Evolutionary developmental psychology

Short description: Psychology field concerned with Darwinian evolution

Part of a series on

Psychology

* Outline
* History
* Subfields

Basic types

* Abnormal
* Behavioral genetics
* Biological
* Cognitive/Cognitivism
* Comparative
* Cross-cultural
* Cultural
* Differential
* Developmental
* Evolutionary
* Experimental
* Mathematical
* Neuropsychology
* Personality
* Positive
* Quantitative
* Social

Applied psychology

* Applied behavior analysis
* Clinical
* Community
* Consumer
* Counseling
* Critical
* Educational
* Environmental
* Ergonomics
* Forensic
* Health
* Humanistic
* Industrial and organizational
* Legal
* Medical
* Military
* Music
* Occupational health
* Political
* Religion
* School
* Sport
* Traffic

* v
* t
* e

Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.[1]

EDP considers both the reliably developing, species-typical features of ontogeny (developmental adaptations), as well as individual differences in behavior, from an evolutionary perspective. While evolutionary views tend to regard most individual differences as the result of either random genetic noise (evolutionary byproducts)[2] and/or idiosyncrasies (for example, peer groups, education, neighborhoods, and chance encounters)[3] rather than products of natural selection, EDP asserts that natural selection can favor the emergence of individual differences via "adaptive developmental plasticity."[1][4] From this perspective, human development follows alternative life-history strategies in response to environmental variability, rather than following one species-typical pattern of development.[1]

EDP is closely linked to the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology (EP), but is also distinct from EP in several domains, including: research emphasis (EDP focuses on adaptations of ontogeny, as opposed to adaptations of adulthood); consideration of proximate ontogenetic; environmental factors (i.e., how development happens) in addition to more ultimate factors (i.e., why development happens). These things of which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology.[5]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Development and evolution
* 1.2 Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology
* 1.3 Evolutionary developmental psychology
* 2 Basic assumptions
* 3 Developmental adaptations
* 3.1 Deferred adaptations
* 3.2 Ontogenetic adaptations
* 3.3 Conditional adaptations
* 4 Related research
* 4.1 Social learning and the evolution of childhood
* 4.2 Cooperation and prosociality
* 4.3 Life history strategies and developmental plasticity
* 5 Criticism
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Relevant journals
* 9 Further reading

## History

### Development and evolution

Like mainstream evolutionary psychology, EDP is rooted in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin himself emphasized development, using the process of embryology as evidence to support his theory.[6][7][8] From The Descent of Man:

> "Man is developed from an ovule...which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. The embryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom."[7]

Darwin also published his observations of the development of one of his own sons in 1877, noting the child's emotional, moral, and linguistic development.[9]

Despite this early emphasis on developmental processes, theories of evolution and theories of development have long been viewed as separate, or even opposed to one another (for additional background, see nature versus nurture). Since the advent of the modern evolutionary synthesis, evolutionary theory has been primarily "gene-centric", and developmental processes have often been seen as incidental.[8] Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins's appraisal of development in 1973 illustrates this shift: "The details of embryological developmental processes, interesting as they may be, are irrelevant to evolutionary considerations."[10] Similarly, sociobiologist E. O. Wilson regarded ontogenetic variation as "developmental noise".[11][12]

As a consequence of this shift in perspective, many biologists interested in topics such as embryology and developmental systems subsequently branched off into evolutionary developmental biology.[13]

### Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology

Despite the minimization of development in evolutionary theory, early developmental psychology was influenced by evolution. Both Darwin's theory of evolution and Karl Ernst von Baer's developmental principles of ontogeny shaped early thought in developmental psychology.[12] Wilhelm T. Preyer, a pioneer of child psychology, was heavily inspired by Darwin's work and approached the mental development of children from an evolutionary perspective.[14]

However, evolutionary theory has had a limited impact on developmental psychology as a whole,[5] and some authors argue that even its early influence was minimal.[15] Developmental psychology, as with the social sciences in general, has long been resistant to evolutionary theories of development[5] (with some notable exceptions, such as John Bowlby's work on attachment theory).[16] Evolutionary approaches to human behavior were, and to some extent continue to be, considered a form of genetic determinism and dismissive of the role of culture and experience in shaping human behavior (see Standard social science model).[5][17]

One group of developmental psychologists who have embraced evolutionary perspectives are nativists, who argue than infants possess innate cognitive mechanisms (or modules) which allow them to acquire crucial information, such as language (for a prominent example, see universal grammar).[18][19]

### Evolutionary developmental psychology

Evolutionary developmental psychology can be viewed as a more focused theoretical framework derived from the larger field of evolutionary psychology (EP). Mainstream evolutionary psychology grew out of earlier movements which applied the principles of evolutionary biology to understand the mind and behavior such as sociobiology, ethology, and behavioral ecology,[5] differing from these earlier approaches by focusing on identifying psychological adaptations rather than adaptive behavior.[20] While EDP theory generally aligns with that of mainstream EP, it is distinguished by a conscious effort to reconcile theories of both evolution and development.[5] EDP theory diverges from mainstream evolutionary psychology in both the degree of importance placed on the environment in influencing behavior, and in how evolution has shaped the development of human psychology.[5]

Advocates of EDP assert that evolutionary psychologists, while acknowledging the role of the environment in shaping behavior and making claims as to its effects, rarely develop explicit models (i.e., predictions of how the environment might shape behavior) to support their claims .[5] EDP seeks to distinguish itself from mainstream evolutionary psychology in this way by embracing a developmental systems approach, and emphasizing that function at one level of organization (e.g., the genetic level) effects organization at adjacent levels of an organization. Developmental systems theorists such as Robert Lickliter point out that the products of development are both genetic and epigenetic, and have questioned the strictly gene-centric view of evolution.[21][22] However, some authors have rebutted the claim that mainstream evolutionary psychologists do not integrate developmental theory into their theoretical programs, and have further questioned the value of developmental systems theory[23] (see Criticism).

Additionally, evolutionary developmental psychologists emphasize research on psychological development and behaviors across the lifespan. Pioneers of EDP contrast their work with that of mainstream evolutionary psychologists, who they argue focus primarily on adults, especially on behaviors related to socializing and mating.[1]

Evolutionary developmental psychologists have worked to integrate evolutionary and developmental theories, attempting to synthesize the two without discarding the theoretical foundations of either. This effort is evident in the types of questions which researchers working in the EDP paradigm ask; in reference to Nikolaas Tinbergen's four categories of questions, EP typically focuses on evolutionary ("Why") questions, while EDP explicitly integrates proximate questions ("How"), with the assumption that a greater understanding of the former category will yield insights into the latter.[5] See the following table for an overview of Tinbergen's questions.

| Sequential vs. Static Perspective

|

Historical/Developmental

Explanation of current form in terms of a historical sequence

| Current Form

Explanation of the current form of species

How vs. Why Questions | Proximate

How an individual organism's structures function

| Ontogeny

Developmental explanations for changes in individuals, from DNA to their current form

| Mechanism

Mechanistic explanations for how an organism's structures work

Evolutionary

Why a species evolved the structures (adaptations) it has

| Phylogeny

The history of the evolution of sequential changes in a species over many generations

| Adaptation

A species trait that evolved to solve a reproductive or survival problem in the ancestral environment

## Basic assumptions

The following list summarizes the broad theoretical assumptions of EDP. From "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology,"[1] in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology:

1. All evolutionarily-influenced characteristics in the phenotype of adults develop, and this requires examining not only the functioning of these characteristics in adults but also their ontogeny.
2. All evolved characteristics develop via continuous and bidirectional gene-environment interactions that emerge dynamically over time.
3. Infants and children are prepared by natural selection to process some information more readily than others.
4. Development is constrained by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors.
5. Infants and children show a high degree of developmental plasticity and adaptive sensitivity to context.
6. An extended childhood is needed in which to learn the complexities of human social communities.
7. Many aspects of childhood serve as preparations for adulthood and were selected over the course of evolution (deferred adaptations).
8. Some characteristics of infants and children were selected to serve an adaptive function at specific times in development and not as preparations for adulthood (ontogenetic adaptations).

## Developmental adaptations

EDP assumes that natural selection creates adaptations for specific stages of development, rather than only specifying adult states.[1][5][8] Frequently, EDP researchers seek to identify such adaptations, which have been subdivided into deferred adaptations, ontogenetic adaptations, and conditional adaptations.[1]

### Deferred adaptations

Some behaviors or traits exhibited during childhood or adolescence may have been selected to serve as preparations for adult life, a type of adaptation that evolutionary developmental psychologists have named "deferred adaptations".[24] Sex differences in children's play may be an example of this type of adaptation: higher frequencies of "rough-and-tumble" play among boys, as well as content differences in fantasy play (cross-culturally,[25] girls engage in more "parenting" play than boys),[26] seem to serve as early preparation for the roles that men and women play in many extant contemporary societies, and, presumably, played over human evolutionary history.[1]

### Ontogenetic adaptations

In contrast to deferred adaptations, which function to prepare individuals for future environments (i.e., adulthood), ontogenetic adaptations adapt individuals to their current environment.[5] These adaptations serve a specific function during a particular period of development, after which they are discarded. Ontogenetic adaptations can be physiological (for example, when fetal mammals deriving nutrition and oxygen from the placenta before birth, but no longer utilize the placenta after birth) and psychological.[1] David F. Bjorklund has argued that the imitation of facial gestures by infants, which has a predictable developmental window and seemingly different functions at different ages, shows evidence of being an ontogenetic adaptation.[27]

### Conditional adaptations

EDP emphasizes that children display considerable developmental plasticity, and proposes a special type of adaptation to facilitate adaptive developmental plasticity, called a conditional adaptation. Conditional adaptations detect and respond to relevant environmental cues, altering developmental pathways in ways which better adapt an individual to their particular environment. These adaptations allow organisms to implement alternative and contingent life history strategies, depending on environmental factors.[28]

## Related research

### Social learning and the evolution of childhood

The social brain (or Machiavellian) hypothesis posits that the emergence of a complex social environment (e.g., larger group sizes) served as a key selection pressure in the evolution of human intelligence.[29] Among primates, larger brains result in an extension of the juvenile period,[30] and some authors argue that humans evolved (and/or expanded) novel developmental stages, childhood and adolescence,[31] in response to increasing social complexity and sophisticated social learning.[1][32]

While many species exhibit social learning to some degree and seemingly possess behavioral traditions (i.e., culture), humans can transmit cultural information across many generations with very high fidelity.[33] High fidelity cultural learning is what many have argued is necessary for cumulative cultural evolution,[34][35] and has only been definitively observed in humans, although arguments have been made for chimpanzees, orangutans, and New Caledonian crows.[33][36] Developmentally-oriented researchers have proposed that over-imitation of behavioral models facilitates cultural learning,[37] a phenomenon which emerges in children by age three[38] and is seemingly absent in chimpanzees.[39]

### Cooperation and prosociality

Behaviors that benefit other members of one's social group, particularly those which appear costly to the prosocial or "altruistic" individual, have received considerable attention from disciplines interested in the evolution of behavior.[40] Michael Tomasello has argued that cooperation and prosociality are evolved characteristics of human behavior,[41] citing the emergence of "helping" behavior early in development (observed among 18-24 month old infants) as one piece of evidence.[42] Researchers investigating the ontogeny and evolution of human cooperation design experiments intended to reveal the prosociality of infants and young children, then compare children's performance with that of other animals, typically chimpanzees.[1] While some of the helping behaviors exhibited by infants and young children has also been observed in chimpanzees, preschool-age children tend to display greater prosociality than both human-raised and semi-free-ranging adult chimps.[43]

### Life history strategies and developmental plasticity

EDP researchers emphasize that evolved strategies are context dependent, in the sense that a strategy which is optimal in one environment will often be sub-optimal in another environment. They argue that this will result in natural selection favoring "adaptive developmental plasticity," allowing an organism to alter its developmental trajectory in response to environmental cues.[1][4]

Related to this is the idea of a life history strategy, which can be conceptualized as a chain of resource-allocation decisions (e.g., allocating resources towards growth or towards reproduction) that an organism makes.[1] Biologists have used life history theory to characterize between-species variation in resource-allocation in terms of a fast-slow continuum (see r/K selection theory),[44] and, more recently, some anthropologists and psychologists have applied this continuum to understand within-species variation in trade-offs between reproductive and somatic effort.[45][46][47]

Some authors argue that childhood environment and early life experiences are highly influential in determining an individual's life history strategy.[47][48] Factors such as exposure to violence, harsh child-rearing, and environmental unpredictability (e.g., frequent moving, unstable family composition) have been shown to correlate with the proposed behavioral indicators of "fast" life history strategies[49] (e.g., early sexual maturation, unstable couple relationships, impulsivity, and reduced cooperation), where current reproduction is prioritized over future reproduction.[1]

## Criticism

John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, and H. Clark Barrett have refuted claims that mainstream evolutionary psychology neglects development, arguing that their discipline is, in reality, exceptionally interested in and highly considerate of development. In particular, they cite cross-cultural studies as a sort of natural developmental "experiment," which can reveal the influence of culture in shaping developmental outcomes. The authors assert that the arguments of developmental systems theorists consists largely of truisms, of which evolutionary psychologists are well aware, and that developmental systems theory has no scientific value because it fails to generate any predictions.[17]

Debra Lieberman similarly objected to the characterization of evolutionary psychology as ignorant of developmental principles. Lieberman argued that both developmental systems theorists and evolutionary psychologists share a common goal of uncovering species-typical cognitive architecture, as well as the ontogeny of that architecture.[50]

## See also

* Cognitive model § Mother-fetus cognitive model
* Developmental psychology
* Differential susceptibility
* Dual inheritance theory
* Epigenetic theory
* Evolutionary educational psychology
* Evolutionary psychology
* FOXP2 and human evolution
* Human behavioral ecology
* Life history theory
* Nature and nurture
* Wikipedia:Research resources/Evolution and human behavior

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Bjorklund, David F; Blasi, Carlos Hernández; Ellis, Bruce J (2015-10-26). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". in David M. Buss. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. 2. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 905. ISBN 978-1-118-75580-8.
2. ↑ Tooby, John (1990). "On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation". Journal of Personality 58 (1): 17–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x. PMID 2198338.
3. ↑ Pinker, Steven (2002). "Chapter 19: Children". The blank slate. New York: Penguin Books.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press.
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Blasi, Carlos Hernandez; Bjorklund, David F. (2003). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny". Human Development 46 (5): 259–281. doi:10.1159/000071935. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275042203. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
6. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. John Murray.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Darwin, Charles (1874). "Chapter 1: The Evidence of the Descent of Man from Some Lower Form". The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (2nd ed.). John Murray.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Machluf, Karin; Lidde, James R.; Bjorklund, David F. (2014). "An Introduction to Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". Evolutionary Psychology 12 (2): 264–272. doi:10.1177/147470491401200201. PMID 25299879.
9. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1877). "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant". Mind. http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Darwin/infant.htm.
10. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-929115-1. https://archive.org/details/selfishgene00dawk_018.
11. ↑ Wilson, Edward O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cairns, Robert B (2007). "The Making of Developmental Psychology". The Handbook of Developmental Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0103. ISBN 978-0470147658. http://n.ereserve.fiu.edu/010026902-1.pdf. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
13. ↑ Morange, Michel (2011). "Evolutionary developmental biology its roots and characteristics". Developmental Biology (Elsevier) 357 (1): 13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.013. PMID 21447330.
14. ↑ Preyer, Wilhelm (1948). "The mind of the child". Readings in the history of psychology. East Norwalk, CT: Century. doi:10.1037/11304-030.
15. ↑ Charlesworth, William R (1992). "Darwin and developmental psychology: Past and present". Developmental Psychology 28: 5–16. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.5.
16. ↑ Bowlby, John (1969). Attachment and loss. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Tooby, John; Cosmides, Leda (1992). "The psychological foundations of culture". in Barkow, Jerome H; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–139.
18. ↑ Price, Michael (9 October 2009). "The nativists are restless". American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/10/nativists.aspx.
19. ↑ Kuhl, Patricia K; Meltzoff, Andrew N (1997). "Evolution, nativism, and learning in the development of language and speech". in Gopnik, Myrna. The inheritance and innateness of grammars. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–44. ISBN 978-0195115345. https://archive.org/details/inheritanceinnat00gopn.
20. ↑ Hagen, Edward H. "Is evolutionary psychology just a politically correct version of sociobiology?". http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/epfaq/sociobiology.html.
21. ↑ Lickliter, Robert; Honeycutt, Hunter (2003). "Developmental Dynamics: Toward a Biologically Plausible Evolutionary Psychology". Psychological Bulletin 129 (6): 819–835. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.819. PMID 14599279.
22. ↑ Lickliter, Robert (2008). "The growth of developmental thought: Implications for a new evolutionary psychology". New Ideas in Psychology (Elsevier) 26 (3): 353–369. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.07.015. PMID 19956346.
23. ↑ Tooby, John; Cosmides, Leda; Barrett, H. Clark (2003). "The Second Law of Thermodynamics Is the First Law of Psychology: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology and the Theory Of Tandem, Coordinated Inheritances: Comment on Lickliter and Honeycutt". Psychological Bulletin 129 (6): 858–865. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.858. PMID 14599284. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/barrett/tooby2003psychbull.pdf. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
24. ↑ Bjorklund, David F (1997). "The role of immaturity in human development". Psychological Bulletin 122 (2): 153–169. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.153. PMID 9283298.
25. ↑ Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1989). Human ethology. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
26. ↑ Geary, David C. (2010). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. ↑ Bjorklund, David F (1987). "A note on neonatal imitation". Developmental Review 7 (1): 86–92. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(87)90006-2.
28. ↑ Boyce, W. Thomas; Ellis, Bruce J (2005). "Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity". Development and Psychopathology 17 (2): 271–301. doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145. PMID 16761546.
29. ↑ Dunbar, Robin I.M. (2003). "The social brain: Mind, language, and society in evolutionary perspective". Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (1): 163–181. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093158. Bibcode: 2003ARAnt..32..163D.
30. ↑ Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, Suzanne (2007). "Understanding primate brain evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362 (1480): 649–58. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2001. PMID 17301028.
31. ↑ Bogin, Barry (2001). The growth of humanity. New York, NY: Wiley.
32. ↑ Nielsen, Mark (2012). "Imitation, play, and childhood: Essential elements in the evolution of human culture?". Journal of Comparative Psychology 126 (2): 170–181. doi:10.1037/a0025168. PMID 21859186.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Dean, Lewis G; Vale, Gill L; Laland, Kevin N; Flynn, Emma; Kendal, Rachel L (2014). "Human cumulative culture: a comparative perspective". Biological Reviews 89 (2): 284–301. doi:10.1111/brv.12053. PMID 24033987. Bibcode: 2014BioRv..89..284D. http://dro.dur.ac.uk/13192/1/13192.pdf.
34. ↑ Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (2003). "The evolution of cultural evolution". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 12 (3): 123–135. doi:10.1002/evan.10110.
35. ↑ Lewis, Hannah M; Laland, Kevin M (2012). "Transmission fidelity is the key to the build-up of cumulative culture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367 (1599): 2171–2180. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0119. PMID 22734060.
36. ↑ Hunt, Gavin R; Gray, Russel D (2003). "Diversification and cumulative evolution in New Caledonian crow tool manufacture". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270 (1517): 867–874. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2302. PMID 12737666. Bibcode: 2003PBioS.270..867H.
37. ↑ Whiten, Andrew; McGuigan, Nicola; Marshall-Pescini, Sarah; Hopper, Lydia M (2009). "Emulation, imitation, over-imitation and the scope of culture for child and chimpanzee". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364 (1528): 2417–2428. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0069. PMID 19620112.
38. ↑ Lyons, Derek E; Young, Andrew G; Keil, Frank C (2007). "The hidden structure of overimitation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (50): 19751–19756. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704452104. PMID 18056814. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10419751L.
39. ↑ Nielsen, Mark (2012). "Imitation, pretend play, and childhood: essential elements in the evolution of human culture?". Journal of Comparative Psychology 126 (2): 170–181. doi:10.1037/a0025168. PMID 21859186.
40. ↑ Simpson, Jeffry A; Beckes, Lane (2010). "Evolutionary perspectives on prosocial behavior". in Mikulincer, Mario; Shaver, Phillip R. Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature. American Psychological Association. pp. 35–53. ISBN 978-1433805462.
41. ↑ Tomasello, Michael (2009). Why we cooperate. MIT Press.
42. ↑ Warneken, Felix; Tomasello, Micheal (2006). "Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees". Science 311 (5765): 1301–1303. doi:10.1126/science.1121448. PMID 16513986. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311.1301W.
43. ↑ Warneken, Felix; Hare, Brian; Melis, Alicia P; Hanus, Daniel; Tomasello, Michael (2007). "Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children". PLOS Biol 5 (7): e184. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050184. PMID 17594177.
44. ↑ Pianka, Eric R (1970). "On r-and K-selection". The American Naturalist 104 (940): 592–597. doi:10.1086/282697. Bibcode: 1970ANat..104..592P.
45. ↑ Hill, Kim (1993). "Life history theory and evolutionary anthropology". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 2 (3): 78–88. doi:10.1002/evan.1360020303.
46. ↑ Figueredo, Aurelio José; Vásquez, Geneva; Brumbach, Barbara H; Sefcek, Jon A; Kirsner, Beth R; Jacobs, W.J. (2005). "The K-factor: Individual differences in life history strategy". Personality and Individual Differences 39 (8): 1349–1360. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.009.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Ellis, Bruce J; Figueredo, Aurelio José; Brumbach, Barbara H; Schlomer, Gabriel L (2009). "Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies". Human Nature 20 (2): 204–268. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7. PMID 25526958.
48. ↑ Kuzawa, Christopher W; Bragg, Jared M (2012). "Plasticity in human life history strategy". Current Anthropology 53 (S6): S369–S382. doi:10.1086/667410.
49. ↑ Ellis, Bruce J; Bjorklund, David F (2012). "Beyond mental health: An evolutionary analysis of development under risky and supportive environmental conditions". Developmental Psychology 48 (3): 591–597. doi:10.1037/a0027651. PMID 22545847.
50. ↑ Lieberman, Debra (2007). "Evolutionary Psychology and Developmental Systems Theory". in Gangestad, Steven W.; Simpson, Jeffry A.. The evolution of mind: Fundamental questions and controversies. New York, NY: Guilford Press. pp. 193–202. ISBN 9781593854089. https://archive.org/details/evolutionmindfun00phds.

## Relevant journals

* Evolution and Development Research relevant to interface of evolutionary and developmental biology
* Evolutionary Psychology (journal) Special Edition on Evolutionary Developmental Psychology[Usurped!] (2014)

## Further reading

Library resources about
Evolutionary developmental psychology

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Bjorklund, D.F.; Pellegrini, A.D. (2002). The Origins of Human Nature: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/books/431671A.html.
* Bjorklund, D.F.; Pellegrini, A.D. (2000). "Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology". Child Development 71 (6): 1687–1708. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00258. PMID 11194266. http://bernard.pitzer.edu/~dmoore/psych199s03articles/Bjorklund.pdf. Retrieved 2006-02-12.
* Boyce, W.T.; Ellis, B.J. (2005). "Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity". Development and Psychopathology 17 (2): 271–301. doi:10.1017/s0954579405050145. PMID 16761546. http://ag.arizona.edu/fcs/fshd/people/ellis/DPBoyceEllis2005.pdf.
* Burgess, R. L. & MacDonald (Eds.) (2004). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
* Burman, J. T.. "Experimenting in relation to Piaget: Education is a Chaperoned Process of Adaptation". Perspectives on Science 16 (2).
* Ellis, B.J., & Bjorklund, D.F. (Eds.) (2005). Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. New York: Guilford Press.
* Ellis, B.J., Essex, M.J., & Boyce, W.T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology 17, 303–328. Full text
* Ellis, B.J. (2004). "Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: An integrated life history approach". Psychological Bulletin 130 (6): 920–958. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920. PMID 15535743. Bibcode: 2004PsycB.130..920E. http://ag.arizona.edu/fcs/fshd/people/ellis/Psyc Bull Ellis 2004.pdf.
* Flinn M.V. (2004). Culture and developmental plasticity: Evolution of the social brain. In K. MacDonald and R. L. Burgess (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development. Chapter 3, pp. 73–98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
* Flinn, M.V. & Ward, C.V. (2004). Ontogeny and Evolution of the Social Child. In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. Chapter 2, pp. 19–44. London: Guilford Press. Full text
* Geary, David C. (2006). "Evolutionary developmental psychology: Current status and future directions". Developmental Review 26 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.005. http://web.missouri.edu/~gearyd/files/Geary Final Evo Dev Psy Issue.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
* Geary, D. C. (2005). Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind. (pp. 493–519). New York: Guilford Publications. Full text
* Geary, D. C. (2004). Evolution and cognitive development. In R. Burgess & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human development (pp. 99–133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Full text
* Geary, D. C.; Byrd-Craven, J.; Hoard, M. K.; Vigil, J.; Numtee, C. (2003). "Evolution and development of boys' social behavior". Developmental Review 23 (4): 444–470. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.08.001. http://web.missouri.edu/~psycorie/DevelRev03.pdf.
* Geary, D.C.; Bjorklund, D.F. (2000). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". Child Development 71 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00118. PMID 10836558. http://www.missouri.edu/~psycorie/EvoDevPsy.pdf#search='evolutionary developmental psychology'. Retrieved 2006-02-12.
* Kress, O (1993). "A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition 2 (4): 319–332. https://www.academia.edu/663726.
* MacDonald, K. (2005). Personality, Evolution, and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 207–242. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
* MacDonald, K., & Hershberger, S. (2005). Theoretical Issues in the Study of Evolution and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 21–72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
* Machluf, K.; Liddle, J. R.; Bjorklund, D. F. (2014). "An introduction to evolutionary developmental psychology". Evolutionary Psychology 12 (2): 273–294. doi:10.1177/147470491401200201. PMID 25299879.
* Maestripieri, D.; Roney, J.R. (2006). "Evolutionary developmental psychology: Contributions from comparative research with nonhuman primates". Developmental Review 26 (2): 120–137. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.006. http://primate.uchicago.edu/2006DR.pdf.
* Medicus, G (1992). "The Inapplicability of the Biogenetic Rule to Behavioral Development". Human Development 35: 1–8. doi:10.1159/000277108. http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block6/HumanDevelopment.pdf#search='.
* Panchanathan, K.; Frankenhuis, W.E.; Barrett, H.C. (2010). "Development: Evolutionary ecology's midwife". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2–3): 105–106. doi:10.1017/S0140525X1000021X. PMID 20546654.
* Robert, J. S. Taking old ideas seriously: Evolution, development, and human behavior. New Ideas in Psychology.
* Vigil, J. M.; Geary, D. C.; Byrd-Craven, J. (2005). "A life history assessment of early childhood sexual abuse in women". Developmental Psychology 41 (3): 553–561. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.3.553. PMID 15910162. http://web.missouri.edu/~psycorie/Vigiletal[DP2005].pdf.

* v
* t
* e

Evolutionary psychology

* History

Processes|

* Altruism
* Coevolution
* Evolutionarily stable strategy
* Kin selection
* Natural selection
* Sexual selection
* Social selection

Areas|

* Psychological development
* Morality
* Religion
* Depression
* Educational psychology
* Evolutionary aesthetics
* Music
* Darwinian literary studies
* Evolution of emotion

Biologists/
Neuroscientists|

* John Crook
* Charles Darwin
* Richard Dawkins
* Jared Diamond
* W. D. Hamilton
* Peter Kropotkin
* Gordon Orians
* Jaak Panksepp
* Margie Profet
* Giacomo Rizzolatti
* Randy Thornhill
* Robert Trivers
* Carel van Schaik
* Claus Wedekind
* Wolfgang Wickler
* David Sloan Wilson
* E. O. Wilson
* George C. Williams
* Richard Wrangham

Anthropologists|

* Jerome H. Barkow
* Robert Boyd
* Napoleon Chagnon
* Gregory Cochran
* Robin Dunbar
* Daniel Fessler
* Mark Flinn
* Henry Harpending
* John D. Hawks
* Joseph Henrich
* Ruth Mace
* Daniel Nettle
* Stephen Shennan
* Donald Symons
* John Tooby
* Pierre van den Berghe

Behavioral economists/
Political scientists|

* Samuel Bowles
* Ernst Fehr
* Herbert Gintis
* Dominic D. P. Johnson
* Gad Saad

Literary theory/
Aesthetics|

* Joseph Carroll
* Denis Dutton

Psychologists/
Cognitive scientists|

* Simon Baron-Cohen
* Justin L. Barrett
* Jay Belsky
* David F. Bjorklund
* Paul Bloom
* Pascal Boyer
* Joseph Bulbulia
* David Buss
* Josep Call
* Anne Campbell
* Peter Carruthers
* Leda Cosmides
* Martin Daly
* Daniel Dennett
* Paul Ekman
* Anne Fernald
* Aurelio José Figueredo
* David C. Geary
* Gerd Gigerenzer
* Jonathan Haidt
* Judith Rich Harris
* Stephen Kaplan
* Douglas T. Kenrick
* Simon M. Kirby
* Robert Kurzban
* Michael T. McGuire
* Geoffrey Miller
* Darcia Narvaez
* Randolph M. Nesse
* Steven Neuberg
* David Perrett
* Steven Pinker
* Paul Rozin
* Mark Schaller
* David P. Schmitt
* Todd K. Shackelford
* Roger Shepard
* Peter K. Smith
* Dan Sperber
* Anthony Stevens
* Frank Sulloway
* Michael Tomasello
* Mark van Vugt
* Andrew Whiten
* Glenn Wilson
* Margo Wilson

Research centers/
organizations|

* Center for Evolutionary Psychology
* Human Behavior and Evolution Society
* Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
* Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
* New England Complex Systems Institute

Related subjects
and articles|

* The Adapted Mind
* The Evolution of Human Sexuality
* Evolutionary Psychology
* Evolution and Human Behavior
* Biosocial criminology
* Criticism of evolutionary psychology
* Evolutionary anthropology
* Evolutionary medicine
* Evolutionary linguistics
* Evolutionary neuroscience
* Evolutionary psychology and culture
* Group selection
* Human evolution
* Memetics
* Primatology
* Sociobiology
* Sociocultural evolution

Lists|

* Evolutionary psychologists
* Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers
* Bibliography of evolution and human behavior

* Evolutionary psychology
* Psychology portal
* Evolutionary biology portal

* v
* t
* e

The development of phenotype

Key concepts|

* Genotype–phenotype distinction
* Norms of reaction
* Gene–environment interaction
* Gene–environment correlation
* Operon
* Heritability
* Quantitative genetics
* Heterochrony
* Neoteny
* Heterotopy

Genetic architecture|

* Canalisation
* Genetic assimilation
* Dominance
* Epistasis
* Fitness landscape/evolutionary landscape
* Pleiotropy
* Plasticity
* Polygenic inheritance
* Transgressive segregation
* Sequence space

Non-genetic influences|

* Epigenetics
* Maternal effect
* Genomic imprinting
* Dual inheritance theory
* Polyphenism

Developmental architecture|

* Developmental biology
* Morphogenesis
* Eyespot
* Pattern formation
* Segmentation
* Metamerism
* Modularity

Evolution of genetic systems|

* Evolvability
* Mutational robustness
* Neutral networks
* Evolution of sexual reproduction

Control of development|

| Systems|

* Regulation of gene expression
* Gene regulatory network
* Developmental-genetic toolkit
* Evolutionary developmental biology
* Homeobox
* Hedgehog signaling pathway
* Notch signaling pathway

|

Elements|

* Homeotic gene
* Hox gene
* Pax genes
* eyeless gene
* Distal-less
* Engrailed
* cis-regulatory element
* Ligand
* Morphogen
* Cell surface receptor
* Transcription factor

Influential figures|

* C. H. Waddington
* Richard Lewontin
* François Jacob \+ Jacques Monod
* Lac operon
* Eric F. Wieschaus
* Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
* William McGinnis
* Mike Levine
* Sean B. Carroll
* Endless Forms Most Beautiful

Debates|

* Nature versus nurture
* Morphogenetic field

Index of evolutionary biology articles

* v
* t
* e

Human psychological development

Developmental psychology|

* Antenatal
* Cognitive development of infants
* Positive youth development
* Young adult
* Adult development
* Positive adult development
* Maturity

Theorists and
theories

* Freud (1856–1939) (Psychosexual development)
* Piaget (1896–1980) (Theory of cognitive development)
* Vygotsky (1896–1934) (Cultural-historical psychology)
* Erikson (1902–1994) (Psychosocial development)
* Bowlby (1907–1990) (Attachment theory)
* Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) (Ecological systems theory)
* Kohlberg (1927–1987) (Stages of moral development)
* Commons (b. 1939), Fischer (b. 1943), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others (Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development)
* Evolutionary developmental psychology

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary developmental psychology. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Evolutionary_developmental_psychology&oldid=4365187"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template