Capitanian

Short description: Seventh stage of the Permian geologic period

Capitanian

265.1 ± 0.4 – 259.1 ± 0.5 Ma

PreЄ

Chronology

Permian graphical timeline

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Gzhelian

Asselian

Sakmarian

Artinskian

Kungurian

Roadian

Wordian

Capitanian

Wuchiapingian

Changhsingian

Induan

Permian-Triassic mass extinction event

end-Capitanian extinction event

Olson's Extinction

Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2021.[1]
Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.

Etymology
Name formality| Formal
Usage information
Celestial body| Earth
Regional usage| Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used| ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit| Age
Stratigraphic unit| Stage
Time span formality| Formal
Lower boundary definition| FAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella postserrata
Lower boundary GSSP| Nipple Hill, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas , United States
31°54′33″N 104°47′21″W﻿ / ﻿31.9091°N 104.7892°W﻿ / 31.9091; -104.7892
GSSP ratified| 2001[2]
Upper boundary definition| FAD of the Conodont Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri
Upper boundary GSSP| Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China
23°41′43″N 109°19′16″E﻿ / ﻿23.6953°N 109.3211°E﻿ / 23.6953; 109.3211
GSSP ratified| 2004[3]

In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Capitanian lasted between 265.1 and 259.1 million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian.[4]

A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this stage, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps.[5] This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction event that followed about 10 million years later.

## Contents

* 1 Stratigraphy
* 1.1 Definitions
* 1.2 Biostratigraphy
* 1.3 Biodiversity
* 2 Events
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Stratigraphy

The Capitanian Stage was introduced into scientific literature by George Burr Richardson in 1904. The name comes from the Capitan Reef in the Guadalupe Mountains (Texas , United States). The Capitanian was first used as a stratigraphic subdivision of the Guadalupian in 1961,[6] when both names were still only used regionally in the southern US. The stage was added to the internationally used ICS timescale in 2001.[7]

### Definitions

The base of the Capitanian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella postserrata first appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Nipple Hill in the southern Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

The top of the Capitanian (the base of the Wuchiapingian and Lopingian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri first appears.

The Capitanian Stage was part of the time in which the Zechstein was deposited in Europe.[4] It is coeval with the old European regional Saxonian Stage. In the eastern Tethys domain, the Capitanian overlaps the regional Murgabian Stage, the Midian Stage and the lower part of the Laibinian Stage. In Russia the Capitanian equals the lower part of the regional Severodvinian Stage.

### Biostratigraphy

The Capitanian contains one ammonite biozone (Timorites) and three conodont biozones:

* zone of Clarkina postbitteri hongshuiensis
* zone of Jinogondolella altudaensis
* zone of Jinogondolella postserrata

Larger fusulinid species permit a division in two biozones:

* zone of Rausserella
* zone of Afganella schenki

### Biodiversity

Olson’s Extinction, in the early Guadalupian (Roadian, Wordian), led to an extended period of low diversity when worldwide two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost.[8] Global diversity rose dramatically in the Capitanian, probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian.[9]

## Events

Carbon isotopes in marine limestone from the Capitanian age show an increase in δ13C values. The change in carbon isotopes in the sea water reflects cooling of global climates.[10]

This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like larger fusulinids (Verbeekninidae), large bivalves (Alatoconchidae) and rugose corals, and Waagenophyllidae.[11]

## References

1. ↑ "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale.
2. ↑ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/roadian.
3. ↑ Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)". Episodes 29: 253-262. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/wuchiapingian.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
5. ↑ Bond, D. P. G.; Wignall, P. B.; Joachimski, M. M.; Sun, Y.; Savov, I.; Grasby, S. E.; Beauchamp, B.; Blomeier, D. P. G. (2015-04-14). "An abrupt extinction in the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of the Boreal Realm (Spitsbergen) and its link to anoxia and acidification". Geological Society of America Bulletin 127 (9–10): 1411–1421. doi:10.1130/B31216.1. ISSN 0016-7606. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85117/7/1411.full.pdf.
6. ↑ Glenister, B.F. & Furnish, W.M.; 1961: The Permian ammonoids of Australia, Journal of Paleontology 35(4), pp 673–736.
7. ↑ Glenister, B.F.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Lambert, L.L.; Spinosa, C.; Bowring, S.A.; Erwin, D.H.; Menning, M. & Wilde, G.L.; 1999: Proposal of Guadalupian and Component Roadian, Wordian and Capitanian Stages as International Standards for the Middle Permian Series, Permophiles 34: pp 3–11.
8. ↑ Bond, David; Hilton, Jason (2010). "The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans". Earth-Science Reviews 102 (1): 100–116. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004.
9. ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMID 18198148.
10. ↑ Isozaki, Yukio; Kawahata, Hodaka; Ota, Ayano (2007). "A unique carbon isotope record across the Guadalupian–Lopingian (Middle–Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic paleo-atoll carbonates: The high-productivity "Kamura event" and its collapse in Panthalassa". Global and Planetary Change 55 (1–3): 21–38. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.006.
11. ↑ Isozaki, Yukio; Aljinović, Dunja (2009). "End-Guadalupian extinction of the Permian gigantic bivalve Alatoconchidae: End of gigantism in tropical seas by cooling". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 284 (1–2): 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.022. ISSN 0031-0182.

## External links

* GeoWhen Database - Capitanian
* Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

Coordinates: 31°54′33″N 104°47′21″W﻿ / ﻿31.9091°N 104.7892°W﻿ / 31.9091; -104.7892

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Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic era
(present–66.0 Mya)|

| Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya)|

* Holocene (present–11.784 kya)
* Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya)

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Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya)|

* Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya)
* Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya)

Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya)|

* Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya)
* Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya)
* Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)

Mesozoic era
(66.0–251.902 Mya)|

| Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya)|

* Late (66.0–100.5 Mya)
* Early (100.5–145.0 Mya)

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Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya)|

* Late (145.0–163.5 Mya)
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Triassic (201.3–251.902 Mya)|

* Late (201.3–237 Mya)
* Middle (237–247.2 Mya)
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Paleozoic era
(251.902–541.0 Mya)|

| Permian (251.902–298.9 Mya)|

* Lopingian (251.902–259.8 Mya)
* Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya)
* Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya)

|

Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya)|

* Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya)
* Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya)

Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya)|

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Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya)|

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Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya)|

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Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya)|

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Proterozoic eon
(541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)|

| Neoproterozoic (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)|

* Ediacaran (541.0–~635 Mya)
* Cryogenian (~635–~720 Mya)
* Tonian (~720 Mya–1 Gya)

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Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Gya)|

* Stenian (1–1.2 Gya)
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Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Gya)|

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Archean eon (2.5–4 Gya)|

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* Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)

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Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)|

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kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
See also: Geologic time scale

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