List of the most distant astronomical objects

JADES-GS-z13-0 is a distant galaxy.

Short description: none

This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr.[1]

Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that may have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.

The proper distance provides a measurement of how far a galaxy is at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance since the cosmological scale factor has value one: a(t0)=1. The proper distance represents the distance obtained as if one were able to freeze the flow of time (set dt=0 in the FLRW metric) and walk all the way to a galaxy while using a meter stick.[2] For practical reasons, the proper distance is calculated as the distance traveled by light (set ds=0 in the FLRW metric) from the time of emission by a galaxy to the time an observer (on Earth) receives the light signal. It differs from the “light travel distance” since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recession velocities greater than the speed of light c.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects
* 2 Candidate most distant objects
* 3 List of most distant objects by type
* 4 Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders
* 5 List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

Most distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations  Image  | Name  | Redshift
(z)  | Light travel distance§
(Gly)[4][5][6][7] | Proper distance

(Gly)

| Type  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

| JADES-GS-z13-0 | z = 13.20+0.04
−0.07 | 13.576[4] / 13.596[5] / 13.474[6] / 13.473[7] | 33.6  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[8] Possibly a dark star.[9]
| UNCOVER-z13  | z = 13.079+0.014
−0.001 | 13.51  | 32.56† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[10]
| JADES-GS-z12-0  | z = 12.63+0.24
−0.08 | 13.556[4] / 13.576[5] / 13.454[6] / 13.453[7] | 32.34† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[8] Possibly a dark star.[9]
| UNCOVER-z12  | z = 12.393+0.004
−0.001 | 13.48  | 32.21† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[10]
| GLASS-z12 | z = 12.117+0.01
−0.01 | 13.536[4] / 13.556[5] / 13.434[6] / 13.433[7] | 33.2  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST/NIRCam, confirmed by ALMA detection of [O III] emission[11]
| UDFj-39546284 | z = 11.58+0.05
−0.05 | 13.512[4] / 13.532[5] / 13.410[6] / 13.409[7] | 31.77† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[8] Possibly a dark star.[9]
| CEERS J141946.36+525632.8
(Maisie's Galaxy)

[12]

| z = 11.44+0.09
−0.08 | 13.4  | 31.69† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
| CEERS2 588

[13]

| z = 11.04 | 13.45  | 31.45† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
| GN-z11 | z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013  | 13.481[4] / 13.501[5] / 13.380[6] / 13.379[7] | 31.18† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy; detection of the Lyman break with HST at 5.5σ[14] and carbon emission lines with Keck/MOSFIRE at 5.3σ.[15] Conclusive redshift by JWST in February 2023[16]
| JADES-GS-z10-0 UDFj-39546284 | z = 10.38+0.07
−0.06 | 13.449[4] / 13.469[5] / 13.348[6] / 13.347[7] | 31.04† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[8]
| JD1  | z = 9.793±0.002 | 13.409[4] / 13.429[5] / 13.308[6] / 13.307[7] | 30.12† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[17]
| MACS1149-JD1 | z = 9.1096±0.0006 | 13.361[4] / 13.381[5] / 13.261[6] / 13.260[7] | 30.37  | Galaxy  | Detection of hydrogen emission line with the VLT, and oxygen line with ALMA[18]
| EGSY8p7 | z = 8.683+0.001
−0.004 | 13.325[4] / 13.345[5] / 13.225[6] / 13.224[7] | 30.05  | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter; detection of Lyman-alpha with Keck/MOSFIRE at 7.5σ confidence[19]
| SMACS-4590  | z = 8.496  | 13.308[4] / 13.328[5] / 13.208[6] / 13.207[7] | 29.71† | Galaxy  | Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[20][21][22][23]
| A2744 YD4 | z = 8.38  | 13.297[4] / 13.317[5] / 13.197[6] / 13.196[7] | 29.50† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha and [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 4.0σ confidence[24]
| MACS0416 Y1  | z = 8.3118±0.0003 | 13.290[4] / 13.310[5] / 13.190[6] / 13.189[7] | 29.44† | Galaxy  | [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 6.3σ confidence[25]
| GRB 090423 | z = 8.23+0.06
−0.07 | 13.282[4] / 13.302[5] / 13.182[6] / 13.181[7] | 30  | Gamma-ray burst | Lyman-alpha break detected[26]
| RXJ2129-11002  | z = 8.16±0.01 | 13.175[4] | 29.31† | Galaxy  | [O III] doublet, Hβ, and [O II] doublet as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism[27]
| RXJ2129-11022  | z = 8.15±0.01 | 13.174[4] | 29.30† | Galaxy  | [O III] doublet and Hβ as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism[27]
| EGS-zs8-1 | z = 7.7302±0.0006 | 13.228[4] / 13.248[5] / 13.129[6] / 13.128[7] | 29.5  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy[28]
| SMACS-6355  | z = 7.665  | 13.221[4] / 13.241[5] / 13.121[6] / 13.120[7] | 28.83  | Galaxy  | Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[20][21][22][23]
| z7_GSD_3811  | z = 7.6637±0.0011 | 13.221[4] / 13.240[5] / 13.121[6] / 13.120[7] | 28.83† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[29]
| SMACS-10612  | z = 7.658  | 13.221[4] / 13.241[5] / 13.120[6] / 13.119[7] | 28.83† | Galaxy  | Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[20][21][22]>[23]
| QSO J0313–1806 | z = 7.6423±0.0013 | 13.218[4] / 13.238[5] / 13.119[6] / 13.118[7] | 30  | Quasar
| ULAS J1342+0928 | z = 7.5413±0.0007 | 13.206[4] / 13.226[5] / 13.107[6] / 13.106[7] | 29.36  | Quasar  | Redshift estimated from [C II] emission[30]
| z8 GND 5296 | z = 7.51  | 13.202[4] / 13.222[5] / 13.103[6] / 13.102[7] | 30.01  | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[31]
| A1689-zD1 | z = 7.5±0.2 | 13.201[4] / 13.221[5] / 13.102[6] / 13.101[7] | 30  | Galaxy
| GS2_1406  | z = 7.452±0.003 | 13.195[4] / 13.215[5] / 13.096[6] / 13.095[7] | 28.62† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[32]
| GN-108036 | z = 7.213  | 13.164[4] / 13.184[5] / 13.065[6] / 13.064[7] | 29  | Galaxy  | Lyman alpha emitter[33]
| SXDF-NB1006-2 | z = 7.2120±0.0003 | 13.164[4] / 13.184[5] / 13.065[6] / 13.064[7] | 29  | Galaxy  | [O III] emission detected[34]
| BDF-3299 | z = 7.109±0.002 | 13.149[4] / 13.169[5] / 13.051[6] / 13.050[7] | 28.25  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy[35]
| ULAS J1120+0641 | z = 7.085±0.003 | 13.146[4] / 13.166[5] / 13.048[6] / 13.047[7] | 29.85  | Quasar  | Redshift estimated from Si III]+C III] and Mg II emission lines[36]
| A1703 zD6 | z = 7.045±0.004 | 13.140[4] / 13.160[5] / 13.042[6] / 13.041[7] | 29  | Galaxy  | Gravitationally-lensed Lyman-alpha emitter[37]
| BDF-521 | z = 7.008±0.002 | 13.135[4] / 13.155[5] / 13.037[6] / 13.036[7] | 28.43† | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy[35]
| G2_1408  | z = 6.972±0.002 | 13.130[4] / 13.150[5] / 13.032[6] / 13.030[7] | 28.10† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[38]
| IOK-1 | z = 6.965  | 13.129[4] / 13.149[5] / 13.030[6] / 13.029[7] | 28.09† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[33]
| LAE J095950.99+021219.1 | z = 6.944  | 13.126[4] / 13.146[5] / 13.028[6] / 13.027[7] | 28.07† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[39]
| SDF-46975  | z = 6.844  | 13.111[4] / 13.131[5] / 13.013[6] / 13.012[7] | 27.95† | Galaxy  | Lyman-alpha emitter[33]
| PSO J172.3556+18.7734 | z = 6.823+0.003
−0.001 | 13.107[4] / 13.127[5] / 13.010[6] / 13.009[7] | 27.93† | Quasar
(astrophysical jet)  | Redshift estimated from Mg II emission[40]

§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

† Numeric value obtained using Wright (2006)[5] with H0 = 70, ΩCM = 0.30, ΩDE = 0.70.

## Candidate most distant objects

Since the beginning of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into the infrared.[41][42] Previously in 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012.[43] Some objects included here have been observed spectroscopically, but had only one emission line tentatively detected, and are therefore still considered candidates by researchers.[44][45]

Notable candidates for most distant astronomical objects  Name  | Redshift
(z)  | Light travel distance§
(Gly)  | Type  | Notes

|
|
|
|

F200DB-045 | zp = 20.4+0.3
−0.3[42]
or 0.70+0.19
−0.55[41] or 0.40+0.15
−0.26[46] | 13.725[4] / 13.745[5] / 13.623[6] / 13.621[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
NOTE: The redshift value of the galaxy presented by the procedure in one study[41] may differ from the values presented in other studies using different procedures.[42][47][46]
F200DB-175  | zp = 16.2+0.3
−0.0 | 13.657[4] / 13.677[5] / 13.555[6] / 13.554[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
S5-z17-1  | z = 16.0089±0.0004
or 4.6108±0.0001 | 13.653[4] / 13.673[5] / 13.551[6] / 13.550[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST; tentative (5.1σ) ALMA detection of a single emission line possibly attributed to either [C II] (z = 4.6108±0.0001) or [O III] (z = 16.0089±0.0004).[44][45]
F150DB-041  | zp = 16.0+0.2
−0.2[42]
or 3.70+0.02
−0.59[41] | 13.653[4] / 13.673[5] / 13.551[6] / 13.549[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42][41]
SMACS-z16a  | zp = 15.92+0.17
−0.15[48]
or 2.96+0.73
−0.21[41] | 13.651[4] / 13.671[5] / 13.549[6] / 13.548[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41]
F200DB-015  | zp = 15.8+3.4
−0.1 | 13.648[4] / 13.668[5] / 13.546[6] / 13.545[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F200DB-181  | zp = 15.8+0.5
−0.3 | 13.648[4] / 13.668[5] / 13.546[6] / 13.545[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F200DB-159  | zp = 15.8+4.0
−15.2 | 13.648[4] / 13.668[5] / 13.546[6] / 13.545[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F200DB-086  | zp = 15.4+0.6
−14.6[42]
or 3.53+10.28
−1.84[41] | 13.639[4] / 13.659[5] / 13.537[6] / 13.536[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42][41]
SMACS-z16b  | zp = 15.32+0.16
−0.13[48]
or 15.39+0.18
−0.26[41] | 13.637[4] / 13.657[5] / 13.535[6] / 13.534[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41]
F150DB-048  | zp = 15.0+0.2
−0.8 | 13.629[4] / 13.649[5] / 13.527[6] / 13.526[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-007  | zp = 14.6+0.4
−0.4 | 13.619[4] / 13.639[5] / 13.517[6] / 13.516[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-004  | zp = 14.0+0.4
−2.0 | 13.602[4] / 13.622[5] / 13.500[6] / 13.499[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-079  | zp = 13.8+0.5
−1.9 | 13.596[4] / 13.616[5] / 13.494[6] / 13.493[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-007  | zp = 13.4+0.6
−2.0 | 13.583[4] / 13.603[5] / 13.481[6] / 13.480[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-053  | zp = 13.4+0.3
−2.3 | 13.583[4] / 13.603[5] / 13.481[6] / 13.480[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-050  | zp = 13.4+0.6
−10.0 | 13.583[4] / 13.603[5] / 13.481[6] / 13.480[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-058  | zp = 13.4+0.6
−12.5[42]
3.42+0.30
−0.20[41] | 13.583[4] / 13.603[5] / 13.481[6] / 13.480[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42][41]
F150DA-038  | zp = 13.4+0.4
−13.2 | 13.583[4] / 13.603[5] / 13.481[6] / 13.480[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
HD1 | z = 13.27 | 13.579[4] / 13.599[5] / 13.477[6] / 13.476[7] | Galaxy  | Not yet spectroscopically confirmed. Guinness World Record of the most distant confirmed galaxy
Lyman-break galaxy (5σ confidence) followed with a tentative ALMA detection of a single [O III] oxygen emission line only (4σ confidence)[49]
F150DA-010  | zp = 12.8+0.6
−1.5 | 13.562[4] / 13.582[5] / 13.460[6] / 13.459[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
S5-z12-1  | zp = 12.57+1.23
−0.46 | 13.553[4] / 13.573[5] / 13.452[6] / 13.451[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
CEERS-27535 4  | zp = 12.56+1.75
−0.27 | 13.553[4] / 13.573[5] / 13.452[6] / 13.451[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
SMACS-1566  | zp = 12.29+1.50
−0.44 | 13.542[4] / 13.562[5] / 13.441[6] / 13.440[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
SMACS-z12b
(F150DA-077)  | zp = 12.26+0.17
−0.16[48][41]
or 13.4+0.4
−1.7[42] | 13.541[4] / 13.561[5] / 13.440[6] / 13.439[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41][42]
SMACS-z12a  | zp = 12.20+0.21
−0.12 | 13.539[4] / 13.559[5] / 13.437[6] / 13.436[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41]
CR2-z12-4  | zp = 12.08+2.11
−1.25 | 13.534[4] / 13.554[5] / 13.432[6] / 13.431[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
SMACS-10566  | zp = 12.03+0.57
−0.26 | 13.532[4] / 13.552[5] / 13.430[6] / 13.429[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
XDFH-2395446286  | zp = 12.0+0.1
−0.2 | 13.530[4] / 13.550[5] / 13.429[6] / 13.428[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble[51]
CR2-z12-2  | zp = 11.96+1.44
−0.87 | 13.529[4] / 13.549[5] / 13.427[6] / 13.426[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
9-BUSCAR  | zp = 11.91+0.10
−0.22 | 13.527[4] / 13.547[5] / 13.425[6] / 13.424[7] | Galaxy
SMACS-8347  | zp = 11.90+0.27
−0.39 | 13.526[4] / 13.546[5] / 13.425[6] / 13.424[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
CEERS-26409 4  | zp = 11.90+1.60
−0.70 | 13.526[4] / 13.546[5] / 13.425[6] / 13.424[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
F150DB-069  | zp = 11.8+1.7
−0.2 | 13.522[4] / 13.542[5] / 13.420[6] / 13.419[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
XDFH-2334046578  | zp = 11.8+0.4
−0.5 | 13.522[4] / 13.542[5] / 13.420[6] / 13.419[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble[51]
CR2-z12-3  | zp = 11.66+0.69
−0.71 | 13.515[4] / 13.535[5] / 13.414[6] / 13.413[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
CR2-z12-1  | zp = 11.63+0.51
−0.53 | 13.514[4] / 13.534[5] / 13.413[6] / 13.412[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
F150DB-088  | zp = 11.6+0.3
−0.2 | 13.513[4] / 13.533[5] / 13.411[6] / 13.410[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-084  | zp = 11.6+0.4
−0.4 | 13.513[4] / 13.533[5] / 13.411[6] / 13.410[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-044  | zp = 11.4+0.4
−11.3 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
XDFH-2404647339  | zp = 11.4+0.4
−0.5 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy detected by JWST and Hubble[51]
F150DB-075  | zp = 11.4+0.4
−0.1[42]
0.04+0.01
−0.01[41] | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42][41]
F150DA-062  | zp = 11.4+0.3
−0.3[42]
1.78+0.20
−0.08[41] | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42][41]
CEERS-127682  | zp = 11.40+0.59
−0.51 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
CEERS-5268 2  | zp = 11.40+0.30
−1.11 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
F150DA-060  | zp = 11.4+0.6
−8.2 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-031  | zp = 11.4+1.0
−8.2 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-052  | zp = 11.4+0.8
−10.6 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DB-054  | zp = 11.4+0.5
−10.8 | 13.503[4] / 13.523[5] / 13.402[6] / 13.401[7] | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
SMACS-z11d  | zp = 11.28±0.32
or 2.35+0.30
−0.67 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[41]
CEERS-77241  | zp = 11.27+0.39
−0.70 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
CEERS-6647  | zp = 11.27+0.58
−0.28 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
CEERS-622 4  | zp = 11.27+0.48
−0.60 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
SMACS-z11c  | zp = 11.22±0.32
or 3.84+0.05
−0.04 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[41]
SMACS-z11b  | zp = 11.22±0.56
or 6.94+0.07
−0.07 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[41]
F150DA-005  | zp = 11.2+0.4
−0.3 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-020  | zp = 11.2+0.2
−7.9 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
CEERS-61486  | zp = 11.15+0.37
−0.35 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[50]
SMACS-z11e
(F150DA-081)  | zp = 11.10+0.21
−0.34[41]
or 13.4+0.6
−2.2[42] |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[41][42]
SMACS-z11a  | zp = 11.05+0.09
−0.08[48]
or 1.73+0.18
−0.04[41] |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41]
CR3-z12-1  | zp = 11.05+2.24
−0.47 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[44]
F150DA-026  | zp = 11.0+0.5
−0.3 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
F150DA-036  | zp = 11.0+0.4
−7.8 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
SMACS-z10e  | zp = 10.89+0.16
−0.14[48]
or 1.38+1.37
−0.24[41] |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[48][41]
F150DB-040  | zp = 10.8+0.3
−0.2 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[42]
EGS-14506  | zp = 10.71+0.34
−0.62 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[52]
MACS0647-JD | zp = 10.6±0.3 |  | Galaxy  | Gravitationally lensed into three images by a galaxy cluster; detected by JWST and Hubble[53][54]
GLASS-z10
(GLASS-1698)[50] | z = 10.38  |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST; tentative (4.4σ) ALMA detection of [O III] emission line only[55][56]
EGS-7860  | zp = 10.11+0.60
−0.82 |  | Galaxy  | Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST[52]
SPT0615-JD | zp = 9.9+0.8
−0.6 | 13.419[4] | Galaxy  | [57]
A2744-JD  | zp≅9.8  | 13.412[4] | Galaxy  | Galaxy is being magnified and lensed into three multiple images, geometrically supporting its redshift.[58][59]
MACS1149-JD1 | zp≅9.6  | 13.398[4][60] | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy
GRB 090429B | zp≅9.4  | 13.383[4][61] | Gamma-ray burst | [62] The photometric redshift in this instance has quite large uncertainty, with the lower limit for the redshift being z>7\.
UDFy-33436598  | zp≅8.6  | 13.317[4] | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy  | [63]
UDFy-38135539 | zp≅8.6  | 13.317[4] | Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy  | A spectroscopic redshift of z = 8.55 was claimed for this source in 2010,[64] but has subsequently been shown to be mistaken.[65]
BoRG-58  | zp≅8  | 13.258[4] | Galaxy cluster or protocluster

§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

## List of most distant objects by type

Most distant object by type  Type  | Object  | Redshift
(distance)  | Notes

|
|
|

Any astronomical object, no matter what type  | JADES-GS-z13-0 | z = 13.20  | Most distant galaxy with a spectroscopically-confirmed redshift as of December 2022[update].[8] These are data from Webb science in progress as of 9 December 2022, which has not yet been through the peer-review process. The estimated light-travel distance is about 13.6 billion light-years (and a proper distance of approximately 33.6 billion light-years (10.3 billion parsecs) from Earth due to the Universe's expansion since the light we now observe left it about 13.6 billion years ago).[5]

See also: List of galaxies

Galaxy or protogalaxy
Galaxy cluster | CL J1001+0220 | z ≅ 2.506  | As of 2016[66]

See also: List of galaxy clusters

Galaxy supercluster  | Hyperion proto-supercluster | z = 2.45  | This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.[67]

See also: List of superclusters

Galaxy protocluster  | A2744z7p9OD  | z = 7.88  | This protocluster at the time of its discovery in 2023 was the most distant protocluster found and spectroscopically confirmed to date.[68]

See also: List of galaxy groups and clusters

Quasar | UHZ1 | z ~ 10.0  | [69]

See also: List of quasars

Black hole | [69]
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected by an event) | Progenitor of GRB 090423 | z = 8.2  | [70][26] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[71] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.

See also: List of gamma-ray bursts

Estimated an approximate distance of 13 billion lightyears from Earth
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected as a star) | WHL0137-LS (Earendel) | z = 6.2 ± 0.1
(12.9 Gly)  | Most distant individual star detected (March, 2022).[72][73]

Previous records include SDSS J1229+1122[74] and MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1.[75]

Star cluster | The Sparkler  | z = 1.378
(13.9 Gly)  | Galaxy with globular clusters gravitationally lensed in SMACS J0723.3-7327[76]
System of star clusters
X-ray jet  | PJ352–15 quasar jet  | z = 5.831
(12.7 Gly)[77] | The previous recordholder was at 12.4 Gly.[78][79]
Microquasar | XMMU J004243.6+412519  | (2.5 Mly)  | First extragalactic microquasar discovered[80][81][82]
Nebula-like object  | Himiko | z = 6.595  | Possibly one of the largest objects in the early universe.[83][84]
Magnetic field | 9io9 | z = 2.554 (11.1 Gly)  | Observations from ALMA has shown that the lensed galaxy 9io9 contains a magnetic field.
Planet | SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04 | (27,710 ly)  | [85]

* An analysis of the lightcurve of the microlensing event PA-99-N2 suggests the presence of a planet orbiting a star in the Andromeda Galaxy.[86]
* A controversial microlensing event of lobe A of the double gravitationally lensed Q0957+561 suggests that there is a planet in the lensing galaxy lying at redshift 0.355 (3.7 Gly).[87][88]

Most distant event by type  Type  | Event  | Redshift  | Notes

|
|
|

Gamma-ray burst | GRB 090423 | z = 8.2  | [70][26] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[71] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.

See also: List of gamma-ray bursts

Core collapse supernova  | SN 1000+0216 | z = 3.8993  | [89]
Type Ia supernova | SN UDS10Wil | z = 1.914  | [90]
Type Ia supernova | SN SCP-0401
(Mingus)  | z = 1.71  | First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN.[91][92]
Cosmic Decoupling | Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation creation  | z~1000 to 1089  | [93][94]

## Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

Most Distant Object Titleholders (not including candidates based on photometric redshifts)  Object  | Type  | Date  | Distance
(z = Redshift)  | Notes

|
|
|
|

JADES-GS-z13-0 | Galaxy  | 2022 - present  | z = 13.20  | [8]
GN-z11 | Galaxy  | 2016–2022  | z = 10.6  | [14][15]
EGSY8p7 | Galaxy  | 2015 − 2016  | z = 8.68  | [95][96][97][98]
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423 | Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant | 2009 − 2015  | z = 8.2  | [26][99]
IOK-1 | Galaxy | 2006 − 2009  | z = 6.96  | [99][100][101][102]
SDF J132522.3+273520  | Galaxy  | 2005 − 2006  | z = 6.597  | [102][103]
SDF J132418.3+271455  | Galaxy  | 2003 − 2005  | z = 6.578  | [103][104][105][106]
HCM-6A | Galaxy  | 2002 − 2003  | z = 6.56  | The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z = 6.28[104][105][107][108][109][110]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)  | Quasar | 2001 − 2002  | z = 6.28  | [111][112][113][114][115][116]
SDSS 1044–0125
(SDSSp J104433.04–012502.2)  | Quasar  | 2000 − 2001  | z = 5.82  | [117][118][115][116][119][120][121]
SSA22-HCM1  | Galaxy  | 1999 − 2000  | z>=5.74  | [122][123]
HDF 4-473.0  | Galaxy  | 1998 − 1999  | z = 5.60  | [123]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)  | Galaxy  | 1998  | z = 5.34  | [124][125][126][123][127]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2  | Galaxies  | 1997 − 1998  | z = 4.92  | These were the most remote objects discovered at the time. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z = 0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.[125][128][129][126][123][130]
PC 1247–3406  | Quasar  | 1991 − 1997  | z = 4.897  | [117][131][132][133][134]
PC 1158+4635  | Quasar  | 1989 − 1991  | z = 4.73  | [117][134][135][136][137][138]
Q0051–279  | Quasar  | 1987 − 1989  | z = 4.43  | [139][135][138][140][141][142]
Q0000–26
(QSO B0000–26)  | Quasar  | 1987  | z = 4.11  | [139][135][143]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)  | Quasar  | 1987  | z = 4.04  | This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[117][135][144][145]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048–2903)  | Quasar  | 1987  | z = 4.01  | [139][135][144][146][147]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)  | Quasar  | 1986 − 1987  | z = 3.80  | This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.[144][148][149]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003–3251, Q2000–330)  | Quasar  | 1982 − 1986  | z = 3.78  | [144][150][151]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)  | Quasar  | 1974 − 1982  | z = 3.53  | [152][153][154]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)  | Quasar  | 1973 − 1974  | z = 3.408  | Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[152][154][155][156][157]
4C 05.34  | Quasar  | 1970 − 1973  | z = 2.877  | Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[154][158][159][160]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)  | Quasar  | 1968 − 1970  | z = 2.399  | [130][160][161]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)  | Quasar  | 1968  | z = 2.358  | [130][160][162]
PKS 0237–23
(QSO B0237–2321)  | Quasar  | 1967 − 1968  | z = 2.225  | [158][162][163][164][165]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)  | Quasar  | 1966 − 1967  | z = 2.1291  | [130][165][166][167]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)  | Quasar  | 1965 − 1966  | z = 2.0990  | [130][165][166][168]
3C 9 | Quasar  | 1965  | z = 2.018  | [165][169][170][171][172][173]
3C 147 | Quasar  | 1964 − 1965  | z = 0.545  | [174][175][176][177]
3C 295 | Radio galaxy | 1960 − 1964  | z = 0.461  | [123][130][178][179][180]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)  | Brightest cluster galaxy | 1951 − 1960  | z = 0.2
(V = 61000 km/s)  | This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0  08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[123][180][181][182][183][184][185]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)  | Brightest cluster galaxy  | 1936 –  | z = 0.13
(V = 39000 km/s)  | The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes Cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0  14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[184][186][187]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)  | Brightest cluster galaxy  | 1932 –  | z = 0.075
(V = 23000 km/s)  | This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0  07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[186][188]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster  | Brightest cluster galaxy  | 1931 − 1932  | z =
(V = 19700 km/s)  | [188][189][190][191]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster  | Brightest cluster galaxy  | 1930 − 1931  | z =
(V = 11700 km/s)  | [191][192]
NGC 4860 | Galaxy  | 1929 − 1930  | z = 0.026
(V = 7800 km/s)  | [192][193][194]
NGC 7619 | Galaxy  | 1929  | z = 0.012
(V = 3779 km/s)  | Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.[193][195][196]
NGC 584
(Dreyer nebula 584)  | Galaxy  | 1921 − 1929  | z = 0.006
(V = 1800 km/s)  | At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[184][193][195][197][198][199][200]
M104 (NGC 4594)  | Galaxy  | 1913 − 1921  | z = 0.004
(V = 1180 km/s)  | This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda – which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[193][197][200]
Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)  | Star | 1891 − 1910  | 160 ly
(18 mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=37 ly) | This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.[201][202][203][204]
Capella
(Alpha Aurigae)  | Star | 1849-1891  | 72 ly
(46 mas)  | [205][206][207]
Polaris
(Alpha Ursae Minoris)  | Star  | 1847 - 1849  | 50 ly
(80 mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=~375 ly) | [208][209]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)  | Star (part of a double star pair)  | 1839 - 1847  | 7.77 pc
(125 mas)  | [208]
61 Cygni | Binary star | 1838 − 1839  | 3.48 pc
(313.6 mas)  | This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[208][210][211]
Uranus | Planet of the Solar System  | 1781 − 1838  | 18 AU | This was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Saturn | Planet of the Solar System  | 1619 − 1781  | 10 AU  | From Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Mars | Planet of the Solar System  | 1609 − 1619  | 2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth  | Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Sun | Star  | 3rd century BC — 1609  | 380 Earth radii  (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii)  | Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Moon | Moon of a planet  | 3rd century BC  | 20 Earth radii  (very inaccurate, true=64 Earth radii)  | Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Moon. The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously.

* z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
* mas represents parallax, a measure of angle and distance can be determined through trigonometry

## List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.

Examples  Year of record | Modern
light travel distance (Mly) | Object | Type | Detected using | First record by (1)

|
|
|
|
|

964 | 2.5[212] | Andromeda Galaxy | Spiral galaxy | naked eye | Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi[213]
1654 | 3 | Triangulum Galaxy | Spiral galaxy | refracting telescope | Giovanni Battista Hodierna[214]
1785 | 76.4[215] | NGC 584 | Galaxy |  | William Herschel
1880s | 206 ± 29[216] | NGC 1 | Spiral galaxy |  | Dreyer, Herschel
1959 | 2,400[217] | 3C 273 | Quasar | Parkes Radio Telescope | Maarten Schmidt, Bev Oke[218]
1960 | 5,000[219] | 3C 295 | Radio galaxy | Palomar Observatory | Rudolph Minkowski

Data missing from table

2009 | 13,000[220] | GRB 090423 | Gamma-ray burst progenitor | Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission | Krimm, H. et al.[221]

## See also

* Age of the universe
* List of largest cosmic structures
* List of exoplanet extremes
* Lists of astronomical objects
* List of most distant stars

## References

1. ↑ Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics 641: page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. Bibcode: 2020A&A...641A...6P.
2. ↑ Guidry, Mike (2019). Modern general relativity: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. Cambridge New York: Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-1-107-19789-3.
3. ↑ Davis, Tamara M.; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe" (in en). Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1071/AS03040. ISSN 1323-3580. Bibcode: 2004PASA...21...97D. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S132335800000607X/type/journal_article.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.80 4.81 4.82 4.83 4.84 4.85 4.86 4.87 4.88 4.89 4.90 4.91 Staff (2015). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H0=67.74 and OmegaM=0.3089 (see Table/Planck2015 at "Lambda-CDM model" )
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59 5.60 5.61 5.62 5.63 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 5.71 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.84 Staff (2018). "UCLA Cosmological Calculator". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/ACC.html. Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using the UCLA Cosmological Calculator, with parameters values as of 2018: H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model" )
6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 6.68 6.69 6.70 6.71 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.76 6.77 6.78 6.79 6.80 6.81 6.82 Staff (2022). "ICRAR Cosmology Calculator". International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research. https://cosmocalc.icrar.org/. ICRAR Cosmology Calculator - Set H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")
7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62 7.63 7.64 7.65 7.66 7.67 7.68 7.69 7.70 7.71 7.72 7.73 7.74 7.75 7.76 7.77 7.78 7.79 7.80 7.81 7.82 Kempner, Joshua (2022). "KEMPNER Cosmology Calculator". Kempner.net. https://www.kempner.net/cosmic.php. KEMP Cosmology Calculator - Set H0=67.4, OmegaM=0.315, and OmegaΛ=0.6847 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model")
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Robertson, B. E. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10". Nature Astronomy 7 (5): 611–621. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1. Bibcode: 2023NatAs...7..611R.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ilie, Cosmin; Paulin, Jillian; Freese, Katherine (2023-07-25). "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (30): e2305762120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2305762120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 37433001. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12005762I.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wang, Bingjie (2023-11-13). "UNCOVER: Illuminating the Early Universe—JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of z > 12 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 957 (2): L34. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acfe07. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...957L..34W.
11. ↑ Bakx, Tom J. L. C. (January 2023). "Deep ALMA redshift search of a z~12 GLASS-JWST galaxy candidate". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 519 (4): 5076–5085. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3723.
12. ↑ Haro, Pablo Arrabal; Dickinson, Mark; Finkelstein, Steven L.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Donnan, Callum T.; Burgarella, Denis; Carnall, Adam; Cullen, Fergus et al. (2023-08-14). "Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early universe". Nature 622 (7984): 707–711. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06521-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 37579792. Bibcode: 2023Natur.622..707A.
13. ↑ Harikane, Yuichi; Nakajima, Kimihiko; Ouchi, Masami; et al. (2023). "Pure Spectroscopic Constraints on UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History From 25 Galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$ Confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec". arXiv:2304.06658v3 [astro-ph.GA].
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Oesch, P. A. et al. (March 2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z=11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal 819 (2): 129. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...819..129O.
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39. ↑ Rhoads, James E.; Hibon, Pascale; Malhotra, Sangeeta; Cooper, Michael; Weiner, Benjamin (2012). "A Lyman Alpha Galaxy at Redshift z = 6.944 in the COSMOS Field". The Astrophysical Journal 752 (2): L28. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...752L..28R.
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100. ↑ New Scientist, "First generation of galaxies glimpsed forming", 'David Shiga ', 19:01 13 September 2006 (accessed 2009/11/11)
101. ↑ Iye, M; Ota, K; Kashikawa, N; Furusawa, H; Hashimoto, T; Hattori, T; Matsuda, Y; Morokuma, T et al. (2006). "A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96". Nature 443 (7108): 186–8. doi:10.1038/nature05104. PMID 16971942. Bibcode: 2006Natur.443..186I.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Taniguchi, Yoshi (23 June 2008). "Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3 (S250): 429–436. doi:10.1017/S1743921308020796. Bibcode: 2008IAUS..250..429T.
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Taniguchi, Yoshiaki; Ajiki, Masaru; Nagao, Tohru; Shioya, Yasuhiro; Murayama, Takashi; Kashikawa, Nobunari; Kodaira, Keiichi; Kaifu, Norio et al. (2005). "The SUBARU Deep Field Project: Lymanα Emitters at a Redshift of 6.6". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 57: 165–182. doi:10.1093/pasj/57.1.165. Bibcode: 2005PASJ...57..165T. http://pasj.asj.or.jp/v57/n1/570114/57012649.pdf.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 SpaceRef, Subaru Telescope Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet and Expects Many More, Monday, March 24, 2003
106. ↑ Kodaira, K.; Taniguchi, Y.; Kashikawa, N.; Kaifu, N.; Ando, H.; Karoji, H.; Ajiki, Masaru; Akiyama, Masayuki et al. (2003). "The Discovery of Two Lyman$α$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 55 (2): L17. doi:10.1093/pasj/55.2.L17. Bibcode: 2003PASJ...55L..17K.
107. ↑ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
108. ↑ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT
109. ↑ Hu, E. M. (2002). "A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370". The Astrophysical Journal 568 (2): L75–L79. doi:10.1086/340424. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...568L..75H.
110. ↑ "K2.1 HCM 6A — Discovery of a redshift z = 6.56 galaxy lying behind the cluster Abell 370". Hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de. 2008-04-14. http://hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de/~heintzma/U/Lens.htm.
111. ↑ Pentericci, L.; Fan, X.; Rix, H. W.; Strauss, M. A.; Narayanan, V. K.; Richards, G T.; Schneider, D. P.; Krolik, J. et al. (2002). "VLT observations of the z = 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524". The Astronomical Journal 123 (5): 2151. doi:10.1086/340077. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.2151P.
112. ↑ The Astrophysical Journal, 578:702–707, 20 October 2002, A Constraint on the Gravitational Lensing Magnification and Age of the Redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524
113. ↑ White, Richard L.; Becker, Robert H.; Fan, Xiaohui; Strauss, Michael A. (2003). "Probing the Ionization State of the Universe atz>6". The Astronomical Journal 126 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1086/375547. Bibcode: 2003AJ....126....1W.
114. ↑ Farrah, D.; Priddey, R.; Wilman, R.; Haehnelt, M.; McMahon, R. (2004). "The X-Ray Spectrum of the z = 6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524". The Astrophysical Journal 611 (1): L13–L16. doi:10.1086/423669. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...611L..13F.
115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 PennState Eberly College of Science, Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects , June 2001
116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 PennState – Eberly College of Science – Science Journal – Summer 2000 – Vol. 17, No. 1 International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object
118. ↑ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, 1999 September 1, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
119. ↑ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite , Dec 2000
120. ↑ UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies – (Last Updated 10th February 2005)
121. ↑ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 01 December 2000
122. ↑ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, September 1, 1999, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 123.4 123.5 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 111: 1475–1502, 1999 December; Search Techniques for Distant Galaxies; Introduction
124. ↑ New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning, October 20, 1998
125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Astronomy Picture of the Day, A Baby Galaxy, March 24, 1998
126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Dey, Arjun; Spinrad, Hyron; Stern, Daniel; Graham, James R.; Chaffee, Frederic H. (1998). "A Galaxy at z = 5.34". The Astrophysical Journal 498 (2): L93. doi:10.1086/311331. Bibcode: 1998ApJ...498L..93D.
127. ↑ "A New Most Distant Object: z = 5.34". Astro.ucla.edu. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/old_new_cosmo.html#12Mar98.
128. ↑ Astronomy Picture of the Day, Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object, July 31, 1997
129. ↑ Franx, Marijn; Illingworth, Garth D.; Kelson, Daniel D.; Van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Tran, Kim-Vy (1997). "A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z = 4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62". The Astrophysical Journal 486 (2): L75. doi:10.1086/310844. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...486L..75F.
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 130.4 130.5 Illingworth, Garth (1999). "Galaxies at High Redshift". Astrophysics and Space Science 269/270: 165–181. doi:10.1023/a:1017052809781. Bibcode: 1999Ap&SS.269..165I. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Illingworth/Ill8.html.
131. ↑ Smith, J. D.; Djorgovski, S.; Thompson, D.; Brisken, W. F.; Neugebauer, G.; Matthews, K.; Meylan, G.; Piotto, G. et al. (1994). "Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4". The Astronomical Journal 108: 1147. doi:10.1086/117143. Bibcode: 1994AJ....108.1147S. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/74253/2/1994AJ____108_1147S.pdf.
132. ↑ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
133. ↑ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar December 8, 1998
134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Hook, Isobel M.; McMahon, Richard G. (1998). "Discovery of radio-loud quasars with z = 4.72 and z = 4.01". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 294 (1): L7–L12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01368.x. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.294L...7H.
135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 135.3 135.4 Turner, Edwin L. (1991). "Quasars and galaxy formation. I – the Z greater than 4 objects". Astronomical Journal 101: 5. doi:10.1086/115663. Bibcode: 1991AJ....101....5T.
136. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
137. ↑ Cowie, Lennox L. (1991). "Young Galaxies". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1 Texas/ESO–Cer): 31–41. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x. Bibcode: 1991NYASA.647...31C.
138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, November 20, 1989
139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C.; Osmer, P. S.; Irwin, M. J. (1987). "Quasars of redshift z = 4.43 and z = 4.07 in the South Galactic Pole field". Nature 330 (6147): 453. doi:10.1038/330453a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.330..453W.
140. ↑ Levshakov, S. A. (1989). "Absorption spectra of quasars". Astrophysics 29 (2): 657–671. doi:10.1007/BF01005972. Bibcode: 1988Ap.....29..657L.
141. ↑ New York Times , Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, January 14, 1988
142. ↑ New York Times, Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmos, May 10, 1988
143. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 – Quasar
144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 144.3 Schmidt, Maarten; Schneider, Donald P.; Gunn, James E. (1987). "PC 0910 + 5625 – an optically selected quasar with a redshift of 4.04". Astrophysical Journal 321: L7. doi:10.1086/184996. Bibcode: 1987ApJ...321L...7S.
145. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar
146. ↑ Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C.; Irwin, M. J.; McMahon, R. G.; Bridgeland, M. T.; Bunclark, P. S.; Kibblewhite, E. J. (1987). "First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4". Nature 325 (6100): 131. doi:10.1038/325131a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325..131W.
147. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
148. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 – Quasar
149. ↑ New Scientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
150. ↑ Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) – OASI; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972–1997
151. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 – Quasar
152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory
153. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 – Quasar
154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 "QUASARS – THREE YEARS LATER". http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/ce/q3y.htm.
155. ↑ Time Magazine, The Edge of Night, Monday, Apr. 23, 1973
156. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 – Quasar
157. ↑ Warren, S J; Hewett, P C (1990). "The detection of high-redshift quasars". Reports on Progress in Physics 53 (8): 1095. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/53/8/003. Bibcode: 1990RPPh...53.1095W.
158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III – The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 – Quasar Redshifts , by Dewey Bernard Larson ISBN 0-913138-11-8, 1984
159. ↑ Bahcall, John N.; Oke, J. B. (1971). "Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources". Astrophysical Journal 163: 235. doi:10.1086/150762. Bibcode: 1971ApJ...163..235B.
160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 160.2 Lynds, R.; Wills, D. (1970). "The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34". Nature 226 (5245): 532. doi:10.1038/226532a0. PMID 16057373. Bibcode: 1970Natur.226..532L.
161. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 – Quasar
162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1968). "The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal 154: L41. doi:10.1086/180265. Bibcode: 1968ApJ...154L..41B.
163. ↑ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, Friday, Apr. 07, 1967
164. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 – Quasar
165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 165.3 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1967). "On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects". Astrophysical Journal 147: 851. doi:10.1086/149072. Bibcode: 1967ApJ...147..851B.
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
167. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 – Quasar
168. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 – Quasar
169. ↑ Time Magazine, Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May. 21, 1965
170. ↑ Time Magazine, The Quasi-Quasars, Friday, Jun. 18, 1965
171. ↑ The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology p. 379 by Malcolm S. Longair – 2006
172. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources". Astrophysical Journal 141: 1295. doi:10.1086/148217. Bibcode: 1965ApJ...141.1295S.
173. ↑ The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars, 1965
174. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1965). "Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse: 269. Bibcode: 1965qssg.conf..269S.
175. ↑ Schneider, Donald P.; Van Gorkom, J. H.; Schmidt, Maarten; Gunn, James E. (1992). "Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I – VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM". Astronomical Journal 103: 1451. doi:10.1086/116159. Bibcode: 1992AJ....103.1451S.
176. ↑ Time Magazine, Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second , Friday, Apr. 10, 1964
177. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1964). "Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". Astrophysical Journal 139: 781. doi:10.1086/147815. Bibcode: 1964ApJ...139..781S.
178. ↑ "The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars". http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt.
179. ↑ McCarthy, Patrick J. (1993). "High Redshift Radio Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 31: 639–688. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231. Bibcode: 1993ARA&A..31..639M.
180. ↑ 180.0 180.1 Sandage, Allan (1961). "The Ability of the 200-INCH Telescope to Discriminate Between Selected World Models". Astrophysical Journal 133: 355. doi:10.1086/147041. Bibcode: 1961ApJ...133..355S.
181. ↑ Hubble, E. P. (1953). "The law of red shifts (George Darwin Lecture)". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 113 (6): 658–666. doi:10.1093/mnras/113.6.658. Bibcode: 1953MNRAS.113..658H.
182. ↑ Sandage, Allan. "Observational Tests of World Models: 6.1. Local Tests for Linearity of the Redshift-Distance Relation". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1988 (26): 561–630. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/Sandage/Sand6.html.
183. ↑ Humason, M. L.; Mayall, N. U.; Sandage, A. R. (1956). "Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae". Astronomical Journal 61: 97. doi:10.1086/107297. Bibcode: 1956AJ.....61...97H.
184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 184.2 "1053 May 8 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory 73: 97. 1953. Bibcode: 1953Obs....73...97..
185. ↑ Merrill, Paul W. (1958). "From Atoms to Galaxies". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets 7 (349): 393. Bibcode: 1958ASPL....7..393M.
186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 Humason, M. L. (January 1936). "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 83: 10. doi:10.1086/143696. Bibcode: 1936ApJ....83...10H.
187. ↑ "The First 50 Years At Palomar: 1949–1999; The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics'; 5.2.1. The Mount Wilson Years; Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1999\. 37: 445–486
188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 Chant, C. A. (1 April 1932). "Notes and Queries (Doings at Mount Wilson-Ritchey's Photographic Telescope-Infra-red Photographic Plates)". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 26: 180. Bibcode: 1932JRASC..26..180C.
189. ↑ Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "Apparent Velocity-Shifts in the Spectra of Faint Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 74: 35. doi:10.1086/143287. Bibcode: 1931ApJ....74...35H.
190. ↑ Hubble, Edwin; Humason, Milton L. (July 1931). "The Velocity-Distance Relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal 74: 43. doi:10.1086/143323. Bibcode: 1931ApJ....74...43H.
191. ↑ 191.0 191.1 Humason, M. L. (1 January 1931). "The Large Apparent Velocities of Extra-Galactic Nebulae". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 1 (37): 149. Bibcode: 1931ASPL....1..149H.
192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 Humason, M. L. (1930). "The Rayton short-focus spectrographic objective". Astrophysical Journal 71: 351. doi:10.1086/143255. Bibcode: 1930ApJ....71..351H.
193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 193.2 193.3 Trimble, Virginia (1996). "H_0: The Incredible Shrinking Constant, 1925–1975". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 108: 1073. doi:10.1086/133837. Bibcode: 1996PASP..108.1073T. https://escholarship.org/content/qt0tg0q2qx/qt0tg0q2qx.pdf?t=nlq2m6.
194. ↑ "The Berkeley Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, June 20–21, 1929". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 41 (242): 244. 1929. doi:10.1086/123945. Bibcode: 1929PASP...41..244..
195. ↑ 195.0 195.1 From the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Volume 15 : March 15, 1929 : Number 3; The Large Radial Velocity of N. G. C. 7619; January 17, 1929
196. ↑ The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada / Journal de la Société Royale D'astronomie du Canada; Vol. 83, No. 6 December 1989 Whole No. 621; EDWIN HUBBLE 1889–1953
197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 National Academy of Sciences; Biographical Memoirs: V. 52 – Vesto Melvin Slipher; ISBN 0-309-03099-4
198. ↑ Bailey, S. I. (1920). "Comet Skjellerup". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin 739: 1. Bibcode: 1920BHarO.739....1B.
199. ↑ New York Times, DREYER NEBULA NO. 584 Inconceivably Distant; Dr. Slipher Says the Celestial Speed Champion Is 'Many Millions of Light Years' Away.; January 19, 1921, Wednesday
200. ↑ 200.0 200.1 New York Times, Nebula Dreyer Breaks All Sky Speed Records; Portion of the Constellation of Cetus Is Rushing Along at Rate of 1,240 Miles a Second.; January 18, 1921, Tuesday
201. ↑ Hawera & Normanby Star, "Items of Interest", 29 December 1910, Volume LX, page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
202. ↑ Evening Star (San Jose), "Colossal Arcturus", Pittsburgh Dispatch, 10 June 1910 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
203. ↑ Nelson Evening Mail, "British Bloodthirstiness", 2 November 1891, Volume XXV, Issue 230, Page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
204. ↑ "Handbook of astronomy", Dionysius Lardner & Edwin Dunkin, Lockwood & Co. (1875), p.121
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209. ↑ The Sidereal Messenger, "Of the Precession of the Equinoxes, Nutation of the Earth's Axis, And Aberration of Light", Vol.1, No. 12, April 1847: 'Derby, Bradley, & Co.' Cincinnati
210. ↑ SEDS, "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846)" . Retrieved 11 November 2009.
211. ↑ Harper's New Monthly Magazine, "Some Talks of an Astronomer", Simon Newcomb, Volume 0049 Issue 294 (November 1874), pp.827 (accessed 2009-Nov-11)
212. ↑ Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; Liu, Michael C.; Rieke, Marcia J.; Ajhar, Edward A.; Blakeslee, John P. (February 2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal 583 (2): 712–726. doi:10.1086/345430. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...583..712J.
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* Helioseismology
* Eddington luminosity
* Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism

Properties|

* Designation
* Dynamics
* Effective temperature
* Luminosity
* Kinematics
* Magnetic field
* Absolute magnitude
* Mass
* Metallicity
* Rotation
* Starlight
* Variable
* Photometric system
* Color index
* Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
* Color–color diagram

Star systems|

* Binary
* Contact
* Common envelope
* Eclipsing
* Symbiotic
* Multiple
* Cluster
* Open
* Globular
* Super
* Planetary system

Earth-centric
observations|

* Sun
* Solar System
* Sunlight
* Pole star
* Circumpolar
* Constellation
* Asterism
* Magnitude
* Apparent
* Extinction
* Photographic
* Radial velocity
* Proper motion
* Parallax
* Photometric-standard

Lists|

* Proper names
* Arabic
* Chinese
* Extremes
* Most massive
* Highest temperature
* Largest volume
* Smallest volume
* Brightest
* Historical
* Most luminous
* Nearest
* Nearest bright
* With exoplanets
* Brown dwarfs
* White dwarfs
* Milky Way novae
* Supernovae
* Candidates
* Remnants
* Planetary nebulae
* Timeline of stellar astronomy

Related articles|

* Substellar object
* Brown dwarf
* Sub-brown dwarf
* Planet
* Galactic year
* Galaxy
* Guest
* Gravity
* Intergalactic
* Starfield
* Tidal disruption event

'Category:Stars * '

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of the most distant astronomical objects. Read more

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