optical discs are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as RNA and DNA are considered by some as data storage.[1][2] Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of energy. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.

Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called digital data. Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a general-purpose computer. Electronic documents can be stored in much less space than paper documents.[3] Barcodes and magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) are two ways of recording machine-readable data on paper.

## Contents

* 1 Recording media
* 2 Global capacity, digitization, and trends
* 3 Mass storage
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading

## Recording media

A recording medium is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the Internet[4] as well as being observed directly. Digital information is stored on electronic media in many different recording formats.

With electronic media, the data and the recording media are sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software. With (traditional art) static media, art materials such as crayons may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium.

Some recording media may be temporary, either by design or by nature. Volatile organic compounds may be used to preserve the environment or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as smoke signals or skywriting are temporary by nature. Depending on the volatility, a gas (e.g. atmosphere, smoke) or a liquid surface such as a lake would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all.

## Global capacity, digitization, and trends

A 2003 UC Berkeley report estimated that about five exabytes of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000.[5] The amount of data transmitted over telecommunications systems in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed) was more than 30% per year.

In a more limited study, the International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time.[6]

A 2011 Science Magazine article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices.[7] In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three compressed exabytes in 1986, and 295 compressed exabytes in 2007.[7] The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years.[8]

It is estimated that around 120 zettabytes of data will be generated in 2023[update], an increase of 60x from 2010, and that it will increase to 181 zettabytes generated in 2025.[9]

## Mass storage

This section is an excerpt from Mass storage[ edit ]

In computing, mass storage refers to the storage of large amounts of data in a persisting and machine-readable fashion. In general, the term mass in mass storage is used to mean large in relation to contemporaneous hard disk drives, but it has also been used to mean large relative to the size of primary memory as for example with floppy disks on personal computers.

Devices and/or systems that have been described as mass storage include tape libraries, RAID systems, and a variety of computer drives such as hard disk drives (HDDs), magnetic tape drives, magneto-optical disc drives, optical disc drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs). It also includes experimental forms like holographic memory. Mass storage includes devices with removable and non-removable media.[10][11] It does not include random access memory (RAM).

There are two broad classes of mass storage: local data in devices such as smartphones or computers, and enterprise servers and data centers for the cloud. For local storage, SSDs are on the way to replacing HDDs. Considering the mobile segment from phones to notebooks, the majority of systems today is based on NAND Flash. As for Enterprise and data centers, storage tiers have established using a mix of SSD and HDD.[12]

## See also

* Archival science
* Blank media tax
* Computer data storage
* Computer memory
* Content format
* Data retention
* Data transmission
* Digital dark age
* Digital preservation
* Digital Revolution
* Disaggregated storage
* Distributed block storage
* Disk drive performance characteristics
* Disk storage
* Electronic quantum holography
* External storage
* Format war
* Flip-flop (electronics)
* Fuzzy bit
* Information Age
* IOPS
* Library
* Magnetic tape
* Media (communication)
* Media controls
* Medium format (film)
* Memristor
* Nanodot
* Nonlinear medium (random access)
* Plant-based digital data storage
* Recording format
* Semiconductor memory
* Software-defined storage
* Volatile memory
* Visual arts

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gilbert, Walter (Feb 1986). "The RNA World". Nature 319 (6055): 618. doi:10.1038/319618a0. Bibcode: 1986Natur.319..618G.
2. ↑ Hubert, Bert (9 January 2021). "DNA seen through the eyes of a coder". https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/amazing-dna/. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
3. ↑ Rotenstreich, Shmuel. "The Difference between Electronic and Paper Documents". https://www.seas.gwu.edu/~shmuel/WORK/Differences/Chapter 3 - Sources.pdf.
4. ↑ Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R. (October 23, 2003). "HOW MUCH INFORMATION 2003?". UC Berkeley, School of Information Management and Systems. http://groups.ischool.berkeley.edu/archive/how-much-info-2003/.
5. ↑ Maclay, Kathleen (28 October 2003). "Amount of new information doubled in last three years, UC Berkeley study finds". https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/10/28_information.shtml.
6. ↑ Theirer, Adam (14 March 2008). "IDC's "Diverse & Exploding Digital Universe" report". https://techliberation.com/2008/03/14/idcs-diverse-exploding-digital-universe-report/.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information". Science 332 (6025): 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.1200970. PMID 21310967. Bibcode: 2011Sci...332...60H. http://www.martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html/.
8. ↑ Hilbert, Martin (15 June 2011). "Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010". Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0.
9. ↑ Duarte, Fabio (April 3, 2023). "Amount of Data Created Daily (2023)". https://explodingtopics.com/blog/data-generated-per-day.
10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `PCMag-Encycl`
11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Sterling-2018-ch17`
12. ↑ https://www.hyperstone.com/en/NAND-Flash-is-displacing-hard-disk-drives-1249,12728.html, NAND Flash is displacing Hard Disk Drives, Retrieved 29. May 2018

## Further reading

* Bennett, John C. (1997). "'JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material". British Library Research and Innovation Report 50. http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/papers/bl/jisc-npo50/bennet.html.
* Timeline of Milestones in Storage Technology at Computer History Museum
* History of Storage from Cave Paintings to Electrons
* The Evolution of Data Storage

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Data

* Analysis
* Archaeology
* Cleansing
* Collection
* Compression
* Corruption
* Curation
* Degradation
* Editing
* ETL
* Farming
* Format management
* Fusion
* Integration
* Integrity
* Library
* Loss
* Management
* Migration
* Mining
* Pre-processing
* Preservation
* Protection (privacy)
* Recovery
* Reduction
* Retention
* Quality
* Science
* Scraping
* Scrubbing
* Security
* Stewardship
* Storage
* Validation
* Warehouse
* Wrangling/munging

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Computer files

Types|

* Binary file / text file
* File format
* List of file formats
* File signatures
* Magic number
* Metafile
* Sidecar file
* Sparse file
* Swap file
* System file
* Temporary file
* Zero-byte file

Properties|

* Filename
* 8.3 filename
* Long filename
* Filename mangling
* Filename extension
* List of filename extensions
* File attribute
* Extended file attributes
* File size
* Hidden file / Hidden directory

Organisation|

* Directory/folder
* NTFS junction point
* Temporary folder
* Directory structure
* File sequence
* File system
* Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
* Path

Operations|

* Open
* Close
* Read
* Write

Linking|

* Alias
* File descriptor
* Hard link
* Shadow
* Shortcut
* Symbolic link

Management|

* File comparison
* File compression
* File manager
* Comparison of file managers
* File system permissions
* File transfer
* File sharing
* File verification

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Magnetic storage media

* Wire (1898)
* Tape (1928)
* Drum (1932)
* Ferrite core (1949)
* Hard disk (1956)
* Stripe card (1956)
* MICR (1956)
* Thin film (1962)
* CRAM (1962)
* Twistor (~1968)
* Floppy disk (1969)
* Bubble (~1970)
* MRAM (1995)
* Racetrack (2008)

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Optical storage media

Blu-ray (2006)|

* BD-R (2006)
* BD-RE (2006)
* BD-R XL (2010)
* BD-RE XL (2010)

Professional Disc (2003)|

* PDD (2004)

DVD (1995)|

* DVD-R (1997)
* DVD-RW (1999)
* DVD+RW (2001)
* DVD+R (2002)
* DVD+R DL (2004)
* DVD-R DL (2005)

Compact disc (1982)|

* CD-R (1988)
* CD-i (1991)
* CD-RW (1997)

Discontinued|

* Microform (1870)
* Optical tape (20th century)
* Optical disc (20th century)
* LaserDisc (1978)
* WORM (1979)
* GD-ROM (1997)
* MIL-CD (1999)
* DataPlay (2002)
* UDO (2003)
* ProData (2003)
* UMD (2004)
* HD DVD (2006)

Magneto-optic Kerr effect (1877)|

* MO disc (1980s)
* MiniDisc (1992)
* Hi-MD (2004)

Optical Assist|

* Laser turntable (1986)
* Floptical (1991)
* Super DLT (1998)

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Paper data storage media

Antiquity|

* Writing on papyrus (c. 3000 BCE)
* Paper (105 CE)

Modern|

* Index card (1640s)
* Punched tape (mid-1800s)
* Punched card (1880s)
* Edge-notched card (1904)
* Optical mark recognition (1930s)
* Barcode (1948)

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Primary computer data storage technologies

Volatile memory|

| Current|

* DRAM
* e.g., DDR SDRAM
* SRAM

|

Future|

* Z-RAM

Historical|

* Delay line memory
* Selectron tube
* Williams tube

Non-volatile memory|

| Current|

* 3D XPoint
* EAROM
* EEPROM
* EPROM
* Flash memory
* PROM
* ROM

|

Future|

* FeRAM
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* RRAM
* SONOS

Historical|

* Bubble memory
* Drum memory
* Magnetic-core memory
* Twistor memory

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Writing & Writing material

Enduring|

| Plant based|

* Palm leaf (Borassus)
* Ola leaf (Corypha umbraculifera)
* Birch bark (Betula)
* Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)
* Bamboo and wooden slips
* Paper
* Amate
* Trema micrantha
* Ficus aurea
* Parabaik (Streblus asper)
* Samut khoi (S. asper)
* Kraing (Morus bark)

|

Other materials|

* Clay tablet
* Wax tablet
* Metals
* Stamping
* Intaglio
* Stone
* Animal skin
* Parchment
* Vellum
* Oracle bone
* Silk text
* Textile printing
* Geoglyph
* Ink
* Photographic film

Impermanent|

* Electronic paper
* Screen
* Skywriting

Carrier objects|

* Inscription
* Bas-relief
* Scroll
* Manuscript
* Palimpsest
* Codex
* Book
* Sign
* Microform
* Electronic media

Related topics|

* Writing systems
* History of writing
* List of writing systems

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Memory cards

Main articles|

* Memory card reader
* Comparison of memory cards
* SD Card and MultiMediaCard family comparison

Types|

* CompactFlash (CF, CFast)
* CFexpress
* Express Card
* JEIDA
* MultiMediaCard (MMC)
* Memory Stick (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
* miCard
* Microdrive (MD)
* MiniCard
* P2 (MicroP2)
* PC Card (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
* Secure Digital (SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
* SmartMedia (SM)
* SxS
* Universal Flash Storage (UFS)
* USB
* xD-Picture
* XQD

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