Fluorene

Fluorene[1]

Names
Preferred IUPAC name

9H-Fluorene[2]

Systematic IUPAC name

Tricyclo[7.4.0.02,7]trideca-2,4,6,9,11,13-hexaene

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 86-73-7 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:28266 Y

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL16236 Y

ChemSpider |

* 6592 Y

EC Number |

* 201-695-5

KEGG |

* C07715 Y

PubChem CID

* 6853

RTECS number |

* LL5670000

UNII |

* 3Q2UY0968A Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/C13H10/c1-3-7-12-10(5-1)9-11-6-2-4-8-13(11)12/h1-8H,9H2 Y

Key: NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/C13H10/c1-3-7-12-10(5-1)9-11-6-2-4-8-13(11)12/h1-8H,9H2

Key: NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYAW

SMILES

* c1ccc2c3ccccc3Cc2c1

Properties

Chemical formula

| C13H10
Molar mass | 166.223 g·mol−1
Density | 1.202 g/mL
Melting point |  116 to 117 °C (241 to 243 °F; 389 to 390 K)
Boiling point |  295 °C (563 °F; 568 K)

Solubility in water

| 1.992 mg/L
Solubility | organic solvents
log P | 4.18
Acidity (pKa)  | 22.6

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| -110.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet | Sigma-Aldrich
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point |  152 °C (306 °F; 425 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 16000 mg/kg (oral, rat)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Fluorene /ˈflʊəriːn/, or 9H-fluorene is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4)2CH2. It forms white crystals that exhibit a characteristic, aromatic odor similar to that of naphthalene. It has a violet fluorescence, hence its name. For commercial purposes it is obtained from coal tar.[3] It is insoluble in water and soluble in many organic solvents. Although sometimes classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the five-membered ring has no aromatic properties. Fluorene is mildly acidic.

## Contents

* 1 Synthesis, structure, and reactivity
* 1.1 Acidity
* 1.2 Ligand properties
* 2 Uses
* 2.1 Fluorene dyes
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Synthesis, structure, and reactivity

Although fluorene is obtained from coal tar, it can also be prepared by dehydrogenation of diphenylmethane.[3] Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reduction of fluorenone with zinc[4] or hypophosphorous acid–iodine.[5] The fluorene molecule is nearly planar,[6] although each of the two benzene rings is coplanar with the central carbon 9.[7]

Fluorene can be found after the incomplete combustion of plastics such as PS, PE and PVC.[8]

### Acidity

The C9-H sites of the fluorene ring are weakly acidic (pKa = 22.6 in DMSO.[9]) Deprotonation gives the stable fluorenyl anion, nominally C13H9−, which is aromatic and has an intense orange colour. The anion is a nucleophile. Electrophiles react with it by adding to the 9-position. The purification of fluorene exploits its acidity and the low solubility of its sodium derivative in hydrocarbon solvents.

Both protons can be removed from C9. For example, 9,9-fluorenyldipotassium can be obtained by treating fluorene with potassium metal in boiling dioxane.[10]

### Ligand properties

Fluorene and its derivatives can be deprotonated to give ligands akin to cyclopentadienide.

A fluorenyl-derived Kaminsky precatalyst for producing syndiotactic polypropylene.[11]

## Uses

Fluorene is a precursor to other fluorene compounds; the parent species has few applications. Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid is a precursor to pharmaceuticals. Oxidation of fluorene gives fluorenone, which is nitrated to give commercially useful derivatives. 9-Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (Fmoc chloride) is used to introduce the 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc) protecting group on amines in peptide synthesis.[3]

Polyfluorene polymers (where carbon 7 of one unit is linked to carbon 2 of the next one, displacing two hydrogens) are electrically conductive and electroluminescent, and have been much investigated as a luminophore in organic light-emitting diodes.

### Fluorene dyes

Fluorene dyes are well developed. Most are prepared by condensation of the active methylene group with carbonyls. 2-Aminofluorene, 3,6-bis-(dimethylamino)fluorene, and 2,7-diiodofluorene are precursors to dyes.[12]

## See also

* CataCXium F sulf
* Fluorenol
* Indecainide
* PD-137889

## References

1. ↑ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 4081
2. ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 207. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Griesbaum, Karl; Behr, Arno; Biedenkapp, Dieter; Voges, Heinz-Werner; Garbe, Dorothea; Paetz, Christian; Collin, Gerd; Mayer, Dieter et al. (2000). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_227.
4. ↑ Fittig, Rud. (1873), "Ueber einen neuen Kohlenwasserstoff aus dem Diphenylenketon" Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. volume 6, p. 187.doi:10.1002/cber.18730060169
5. ↑ Hicks, Latorya D.; Han, Ja Kyung; Fry, Albert J. (2000). "Hypophosphorous acid–iodine: a novel reducing system.". Tetrahedron Letters (Elsevier BV) 41 (41): 7817–7820. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01359-9. ISSN 0040-4039.
6. ↑ D. M. Burns, John Iball (1954), Molecular Structure of Fluorene Nature volume 173, p. 635. doi:10.1038/173635a0
7. ↑ Gerkin, R. E.; Lundstedt, A. P.; Reppart, W. J. (1984). "Structure of fluorene, C13H10, at 159 K". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 40 (11): 1892–1894. doi:10.1107/S0108270184009963.
8. ↑ Wang, Zhenlei; Richter, Henning; Howard, Jack B.; Jordan, Jude; Carlson, Joel; Levendis, Yiannis A. (2004-06-01). "Laboratory Investigation of the Products of the Incomplete Combustion of Waste Plastics and Techniques for Their Minimization". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (12): 2873–2886. doi:10.1021/ie030477u. ISSN 0888-5885. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie030477u.
9. ↑ F. G. Bordwell (1988). "Equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution". Acc. Chem. Res. 21 (12): 456–463. doi:10.1021/ar00156a004.
10. ↑ G. W. Scherf; R. K. Brown (1960). "Potassium Derivatives of Fluorene as Intermediates in the Preparation of C9-substituted Fluorenes. I. The Preparation of 9-fluorenyl Potassium and the Infrared Spectra of Fluorene and Some C9-substituted Fluorenes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 38: 697. doi:10.1139/v60-100. .
11. ↑ Ewen, J. A.; Jones, R. L.; Razavi, A.; Ferrara, J. D. (1988). "Syndiospecific Propylene Polymerizations with Group IVB Metallocenes". Journal of the American Chemical Society 110 (18): 6255–6256. doi:10.1021/ja00226a056. PMID 22148816.
12. ↑ Kurdyukova, I. V.; Ishchenko, A. A. (2012). "Organic dyes based on fluorene and its derivatives". Russian Chemical Reviews 81 (3): 258–290. doi:10.1070/RC2012v081n03ABEH004211. Bibcode: 2012RuCRv..81..258K.

## External links

* Fluorene in the National Institute of Standards and Technology database.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

2 rings|

* Butalene
* Azulene
* Naphthalene

3 rings|

* Acenaphthene
* Acenaphthylene
* Anthracene
* Fluorene
* Phenalene
* Phenanthrene

4 rings|

* Benz[a]anthracene
* Benzo[a]fluorene
* Benzo[c]fluorene
* Benzo[c]phenanthrene
* Chrysene
* Fluoranthene
* Pyrene
* Tetracene
* Triphenylene
* Tricyclobutabenzene

5 rings|

* Benz[e]acephenanthrylene
* Benzopyrene
* Benzo[a]pyrene
* Benzo[e]pyrene
* Benzo[a]fluoranthene
* Benzo[b]fluoranthene
* Benzo[j]fluoranthene
* Benzo[k]fluoranthene
* trans-Bicalicene
* Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
* Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
* Olympicene
* Pentacene
* Perylene
* Picene
* Tetraphenylene

6+ rings|

* Anthanthrene
* Benzo[ghi]perylene
* Circulene
* Corannulene
* Coronene
* Dicoronylene
* Diindenoperylene
* Heptacene
* Hexacene
* Kekulene
* Ovalene
* Zethrene

General classes|

* Acene
* Helicene
* Phenacene

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