China Manned Space Program

Short description: Spaceflight programme in China

China Manned Space Program

China Manned Space (CMS) Program logo which forms the shape of a space station and the character "中" in "中国" (China)

Country| China
Organization| China Manned Space Agency
Purpose| Human spaceflight
Status| Active
Program history
Duration| 21 September 1992 – present
Maiden flight| Shenzhou 1
19 November 1999; 26 years ago (1999-11-19)
First crewed flight| Shenzhou 5
15 October 2003; 22 years ago (2003-10-15)
Last flight| Shenzhou 23
24 May 2026; 2 months ago (2026-05-24) (most recent)
Successes| 37
Partial failures| 1
Launch site(s)| Jiuquan * Wenchang
Vehicle information
Crew vehicle| Shenzhou
Crew capacity| 3
Launch vehicle(s)| Long March 2F
Long March 7
Long March 5B

The China Manned Space Program (CMS; Chinese: 中国载人航天工程; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zàirén Hángtiān Gōngchéng), also known as Project 921 (Chinese: 九二一工程; pinyin: Jiǔèryī Gōngchéng) is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. As of 2026[update], China has conducted 16 crewed spaceflight launches, all using the Shenzhou spacecraft atop the Long March 2F rocket, the most recent being Shenzhou 23.

Approved on 21 September 1992, Wang Yongzhi served as its first chief designer until 2006. The current chief designer is Zhou Jianping. CMSA is headed by the director of the Equipment Development Department, currently General Xu Xueqiang.

CMS was divided into "three steps":[1]

1. Development of a crewed spacecraft to establish basic human spaceflight capabilities (Shenzhou 1–6)
2. Development of spacewalk equipment and techniques, along with the launch of space laboratories to support short-duration crewed missions and the development of rendezvous and docking techniques (Shenzhou 7–11)
3. Development of a modular space station station to support long-duration crewed space operations (Shenzhou 12–15)

CMS achieved all three steps, with Shenzhou 5 in 2003, Shenzhou 9 docking with Tiangong-1 in 2012, and the assembly of the Tiangong space station by 2022. China thus became the third nation to achieve human spaceflight and operate a space station (after the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States). The CMSA has planned crewed lunar missions from 2030 under the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program,[2] set to use the Mengzhou orbiter and Lanyue lander, atop the Long March 10.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Development
* 2.1 First Step
* 2.2 Second Step
* 2.2.1 Phase 1: EVA, space rendezvous and docking
* 2.2.2 Phase 2: Space laboratory
* 2.3 Third Step
* 2.3.1 Phase 1: demonstration of key technologies
* 2.3.2 Phase 2: assembly and construction
* 3 Composition
* 4 Missions
* 4.1 Conducted missions
* 4.2 Upcoming missions
* 5 Astronauts (Taikonauts)
* 5.1 November 1996 trainer selection
* 5.2 January 1998 astronaut candidate selection
* 5.3 2010 astronaut candidate selection
* 5.4 2020 astronaut candidate selection
* 5.5 2022 astronaut candidate selection
* 6 International collaborations
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 8.1 Citations
* 8.2 Sources
* 9 External links

## History

Mockup of FSW satellite

Formal research of China's human spaceflight began in 1968. An institute for medical and space engineering was founded in Beijing.[3] It was the predecessor of The China Astronaut Research and Training Center, at which China's astronauts were trained in the following decades. Before that, in 1964, China launched a sounding rocket, carrying several small animals to an altitude of 70 km as an attempt to study the effects of spaceflight on living creatures.[3]

On 24 April 1970, China launched its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I into orbit. In 1970, Qian Xuesen, the father of China's space program, introduced his human spaceflight project, which was later called Project 714. An early version of a crewed spacecraft called Shuguang I was under research. However, this program was cancelled due to a lack of funds and political interest. Instead, China decided in 1978 to pursue a method of sending astronauts into space using the more familiar FSW-derived ballistic reentry capsules. Two years later. in 1980, the Chinese government cancelled the program citing cost concerns.[4]

In order to gain relative experience, China launched and recovered its first recoverable satellite, Fanhui Shi Weixing, on 26 November 1975.[5] The success of the mission demonstrated China's capabilities of controlled atmospheric entry.

In 1986, the 863 Program was funded by the Chinese government. It was intended to stimulate the development of science and technologies in several key areas, in which space capabilities were included.[6]

The Chinese human spaceflight program, formally titled the China Manned Space Program, was formally approved on September 21, 1992, by the Standing Committee of Politburo as Project 921,[7] with work beginning on 1 January 1993. The initial plan has three steps:[1]

1. First Step: Launch a crewed spaceship with the aim of building up the fundamental capability in human space exploration and space experiments.
2. Second Step: Launch a space laboratory tasked with making technological breakthroughs for extravehicular activities, space rendezvous and spacecraft docking procedures, as well as providing a solution for man-tended space utilization on a certain scale and short-term basis.
3. Third Step: Establish a Space Station with the aim of providing a solution for human-tended -space utilization on a larger scale and longer-term basis.

The program was led by a chief commander and a chief designer, who handled administrative and technical issues respectively. A joint meeting between these two was responsible for making decisions on important issues during the implementation of the project.[7] The first chief designer of the program was Wang Yongzhi. A new organization, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, was founded for the administration of the program.

In 1994, China signed a cooperation agreement with Russia to purchase aerospace technologies. In 1995, a deal was signed between the two countries for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology to China. Included in the agreement were schedules for astronaut training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. In 1996, two Chinese astronauts, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia. After training, these men returned to China and proceeded to train other Chinese astronauts at sites near Beijing and Jiuquan.[8]

The hardware and know-how purchased from Russia led to modifications of the original Step One spacecraft, later known called Shenzhou, roughly translated as "divine vessel". New launch facilities were built at the Jiuquan launch site in Inner Mongolia, and in the spring of 1998, a mock-up of the Long March 2F launch vehicle with Shenzhou spacecraft was rolled out for integration and facility tests.[8]

## Development

### First Step

Launch pad dedicated to CMS launches in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Shenzhou 5 return capsule and space suit displayed in the National Museum of China.

The "first step" of the China Manned Space Program was to establish basic human spaceflight capabilities, specifically a human-rated launch vehicle and a crewed spacecraft.

The development of Long March 2F, China's first human-rated launch vehicle, began in September 1992.[9] It was derived from the Long March 2E, but with a launch escape system and control system redundancy.

In December 1994, the first hot test fire of a human-rated rocket's engine was completed successfully.[9]

In 1996, two pilots from the Air Force, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, were handpicked and sent to Russia for training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.[10]

In January 1998, 14 pilots were selected as the first batch of Chinese astronaut candidates.[11]

In November 1998, a new flight control center, Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center, was opened to support CMS missions.[10] Also in that year, a new launch complex adapting the advanced "three verticals" (vertical assembly, vertical testing and vertical transport) strategy was put into service in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to support CMS missions exclusively.[12]

On 19 November 1999, Shenzhou 1, the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and entered predetermined orbit. The ground electrical test model was used during this test flight to meet the deadline by the end of 1999.[10] The return capsule of the spacecraft successfully separated with other parts and landed intact in Inner Mongolia the next day. Despite only limited systems being tested, the mission was still a successful test flight for the Shenzhou spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket.

The second test flight of Shenzhou occurred on 10 January 2001. Shenzhou 2, the first formal uncrewed spaceship of China, was launched into orbit and stayed for seven days before the return capsule separated.[13] However, the parachutes failed to open upon re-entry, which resulted in hard-landing.

In 2002, China launched Shenzhou 3 and Shenzhou 4; both ended in success.[10]

The fifth launch, Shenzhou 5, was the first to carry a human (Yang Liwei) and occurred at 01:00:00 UTC on 15 October 2003.[14] At 587 seconds after taking off, the spaceship separated from the rocket and entered an elliptical orbit with an inclination of 42.4°, the perigee height of 199.14 km and the apogee height of 347.8 km.[15] Yang became the first Chinese launched into space with Chinese launch vehicle and spacecraft. At 22:23 UTC on 15 October 2003, the re-entry module landed safely in central Inner Mongolia. The whole mission lasted for 21 hours and 23 minutes, making China the third country capable of sending humans to space and back independently, after Russia and the United States.

The first "multi-person and multi-day" crewed space flight, Shenzhou 6, was conducted during 12–17 October 2005. Astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng spent more than 4 days in space and orbited the Earth for 76 orbits.[16]

### Second Step

The "second step" of the China Manned Space Program was the development of spacewalk equipment and techniques, along with the launch of space laboratories to support short-duration crewed missions and the development of rendezvous and docking techniques.

#### Phase 1: EVA, space rendezvous and docking

First spacewalk by Chinese astronaut during Shenzhou 7 mission

On 25 September 2008, Shenzhou 7 was launched into space with three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. During the flight, Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming completed China's first EVA with the Feitian extravehicular space suit made in China and the Sea Hawk extravehicular space suit imported from Russia respectively.[17]

In order to practice space rendezvous and docking, China launched an 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) target vehicle, Tiangong 1, in 2011 with a variant of Long March 2F,[18] followed by Shenzhou 8, the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft since Shenzhou 5. The two spacecraft performed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011, which verified the performance of docking procedures and mechanisms.[19] About 9 months later, Tiangong 1 completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with Shenzhou 9, a crewed spacecraft carrying Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and China's first female astronaut Liu Yang.[20]

On 11 June 2013, crewed spacecraft Shenzhou 10 carrying astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping was launched into orbit and docked with Tiangong 1. The three astronauts spent 12 days in Tiangong 1 by conducting scientific experiments, giving lectures to over 60 million students in China, and performing more docking tests before returning to Earth safely.[21] The completion of the missions from Shenzhou 6 to Shenzhou 10 demonstrated China's technical advancement in human spaceflight, ending phase 1 of the Second Step.[22]

#### Phase 2: Space laboratory

Rendering of Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft (left) and Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory (right) assembly in space

To further enhance China's human spaceflight capabilities and make preparation for the construction of future space station, China launched the second phase of the Second Step, which consisted of four space laboratory missions.

In June 2016, China conducted the maiden flight of Long March 7, a new generation medium-lift launch vehicle with higher payload capability to low Earth orbit, from the newly built Wenchang Space Launch Site located in the coastal Hainan Province.[23]

In September 2016, Tiangong 2 was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than Tiangong 1. A month later, Shenzhou 11 was launched and docked with Tiangong 2. Two astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong entered Tiangong 2 and were stationed for about 30 days, breaking China's record for the longest human spaceflight mission while verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space.[23]

In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, Tianzhou 1 docked with Tiangong 2 and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the Second Step of CMS.[23]

### Third Step

The "third step" of the China Manned Space Program was to develop a modular space station station to support long-duration crewed space operations

#### Phase 1: demonstration of key technologies

Launch of Tianhe core module on 29 April 2021 Astronaut Zhai Zhigang of Shenzhou 13 crew performing spacewalk on Tiangong Space Station on 7 November 2021

On 5 May 2020, China successfully launched the maiden flight of Long March 5B, whose payload capability was greater than 22,000 kg (49,000 lb), allowing China to put a large space station module into low Earth orbit.[24][25][26]

On 29 April 2021, the second Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 22,500 kg (49,600 lb) Tianhe core module, the most complex spacecraft independently developed by China. The core module entered the predetermined orbit about 494 seconds after launch, marking the start of the in-orbit construction of China's space station.[26]

On 29 May 2021, Tianzhou 2, the first cargo spacecraft to the space station, was launched by a Long March 7 rocket and docked with Tianhe core module 8 hours later.[27] The shipment included astronaut supplies, space station equipment, extravehicular space suits and propellant.[28]

The first crewed mission to Tianhe, Shenzhou 12, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on 17 June 2021. The spacecraft conducted China's first crewed autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking 6 hours 32 minutes after launch.[29] Three crew members, Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, became the first inhabitants of Tiangong Space Station.

At 00:11 UTC on 4 July 2021, two of the Shenzhou 12 crew members, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, conducted the first EVA on the space station, which lasted for 6 hours 46 minutes, breaking the previous 20-minute EVA record made during Shenzhou 7 mission in 2008 by a huge margin.[30]

The Shenzhou 12 crew returned to Earth safely on 17 September 2021.[31]

On 20 September 2021, Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station.[32]

On 15 October 2021, Shenzhou 13 was launched and docked with the Tianhe core module 6.5 hours later. The plan was for the crew, including Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu, to complete a six-month stay, the longest one since the beginning of the program.[33] About three weeks later, Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping completed the crew's first EVA on 7 November 2021, making Wang the first Chinese female astronaut to perform an EVA.[34]

At 07:59 UTC on 27 March 2022, the Tianzhou 2 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission,[35] followed by its controlled reentry into the atmosphere over the south Pacific on 31 March 2022.[36] The Shenzhou 13 crew returned to Earth safely on 16 April 2022.[37]

#### Phase 2: assembly and construction

Shenzhou 14 crew Cai Xuzhe, Chen Dong and Liu Yang  Rear view of completed Tiangong Space Station, taken by Tianzhou cargo spacecraft ahead of docking. First gathering of two Chinese astronaut crews on Tiangong Space Station on 30 November 2022

Following the conclusion of phase 1, 6 more missions will be conducted to implement phase 2, including launches of 2 laboratory modules of Tiangong, 2 cargo spacecraft and 2 crewed spacecraft. All these missions are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022.[38]

On 9 May 2022, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station,[39] which docked with the station the next day.

On 5 June 2022, Shenzhou 14 was launched and docked to the Tianhe core module almost 7 hours later. The crew, including Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe, spent six months on the space station during this very first crewed mission of the construction phase.[40]

On 17 July 2022 at 02:59 UTC, Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.[41]

On 24 July 2022, the third Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 23,200 kg (51,100 lb) Wentian laboratory cabin module, the largest and heaviest spacecraft launched by China. The module docked with the space station less than 20 hours later, adding the second module and the first laboratory module to it.[42]

At 10:26 UTC on 1 September 2022, two of the Shenzhou 14 crew members, Chen Dong and Liu Yang, conducted the first EVA from the Wentian module's airlock, which lasted 6 hours 7 minutes.[43] About two weeks later, on 17 September 2022, at 05:35 UTC, the second spacewalk carried out by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.[44]

On 31 October 2022, the fourth Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 23,200 kg (51,100 lb) Mengtian laboratory cabin module. The module docked with the space station less than 13 hours later, adding the third module and the second laboratory module to it.[45] On 3 November 2022, the 'T-shape' Tiangong space station was formed with the transpositioning of the last module.[46]

On 9 November 2022 at 06:55 UTC, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.

On 12 November 2022, Tianzhou 5 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station and docked after 2 hours and 7 minutes, breaking the world record for the fastest rendezvous and docking between a spacecraft and a space station.[47]

On 17 November 2022 at 03:16 UTC, the third spacewalk was carried out, again by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.

On 29 November 2022 at 15:08 UTC, Shenzhou 15 launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center; the spacecraft docked with the space station about 6 and one-half hours later at 21:42 UTC. Astronauts Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu (the Shenzhou 15 crew) were greeted by the Shenzhou 14 crew, completing the first crew handover on the China space station.[48]

With the completion of construction, the Space Station began the application and permanently crewed phase in which crew rotations would become routine. The station is expected to operate in orbit for no less than 10 years,[38] and perhaps up to 15 years, until 2038.[49]

## Composition

Foods carried by Chinese astronauts Second generation of the Feitian space suit Shenzhou was the first crewed spacecraft of China.

The China Manned Space Program is composed of multiple systems supported by a broad nationwide industrial base. More than 110 units and enterprises have directly undertaken development and construction work, while over 1,000 additional organizations from sectors such as aviation, shipbuilding, machinery, electronics, chemicals, metallurgy, and construction—and from numerous provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions—have participated in supporting roles.[50]

The systems and their main objectives are as follows:[1]

* Astronaut System: Responsible for selecting and training astronauts, and conducting medical monitoring and supporting astronauts during training and while in-flight.
* Space Application System: Supports scientific experiments and applied research using on-board facilities and payloads.
* Carrier Rocket System:
* Long March 2F: Human-rated medium-lift launch vehicle used for launching Shenzhou spacecraft and early space laboratories.
* Long March 7: Medium-lift launch vehicle used to launch Tianzhou cargo spacecraft.
* Long March 5B: Heavy-lift launch vehicle for launching Tiangong space station modules.
* Spacecraft Systems:
* Manned Spaceship System: Developed Shenzhou spacecraft used to transport astronauts to and from orbit.
* Cargo Vehicle System: Developed Tianzhou spacecraft used to deliver supplies, propellant, and equipment to the space station.
* Space Laboratory System: Developed Tiangong 1 and Tiangong 2 as prototype laboratories to validate technologies for a future space station.
* Manned Space Station System: Developed the modular Tiangong space station, supporting long-duration research in astronomy, biology, and microgravity physics in low Earth orbit.
* Optical Module System (under development): Developing the Xuntian space telescope that will co-orbit with the Tiangong space station and periodically dock for maintenance and upgrades.
* Launch Site System:
* Jiuquan: Launch site in Inner Mongolia for crewed spacecraft and space laboratory missions.
* Wenchang: Launch site on the island of Hainan for space station modules and Tianzhou cargo vehicles.
* TT&C and Communications System: Provides tracking, telemetry, command, and communication services, including voice and video links with astronauts and the relay of scientific data.
* Landing Site System: Manages tracking, search, and recovery of returned re-entry capsules in Inner Mongolia, along with post-landing astronaut support and capsule refurbishment.

## Missions

Mission types：

Launch vehicle test flight

Shenzhou spacecraft (uncrewed)

Shenzhou spacecraft (crewed)

Space laboratory

Space station module

Cargo spacecraft

### Conducted missions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions and List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station.

The list below includes all missions operated by CMS, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, cargo spaceships, launch vehicle test flights and space station modules.

No. | Mission | Launch | Launch vehicle | Launch site | Duration | Landing / re‑entry | Landing / re‑entry location | Crew | Outcome | Notes

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|
|
|
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|

↓ First Step ↓
1 | Shenzhou 1 | 19 November 1999 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 21h 11m | 20 November 1999 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | First mission of CMS. Uncrewed test flight of Shenzhou spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket.
2 | Shenzhou 2 | 9 January 2001 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 7d 10h 22m | 16 January 2001 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Partial success  | Carried scientific payload including monkey, dog, rabbit and other animals.
3 | Shenzhou 3 | 25 March 2002 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 6d 18h 51m | 1 April 2002 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Carried a test dummy.
4 | Shenzhou 4 | 29 December 2002 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 6d 18h 36m | 5 January 2003 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Carried two test dummies and several science experiments.
5 | Shenzhou 5 | 15 October 2003 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 21h 22m | 15 October 2003 | Dorbod Banner | Yang Liwei | Success  | First crewed spaceflight of China; flight completed 14 Earth orbits. With this flight, China became the third nation capable of independent human spaceflight, after Russia and the U.S.
6 | Shenzhou 6 | 12 October 2005 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 4d 19h 33 m  | 16 October 2005 | Dorbod Banner | Fei Junlong
Nie Haisheng | Success  | First two-person crew; first flight lasting multiple days.
↓ Second Step, phase 1 ↓
7 | Shenzhou 7 | 25 September 2008 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 2d 20h 27 m  | 28 September 2008 | Dorbod Banner | Zhai Zhigang
Liu Boming
Jing Haipeng | Success  | First three-person crew; first Chinese spacewalk.
8 | Tiangong 1 | 29 September 2011 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | — | 2 April 2018 | Southern Pacific | (uncrewed) | Success  | Target vehicle for space rendezvous and docking testing.
9 | Shenzhou 8 | 31 October 2011 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 16d 13h 34m | 17 November 2011 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Uncrewed mission, completed China's first space rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1.
10 | Shenzhou 9 | 16 June 2012 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 12d 15h 24 m  | 29 June 2012 | Dorbod Banner | Jing Haipeng (2)
Liu Wang
Liu Yang | Success  | First Chinese woman in space; first crewed docking with Tiangong-1.
11 | Shenzhou 10 | 11 June 2013 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 14d 14h 29 m  | 26 June 2013 | Dorbod Banner | Nie Haisheng (2)
Zhang Xiaoguang
Wang Yaping | Success  | Second Chinese woman in space, second crewed docking with Tiangong-1.
↓ Second Step, phase 2 ↓
12 | Long March 7
test flight | 25 June 2016 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 26 June 2016 | Jiuquan | (uncrewed) | Success  | Long March 7 test flight carrying scale model of Mengzhou.
13 | Tiangong 2 | 15 September 2016 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | — | 19 July 2019 | Southern Pacific | (uncrewed) | Success  | Space laboratory, capable of in-orbit refueling.
14 | Shenzhou 11 | 17 October 2016 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 32d 6h 29 m  | 18 November 2016 | Dorbod Banner | Jing Haipeng (3)
Chen Dong | Success  | First and only crewed docking with Tiangong-2.
15 | Tianzhou 1 | 20 April 2017 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 22 September 2017 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | First cargo spacecraft; first in-orbit propellant transfer.
↓ Third Step ↓
16 | Long March 5B
test flight | 5 May 2020 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | 8 May 2020 | Jiuquan | (uncrewed) | Success  | Long March 5B test flight carrying Mengzhou test vehicle.
17 | Tianhe | 29 April 2021 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | First module of the Tiangong space station.
18 | Tianzhou 2 | 29 May 2021 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 31 March 2022 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | First cargo spacecraft to the space station.
19 | Shenzhou 12 | 17 June 2021 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 92d 4h 11 m  | 17 September 2021 | Jiuquan | Nie Haisheng (3)
Liu Boming (2)
Tang Hongbo | Success  | First crewed mission to dock with the Tiangong space station.[51]
20 | Tianzhou 3 | 20 September 2021 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 27 July 2022 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  |
21 | Shenzhou 13 | 15 October 2021 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 182d 9h 32 m  | 16 April 2022 | Jiuquan | Zhai Zhigang (2)
Wang Yaping (2)
Ye Guangfu | Success  | First spacewalk by a female Chinese astronaut.
22 | Tianzhou 4 | 9 May 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 14 November 2022 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  |
23 | Shenzhou 14 | 5 June 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 182d 9h 25m | 4 December 2022 | Jiuquan | Chen Dong (2)
Liu Yang (2)
Cai Xuzhe | Success  | Crew saw docking of two lab modules, completing the construction of the station.
24 | Wentian | 24 July 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | Laboratory Cabin Module I of the Tiangong space station.
25 | Mengtian | 31 October 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | Laboratory Cabin Module II of the Tiangong space station.
26 | Tianzhou 5 | 12 November 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 13 September 2023 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | Broke the record of shortest time from launch to docking (2 hours, 7 minutes).
27 | Shenzhou 15 | 29 November 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 186d 7h 25m | 3 June 2023 | Jiuquan | Fei Junlong (2)
Deng Qingming
Zhang Lu | Success  | First crew to overlap with the prior crew so that the station remains continuously inhabited.
↓ Space station application and development phase ↓
28 | Tianzhou 6 | 10 May 2023 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 19 January 2024 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | First launch of improved Tianzhou.[52]
29 | Shenzhou 16 | 30 May 2023 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 153d 22h 41m | 31 October 2023 | Jiuquan | Jing Haipeng (4)
Zhu Yangzhu
Gui Haichao | Success  | First mission with a civilian astronaut (payload specialist).
30 | Shenzhou 17 | 26 October 2023 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 187d 6h 32m | 30 April 2024 | Jiuquan | Tang Hongbo (2)
Tang Shengjie
Jiang Xinlin | Success  |
31 | Tianzhou 7 | 17 January 2024 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 17 November 2024 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  |
32 | Shenzhou 18 | 25 April 2024 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 192d 4h 25m | 3 November 2024 | Jiuquan | Ye Guangfu (2)
Li Cong
Li Guangsu | Success  |
33 | Shenzhou 19 | 29 October 2024 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 182d 8h 41m | 30 April 2025 | Jiuquan | Cai Xuzhe (2)
Song Lingdong
Wang Haoze | Success  |
34 | Tianzhou 8 | 15 November 2024 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 8 July 2025 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  |
35 | Shenzhou 20 | 24 April 2025 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 203d 23h 22m | Crew:
14 November 2025

* * *

Spacecraft:
19 January 2026 | Jiuquan | Chen Dong (3)
Chen Zhongrui
Wang Jie | Success  | Launched crewed but landed uncrewed due to cracks in spacecraft's porthole caused by external space debris impact. Crew landed on Shenzhou 21.
36 | Tianzhou 9 | 14 July 2025 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 7 May 2026 | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  |
37 | Shenzhou 21 | 31 October 2025 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 209d 20h 27m | Spacecraft:
14 November 2025

* * *

Crew:
29 May 2026 | Jiuquan | Zhang Lu (2)
Wu Fei
Zhang Hongzhang | Success | Landed with Shenzhou 20 crew due to cracks in Shenzhou 20 spacecraft's porthole caused by external space debris impact. Crew returned via Shenzhou 22.
38 | Shenzhou 22 | 25 November 2025 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 185d 8h | 29 May 2026 | Jiuquan | (uncrewed at launch) | Success | Launched uncrewed to take home crew of Shenzhou 21.
39 | Tianzhou 10 | 11 May 2026 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | — | (burned up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Ongoing  |
40 | Shenzhou 23 | 24 May 2026 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 180d (planned) | 2026 (planned) | Jiuquan | Zhu Yangzhu (2)
Zhang Zhiyuan
Li Jiaying | Ongoing  | First astronaut from Hong Kong.

### Upcoming missions

Mission | Launch
(planned) | Launch Vehicle | Launch site | Duration | Landing/Re-entry | Landing/Re-entry
Location | Crew | Notes

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Shenzhou 24 | October 2026 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 180d | 2027 | Jiuquan | TBA |
Mengzhou 1 | Late 2026 | Long March 10A | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Uncrewed test flight of Mengzhou spacecraft and Long March 10A rocket.
Xuntian | 2027[53] | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Space telescope co-orbiting with the Tiangong space station.

## Astronauts (Taikonauts)

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Chinese astronauts.

### November 1996 trainer selection

There were two astronaut trainers selected for Project 921. They trained at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center in Russia.

1. Li Qinglong – born August 1962 in Dingyuan, Anhui Province and PLAAF interceptor pilot and space instructor at Star City
2. Wu Jie – born October 1963 in Zhengzhou, Henan Province and PLAAF fighter pilot

### January 1998 astronaut candidate selection

1. Chen Quan – PLAAF pilot
2. Deng Qingming – from Jiangxi Province and PLAAF pilot, back up on Shenzhou 11, flew on Shenzhou 15
3. Fei Junlong – second Chinese astronaut, commander of Shenzhou 6 and Shenzhou 15
4. Jing Haipeng – born October 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11 and Shenzhou 16
5. Liu Boming – born September 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 12
6. Liu Wang – born in Shanxi Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 9
7. Nie Haisheng – back up in Shenzhou 5, flight engineer on Shenzhou 6, commander of Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 12
8. Pan Zhanchun – PLAAF pilot
9. Yang Liwei – first man sent into space by the space program of China on Shenzhou 5, made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space
10. Zhai Zhigang – back up in Shenzhou 5, commander of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 13
11. Zhang Xiaoguang – born in Liaoning Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 10
12. Zhao Chuandong – PLAAF pilot

### 2010 astronaut candidate selection

1. Cai Xuzhe – flew on Shenzhou 14 and Shenzhou 19
2. Chen Dong – flew on Shenzhou 11, Shenzhou 14 and Shenzhou 20
3. Liu Yang – first Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 14
4. Tang Hongbo – flew on Shenzhou 12 and Shenzhou 17
5. Wang Yaping – second Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 13
6. Ye Guangfu – flew on Shenzhou 13 and Shenzhou 18
7. Zhang Lu – flew on Shenzhou 15 and Shenzhou 21

### 2020 astronaut candidate selection

18 people - 17 men, 1 woman, 6 of whose names have yet to be revealed - had been selected as new astronauts. The positions were broken down as 7 spacecraft pilots ("aviators of the People's Liberation Army Air Force"), 7 flight engineers ("former researchers or technicians in aeronautics, astronautics and other related fields"), and 4 mission payload specialists ("those involved in space science and through applications for China's manned space program").[54]

1. Zhu Yangzhu - flew on Shenzhou 16 as spaceflight engineer
2. Gui Haichao - flew on Shenzhou 16 as payload specialist
3. Jiang Xinlin - flew on Shenzhou 17 as spaceflight engineer
4. Tang Shengjie - flew on Shenzhou 17 as pilot
5. Li Cong - flew on Shenzhou 18 as spaceflight engineer
6. Li Guangsu - flew on Shenzhou 18 as pilot
7. Song Lingdong - flew on Shenzhou 19 as pilot
8. Wang Haoze - third Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 19 as spaceflight engineer
9. Chen Zhongrui - flew on Shenzhou 20 as pilot
10. Wang Jie - flew on Shenzhou 20 as spaceflight engineer
11. Wu Fei - flew on Shenzhou 21 as spaceflight engineer
12. Zhang Hongzhang - flew on Shenzhou 21 as payload specialist

### 2022 astronaut candidate selection

CMSA began selecting a fourth batch of astronauts in 2022. The agency had expected to select 7-8 spacecraft pilots ("aviators of the People's Liberation Army Air Force") and 5-6 spaceflight engineers ("former researchers or technicians in aeronautics, astronautics and other related fields"). Up to two of the latter group will become payload specialists ("those involved in space science and through applications for China's manned space program"). Candidacy was extended to include Hong Kong and Macau.[55]

On 11 June 2024, CMSA announced that 10 new astronauts were selected after the completion of the 2022 selection process. 8 of the 10 new astronauts are pilots while the remaining 2 are payload specialists. Notably, the two new payload specialists are China's first astronauts from Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions; in addition, the payload specialist from Hong Kong SAR is female.[56] The new astronauts will undergo two years of basic training for space station missions as well as for crewed lunar missions.[56][57]

## International collaborations

In November 2011, the China National Space Administration and the Italian Space Agency signed an initial cooperative agreement, covering areas of collaboration within space transportation, telecommunications, Earth observation, and so on.[58]

In 2016, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) signed a Framework Agreement and a Funding Agreement with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to increase cooperation on a future Chinese space station.[59]

On 22 February 2017, the CMSA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) signed an agreement to cooperate on long-term human spaceflight activities.[60] The agreement holds importance due to Italy's leading position in the field of human spaceflight with regards to the creation and exploitation of the International Space Station (Node 2, Node 3, Columbus, Cupola, Leonardo, Raffaello, Donatello, PMM, etc.) and it signified Italy's increased anticipation in China's developing space station programme.[61] The European Space Agency (ESA) started human spaceflight training with CMSA in 2017, with the ultimate goal of sending ESA astronauts to Tiangong.[62] To prepare for the future missions, selected ESA astronauts lived together with their Chinese counterparts and engaged in training sessions such as splashes-down survival, language learning, and spacecraft operations.[63][64] However, in January 2023, ESA announced that the agency will not send its astronauts to China's space station due to political and financial reasons.[65]

On 28 May 2018, UNOOSA and CMSA announced an initiative to accept applications from United Nations member state to conduct experiments onboard China's space station.[66]

On 12 June 2019, the winners of the competition were announced. Nine projects, involving 23 institutions from 17 member states of the United Nations, were selected by experts.[67]

* ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer undergoing sea survival training in China, 2017

* ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti on the Shenzhou training capsule

## See also

* China Manned Space Agency
* Space program of China
* Tiangong program
* Tiangong Space Station

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Handbook on China Space Station". United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs. https://www.unoosa.org/documents/doc/psa/hsti/CSS_1stAO/CSS_1stAO_Handbook_2018.pdf.
2. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2023-07-17). "China sets out preliminary crewed lunar landing plan". https://spacenews.com/china-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Timeline: China's spaceflight history". 12 October 2005. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8144-timeline-chinas-spaceflight-history/.
4. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120419165427/http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/China_n_ Second_Space_Age_1003.pdf \- 5 May 2020
5. ↑ "Timeline: Major milestones in Chinese space exploration". 1 December 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-china-moon-timeline-idINKBN28B5GE.
6. ↑ "中国载人航天史上的四组神秘代号 都是什么含义？" (in zh). 2021-06-17. http://www.xinhuanet.com/mil/2021-06/17/c_1211204408.htm.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Management_CHINA MANNED SPACE". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/management/Management/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Futron Corp. (2003). "China and the Second Space Age". Futron Corporation. http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/China_n_ Second_Space_Age_1003.pdf.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 兰宁远 (2020-01-01). 中国飞天路. 湖南科技出版社. ISBN 9787571002008.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Shenzhou". http://www.astronautix.com/s/shenzhou.html.
11. ↑ Johnson-Freese, Joan. "China's Manned Space Program -What is that all about?". http://web.mit.edu/lipoff/www/hapr/fall02_science/space.pdf.
12. ↑ "Jiuquan Launch Center". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/constitutes/jiuquanlaunchcenter/.
13. ↑ "Shenzhou II". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouii/.
14. ↑ "Shenzhou 5: Trajectory 2003-045A". NASA. 17 April 2020. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=2003-045A. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
15. ↑ "Shenzhou V". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouv/.
16. ↑ "Shenzhou VI". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouvi/.
17. ↑ "Shenzhou VII". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouvii/.
18. ↑ "Tiangong I". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/tiangong/.
19. ↑ "Shenzhou VIII". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouviii/.
20. ↑ "Shenzhou IX". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouix/.
21. ↑ "Shenzhou X". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhoux/.
22. ↑ "神十任务第二场新闻发布会答记者问实录" (in zh). 2013-06-26. http://www.cmse.gov.cn/fxrw/tgyhyszsh/xwfbh_631/201306/t20130626_23007.html.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Space Laboratory Missions". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/space_laboratory_missions/.
24. ↑ Jones, Andrew (5 May 2020). "Long March 5B launch clears path for Chinese space station project". https://spacenews.com/long-march-5b-launch-clears-path-for-chinese-space-station-project/.
25. ↑ "China launches new Long March-5B rocket for space station program". 5 May 2020. http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202005/t20200506_46488.html.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Core Module Tianhe Launch a Complete Success -- Construction of China Space Station in Full Swing". 30 April 2021. http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202105/t20210528_48002.html.
27. ↑ Jones, Andrew (29 May 2021). "Tianzhou-2 docks with China's space station module". https://spacenews.com/tianzhou-2-docks-with-chinas-space-station-module/.
28. ↑ "天舟二号货运飞船与天和核心舱完成自主快速交会对接" (in zh). 2021-05-29. http://www.cmse.gov.cn/xwzx/zhxw/202105/t20210530_48048.html.
29. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 June 2021). "Shenzhou-12 docks with Tianhe space station module". https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-12-docks-with-tianhe-space-station-module/.
30. ↑ Jones, Andrew (4 July 2021). "Astronauts complete first Chinese space station spacewalk". https://spacenews.com/astronauts-complete-first-chinese-space-station-spacewalk/.
31. ↑ "China brings astronauts back, advances closer to "space station era"". Xinhua Net. 17 September 2021. http://www.news.cn/english/2021-09/17/c_1310193742.htm.
32. ↑ Navin, Joseph (20 September 2021). "Tianzhou-3 cargo craft launches to the Chinese Space Station". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/09/tianzhou-3-cargo-launches/.
33. ↑ Davenport, Justin (15 October 2021). "Shenzhou 13 launch first long-duration Chinese Space Station crew". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/shenzhou-13-launch/.
34. ↑ "China's Shenzhou-13 taikonauts complete first extravehicular mission". Xinhua News. 7 November 2021. http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/08/c_1310296779.htm.
35. ↑ "天舟二号货运飞船已撤离空间站核心舱组合体" (in zh). 27 March 2022. http://www.cmse.gov.cn/xwzx/202203/t20220327_49442.html.
36. ↑ "天舟二号货运飞船受控再入大气层任务顺利完成" (in zh). 31 March 2022. http://www.cmse.gov.cn/xwzx/202203/t20220331_49453.html.
37. ↑ Jones, Andrew (16 April 2022). "Shenzhou-13 astronauts return to Earth after 182-day mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-13-astronauts-return-to-earth-after-182-day-mission/.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开" (in zh). 2021-04-29. http://www.cmse.gov.cn/ztbd/xwfbh/202106/t20210622_48281.html.
39. ↑ "China launches Tianzhou 4 cargo craft to new Tiangong space station". Space.com. 9 May 2022. https://www.space.com/china-launches-tianzhou4-spacecraft-tiangong-space-station.
40. ↑ Helen Regan and Yong Xiong (5 June 2022). "China launches third crewed mission to new space station". https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/04/china/space-mission-shenzhou-14-crewed-launch-intl-hnk-scn/index.html.
41. ↑ "Tianzhou 3 cargo ship undocks from China's Tiangong space station". Space.com. 19 July 2022. https://www.space.com/tianzhou-3-cargo-ship-undocks-tiangong-station.
42. ↑ Jones, Andrew (24 July 2022). "Second module docks at China's space station, large rocket stage tracked in orbit". https://spacenews.com/second-module-docks-at-chinas-space-station-large-rocket-stage-tracked-in-orbit/.
43. ↑ "China's Shenzhou 14 astronauts perform 1st spacewalk out of new module (video)". Space.com. 2 September 2022. https://www.space.com/china-astronauts-spacewalk-from-new-module.
44. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (17 September 2022). "Chinese astronauts take 4-hour spacewalk outside new lab at Tiangong space station". Space.com. https://www.space.com/chinese-astronauts-tiangong-space-station-wentian-spacewalk-september-2022.
45. ↑ "China launches lab module Mengtian as space station approaches completion- China.org.cn". http://www.china.org.cn/china/2022-10/31/content_78494902.htm.
46. ↑ Skibba, Ramin. "China Is Now a Major Space Power". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/china-is-now-a-major-space-power-tiangong-space-station/. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
47. ↑ "China sends up cargo to space station to resupply for next manned mission". South China Morning Post. 12 November 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3199398/china-sends-cargo-space-station-resupply-next-manned-mission.
48. ↑ Stephen Clark (29 November 2022). "Chinese astronauts meet in space for historic crew handover". https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/29/chinese-astronauts-meet-in-space-for-historic-crew-handover.
49. ↑ "China successfully launches first module of planned space station". 29 April 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/29/world/iss-future-china-space-station-russia-us-intl-scn/index.html.
50. ↑ "Constitutes". http://en.cmse.gov.cn/constitutes/.
51. ↑ Barbosa, Rui C. (1 March 2021). "China preparing to build Tiangong station in 2021, complete by 2022". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/china-preparing-to-build-tiangong-station-in-2021-complete-by-2022/.
52. ↑ "China launches new cargo mission to space station". Xinhua. 11 May 2023. http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2023-05/11/content_85282462.htm.
53. ↑ Jones, Andrew (January 19, 2026). "China previews how powerful its new Xuntian space telescope will be ahead of 2027 launch (video)" (in en). https://www.space.com/astronomy/china-previews-how-powerful-its-new-xuntian-space-telescope-will-be-ahead-of-2027-launch-video.
54. ↑ Lei, Zhao. "18 picked for nation's 3rd generation of astronauts". China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202010/01/WS5f75405fa31024ad0ba7cf78.html.
55. ↑ "China begins recruitment for 4th batch of astronauts". Space.com. 4 October 2022. https://www.space.com/china-recruiting-fourth-batch-astronauts.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Jones, Andrew (11 June 2024). "China selects new batch of astronauts with an eye on the moon". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-selects-new-batch-of-astronauts-with-an-eye-on-the-moon/.
57. ↑ Jones, Andrew (29 October 2024). "China selects 2 proposals for crewed moon rover". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-selects-2-proposals-for-crewed-moon-rover/.
58. ↑ Messier, Doug (23 November 2011). "Will Italy Build Modules for Future Chinese Space Stations?". http://www.parabolicarc.com/2011/11/23/will-italy-build-modules-for-future-chinese-space-stations/.
59. ↑ "United Nations and China agree to increased space cooperation" (16 June 2016). https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/media/2016-unis-os-468.html.
60. ↑ "China and Italy to cooperate on long-term human spaceflight". 22 February 2017. https://gbtimes.com/china-and-italy-cooperate-long-term-human-spaceflight.
61. ↑ "Agreement Italy-China". 22 February 2017. https://www.asi.it/en/news/agreement-italy-china.
62. ↑ "ESA and Chinese astronauts train together". 24 August 2017. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/ESA_and_Chinese_astronauts_train_together.
63. ↑ Hollingham, Richard (27 June 2018). "Why Europe's astronauts are learning Chinese". BBC International. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180626-why-europes-astronauts-are-learning-chinese.
64. ↑ Chen, Laurie (5 October 2018). "Europe's astronauts learning Mandarin for future China collaboration". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2167084/europes-astronauts-learning-mandarin-future-china-collaboration.
65. ↑ Andrew Jones, Andrew Jones (25 January 2023). "ESA is no longer planning to send astronauts to China's Tiangong space station". Space News. https://spacenews.com/esa-is-no-longer-planning-to-send-astronauts-to-chinas-tiangong-space-station/.
66. ↑ "United Nations and China invite applications to conduct experiments on-board China's Space Station" (in en). 28 May 2018. http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2018/unisos496.html.
67. ↑ "UNOOSA and CMSA announce winners of opportunity to fly experiments on board China Space Station" (in en). United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 12 June 2019. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/informationfor/media/2019-unis-os-514.html.

### Sources

* "Shenzhou". http://www.astronautix.com/craft/shenzhou.htm.
* "China's first astronaut revealed". BBC. 7 March 2003. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2829349.stm.
* "Brief history of Russian aid to Chinese space program". http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/031006.htm.
* "Details on purchase of Soyuz descent capsule by China". http://www.space.com/news/china_russia_991122.html.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenzhou.

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* v
* t
* e

Shenzhou program

Shenzhou missions|

| Uncrewed|

* Shenzhou 1
* Shenzhou 2
* Shenzhou 3
* Shenzhou 4
* Shenzhou 8

|

Crewed|

* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Shenzhou 12

Tianzhou missions|

| Past|

* Tianzhou 1

|

Space stations|

* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* Tiangong-2
* Tiangong-3
* Chinese large modular space station

Hardware|

* Shenzhou (spacecraft)
* Tianzhou (spacecraft)
* Long March 2F
* Feitian space suit

Other|

* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (launch site)
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)
* List of Chinese astronauts

* Previous mission: Shenzhou 11
* Next mission: Shenzhou 13

* v
* t
* e

Chinese large modular space station

Components|

* Core Cabin Module (Tianhe) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 1 (Wentian) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 2 (Mengtian) (2022)

Visiting vehicles|

* Shenzhou (crewed)
* Tianzhou (uncrewed)
* Xuntian (space telescope)

Experiments|

* ESER
* BER
* SGRR
* FPER
* TSER
* CER
* MFER
* CMER
* CAER
* HTFR
* HMGR
* VGER
* RACK

Sites and facilities|

* Beijing C&C Center
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2F
* Long March 5
* Long March 7

Precursors|

* Project 921
* Shenzhou program
* Shenzhou 8
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* Tiangong-2
* Tiangong-3

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* Chinese space program

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 4
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 11
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* Shenzhou (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018-present)
* Yutu-2 (2018-present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (2020)
* ZhengHe (2024)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020)
* SVOM (2021)
* EP (2021)
* ASO-S (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen (2013–present)
* HY
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan (2006–present)
* Ziyuan (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2023)

Human spaceflight|

| Crewed expeditions|

* List of Chinese astronauts
* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11

|

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–18)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–19)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)

Chinese space station|

* Tianhe (2021)
* Wentian (2021)
* Mengtian (2022)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* ChinaSat 9 (2009–present)
* Apstar 6C (2018–present)
* Tianlian 2 (2019–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

* Future missions marked in italics, failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Crewed spacecraft

Current|

* China
* Shenzhou
* Russia
* Soyuz
* United States
* SpaceShipTwo

In development|

* India
* Gaganyaan
* Russia
* Orel
* United States
* Dragon 2
* New Shepard
* Orion
* Starliner
* Starship

Former|

* Soviet Union
* Vostok
* Voskhod
* United States
* Mercury
* X-15
* Gemini
* Apollo
* CSM
* LM
* Space Shuttle
* SpaceShipOne

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight

General|

* Astrodynamics
* History
* Timeline
* Space Race
* Asian Space Race
* Records
* Accidents and incidents
* Space policy
* Australia
* China
* European Union
* India
* Japan
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* United States
* Space law
* Outer Space Treaty
* Rescue Agreement
* Space Liability Convention
* Registration Convention
* Moon Treaty
* Private spaceflight

Applications|

* Astronomy
* Earth observation
* Archaeology
* Imagery and mapping
* Reconnaissance
* Weather and environment monitoring
* Satellite communications
* Internet
* Radio
* Telephone
* Television
* Satellite navigation
* Commercial use of space
* Space launch market competition
* Militarisation of space
* Space architecture
* Space exploration
* Space research
* Space technology
* Space weather

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Astronaut
* commercial
* Life support system
* Animals in space
* Bioastronautics
* Space suit
* Extravehicular activity
* Weightlessness
* Space toilet
* Space tourism
* Space colonization

|

Programs|

* Vostok
* Mercury
* Voskhod
* Gemini
* Soyuz
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Apollo–Soyuz
* Space Shuttle
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir
* International Space Station
* Shenzhou
* Tiangong

Health issues|

* Effect of spaceflight on the human body
* Space adaptation syndrome
* Health threat from cosmic rays
* Space psychology
* Psychological and sociological effects
* Space and survival
* Space medicine
* Space nursing

Spacecraft|

* Launch vehicle
* Rocket
* Spaceplane
* Robotic spacecraft
* Satellite
* Space probe
* Lander
* Rover
* Self-replicating spacecraft
* Space telescope
* Spacecraft propulsion
* Rocket engine
* Electric propulsion
* Solar sail
* Gravity assist

Destinations|

* Sub-orbital
* Orbital
* Geocentric
* Geosynchronous
* Interplanetary
* Interstellar
* Intergalactic

Space launch|

* Direct ascent
* Escape velocity
* Expendable and reusable launch systems
* Launch pad
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Spaceport

Ground segment|

* Flight controller
* Ground station
* Pass
* Mission control center

Space agencies|

* CoNAE
* ASA
* AEB
* CSA
* CNSA
* ESA
* CNES
* DLR
* ISRO
* LAPAN
* ISA
* ISA
* ASI
* AEM
* JAXA
* NADA
* KARI
* SUPARCO
* Roscosmos
* SNSA
* SSAU
* UKSA
* NASA

* Category
* Portal
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight lists and timelines

* Timeline of spaceflight

General|

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline
* Spaceflight records
* Space Race
* Asian Space Race
* Rocket and missile technology

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Crewed spacecraft
* timeline
* Spaceflights
* 1961–1970
* 1971–1980
* 1981–1990
* 1991–2000
* 2001–2010
* 2011–present
* by program
* Soviet
* Russian
* Vostok
* Soyuz
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Shenzhou
* Gaganyaan
* Spacelab
* Artemis

|

Salyut|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

Mir|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

ISS|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors
* Deployed

Shuttle|

* Crews
* Missions
* timeline
* Rollbacks

People|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year of selection
* by first flight
* Apollo
* Gemini
* Chinese
* European
* Cosmonauts
* female
* Jewish
* Muslim
* Arab
* African-American
* Space travelers by name
* Space travelers by nationality
* timeline
* Dead astronauts

EVA|

* 1965–1999
* 2000–2014
* 2015–present
* Cumulative spacewalk records
* Longest spacewalks
* Spacewalkers

Solar System exploration|

* Timeline
* Interplanetary voyages
* Landings on other planets
* artificial objects
* Objects at Lagrangian points
* Probes
* active
* leaving the Solar System
* lunar probes
* Missions to the Moon
* Timeline of satellites
* Sample-return mission
* Mars

Earth-orbiting satellites|

* Climate research
* Communications satellite firsts
* CubeSats
* PocketQube
* Earth observation satellites
* timeline
* Geosynchronous orbit
* GOES
* Kosmos
* Magnetospheric
* NRO
* TDRS
* USA

Vehicles|

* Orbital launch systems
* Comparison
* Sounding rocket list
* Spacecraft
* uncrewed
* crewed
* Upper stages
* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Launches by rocket type|

* Ariane
* Atlas
* Black Brant
* Electron
* Falcon 9 and Heavy
* H-I and H-II
* Long March
* Proton
* PSLV
* R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
* Scout
* SLS
* Thor and Delta
* Titan
* Tsyklon
* V-2 tests
* Zenit

Launches by spaceport|

* Satish Dhawan

Agencies, companies
and facilities|

* Communications satellite companies
* comparison
* Private spaceflight companies
* Rocket launch sites
* Space agencies
* Spacecraft manufacturers

Other mission lists
and timelines|

* First orbital launches by country
* NASA missions
* Constellation missions
* Timeline of private spaceflight
* Timeline of longest spaceflights

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China Manned Space Program. Read more

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