Lunar rover

Short description: Vehicle that travels on the Moon's surface

Landing sites of sample return and rover missions superimposed on lithology (Clementine UVVIS). Red: old lunar highlands. Blue: young lunar highlands. Yellow: lunar maria (high titanium). Cyan: lunar maria (low titanium)

A lunar rover or Moon rover is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of the Moon. The Apollo Program's Lunar Roving Vehicle was driven on the Moon by members of three American crews, Apollo 15, 16, and 17. Other rovers have been partially or fully autonomous robots, such as the Soviet Union's Lunokhods, Chinese Yutus, and the Indian Pragyan. Four countries have had operating rovers on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States, China and India.

## Contents

* 1 Past missions
* 1.1 Lunokhod 1
* 1.2 Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle
* 1.3 Lunokhod 2
* 1.4 Yutu
* 1.5 Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3 rover)
* 1.6 SLIM's LEV Rovers
* 2 Failed missions
* 2.1 Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2 rover)
* 2.2 Rashid
* 2.3 SORA-Q (Transformable Lunar Robot)
* 2.4 Peregrine Mission One
* 3 Active missions
* 3.1 Yutu-2
* 4 Planned missions
* 4.1 VIPER
* 5 Proposed missions
* 5.1 ATHLETE
* 5.2 Lunar Polar Exploration Mission rover
* 6 Cancelled
* 6.1 Lunokhod 3
* 6.2 Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 4, 5 and 6
* 6.3 Resource Prospector
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Past missions

### Lunokhod 1

Lunokhod-1 model, Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics

Main article: Astronomy:Lunokhod 1

Lunokhod 1 (Луноход) was the first of two polycrystalline-panel-powered robotic lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program after a previous unsuccessful attempt of a launch probe with Lunokhod 0 (No.201) in 1969. The spacecraft which carried Lunokhod 1 was named Luna 17. The spacecraft soft-landed on the Moon in the Sea of Rains in November 1970. Lunokhod was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another celestial body. Having worked for 11 months, Lunokhod 1 held the durability record for space rovers for more than one year, until a new record was set by the Mars Exploration Rovers.[citation needed][clarification needed]

### Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle

The Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle on the Moon in 1971

Main article: Astronomy:Lunar Roving Vehicle

The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon during the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. The LRV could carry one or two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. Georg von Tiesenhausen is credited with submitting the original design, before it was sent to Boeing for implementation.

### Lunokhod 2

Main article: Astronomy:Lunokhod 2

Lunokhod 2 was the second of two monocrystalline-panel-powered uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program. The Luna 21 spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 2 in January 1973. The objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study the soil mechanics of the lunar surface material. Lunokhod 2 was intended to be followed by Lunokhod 3 (No.205) in 1977 but the mission was cancelled.

### Yutu

Yutu rover on lunar surface in 2013

Main article: Engineering:Yutu (rover)

Yutu is a Chinese lunar rover that launched on 1 December 2013 and landed on 14 December 2013 as part of the Chang'e 3 mission. It is China's first lunar rover, part of the second phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program undertaken by China National Space Administration (CNSA).[1] The lunar rover is called Yutu, or Jade Rabbit, a name selected in an online poll.[2]

The rover encountered operational difficulties after the first 14-day lunar night, and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, finally on August 3, 2016, it officially stopped sending data and doing its operations.

### Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3 rover)

Pragyan on the Moon

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023 by the Indian Space Research Organisation in India 's second attempt to soft land a rover and a lander on the Moon. Pragyan became the first rover to operate near the Moon's south pole when it successfully landed on 23 August 2023, after the lander separation from propulsion module had taken place on 17 August.[3] The Pragyan rover was deployed the same day as landing and has travelled 0.1 km (0.062 mi) since then. On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, but was unable to do so.

### SLIM's LEV Rovers

Main article: Astronomy:Smart Lander for Investigating Moon

The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with Tomy, Sony Group, and Doshisha University.[4] The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. The two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing on 19 January 2024.[5] LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM on lunar surface.[6]

## Failed missions

### Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2 rover)

Main articles: Astronomy:Chandrayaan-2 and Engineering:Pragyan (rover)

Chandrayaan-2 was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named Vikram, and a rover named Pragyan. The rover weighing 27 kg,[7] had six wheels and was to be operated on solar power.[8] Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. Pragyan was destroyed along with its lander, Vikram, when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.[9][10]

### Rashid

Main article: Astronomy:Emirates Lunar Mission

Rashid was a lunar rover built by MBRSC to be launched onboard Ispace's lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.[11] It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a Langmuir probe, designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.[12] The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon’s surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.[13]

### SORA-Q (Transformable Lunar Robot)

Main article: Company:Ispace (Japanese company)

Takara Tomy, JAXA and Doshisha University made a rover to be launched onboard Ispace's lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.[14][15][16] A second rover was successfully deployed from the SLIM lander in January 2024.

### Peregrine Mission One

Main article: Astronomy:Peregrine Mission One

Peregrine lander launched on 8 January 2024 to the Moon. It took with it 5 Colmena rovers and a Iris rover.[17] The mission of the Peregrine lander was forced to be cancelled after an excessive propellant leak.[18]

## Active missions

### Yutu-2

Yutu-2 on the Moon

The Chang'e 4 Chinese mission launched on 7 December 2018, and landed and deployed the Yutu-2 rover on the far side of the Moon on 3 January 2019. It is the first rover to operate on the Moon's far side.

In December 2019, Yutu 2 broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's Lunokhod 1 rover,[19] which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of 10.54 km (6.55 mi).[20]

In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a lunar ejecta sequence, and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) on board the Yutu-2 rover while studying the far side of the Moon.[21][22]

Data from its two-channel ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used by scientists to put together an image of multiple layers beneath the surface of the far side of the moon up to a depth of 300 meters.[23]

## Planned missions

### VIPER

This section is an excerpt from VIPER (rover)[ edit ]

## Proposed missions

### ATHLETE

ATHLETE rover concepts with crew habitats models, 2008.

Main article: Engineering:ATHLETE

NASA's plans for future Moon missions call for rovers that have a far longer range than the Apollo rovers.[24] The All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) is a six-legged robotic lunar rover test-bed under development by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). ATHLETE is a testbed for systems and is designed for use on the Moon.[25] The system is in development along with NASA's Johnson and Ames Centers, Stanford University and Boeing.[26] ATHLETE is designed, for maximum efficiency, to be able to both roll and walk over a wide range of terrains.[25]

### Lunar Polar Exploration Mission rover

Main article: Astronomy:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission is a robotic lunar mission concept by Indian Space Research Organisation and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency that would send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2024. The Japanese agency is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while the Indian agency would be responsible for the lander.

## Cancelled

### Lunokhod 3

Main article: Astronomy:Lunokhod programme

Lunokhod 3 was built for a Moon landing in 1977 as Luna 25 but never flew to the Moon due to lack of launchers and funding. It remains at the NPO Lavochkin museum.

### Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 4, 5 and 6

They would have been for Apollo 18, 19 and 20. Only the rover for Apollo 18 (LRV-4) was built. After the cancellation of that mission, it was used as spare parts for the previous rovers.[27][28]

### Resource Prospector

Main article: Engineering:Resource Prospector (rover)

Engineering prototype of the Resource Prospector lunar rover undergoing tests.

Resource Prospector is a cancelled mission concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. The rover was to attempt to detect and map the location of volatiles such as hydrogen, oxygen and lunar water which could foster more affordable and sustainable human exploration to the Moon, Mars, and other Solar System bodies. The mission concept was still in its pre-formulation stage when it was scrapped in April 2018. The Resource Prospector mission was proposed to be launched in 2022. Its science instruments will be flown on several commercial lander missions contracted with NASA's new Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.

## See also

* CubeRover, a class of modular lunar rovers
* Exploration of the Moon
* Tank on the Moon, 2007 documentary film
* List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
* Mars rovers
* Space rover

## References

1. ↑ "Chang'e 3: The Chinese Rover Mission". May 4, 2013. https://www.americaspace.com/2013/05/04/change-3-the-chinese-rover-mission/.
2. ↑ Ramzy, Austin (26 November 2013). "China to Send 'Jade Rabbit' Rover to the Moon". The New York Times. http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/26/china-to-send-jade-rabbit-rover-to-the-moon/?_r=1.
3. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 lander separates from propulsion module: What happens next?". The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-lander-separates-8897029/.
4. ↑ Hirano, Daichi (7 October 2022). "Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2)". JAXA. https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html.
5. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2024-01-19). "Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim.
6. ↑ (in en) 小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等 の記者会見, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk, retrieved 2024-01-25
7. ↑ "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh". http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103.
8. ↑ Nair, Avinash (31 May 2015). "ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end". The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end.
9. ↑ "Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update". September 7, 2019. https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update.
10. ↑ Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro. Times of India. 8 September 2019.
11. ↑ Nasir, Sarwat (19 September 2022). "Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed". The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/.
12. ↑ "UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon". CNN. 24 November 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html.
13. ↑ "UAE sets new ambitious timeline for launch of moon rover". ABC News. 14 April 2021. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653.
14. ↑ "Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech" (in en). 2021-05-27. https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander.
15. ↑ "Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover". JAXA (Press release). 27 May 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
16. ↑ "This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future" (in en). https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768.
17. ↑ Belam, Martin (2024-01-08). "Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates" (in en-GB). the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live.
18. ↑ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (2024-01-08). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html.
19. ↑ China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record. Leonard David, Space.com. 12 December 2019.
20. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover", Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
21. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (26 February 2020). "China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html.
22. ↑ Li, Chunlai (26 February 2020). "The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar". Science Advances 6 (9): eaay6898. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay6898. PMID 32133404. Bibcode: 2020SciA....6.6898L.
23. ↑ "China's Yutu 2 rover reveals deep layers below far side of the moon". 2023-08-24. https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-4-yutu-2-rover-moon-subsurface-layers.
24. ↑ "NASA - Lunar Electric Rover". https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/LER.html.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "The ATHLETE Rover". JPL. 2010-02-25. http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=11.
26. ↑ "The ATHLETE Rover". NASA. 2010-02-25. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_748.html.
27. ↑ "The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle". NASA. 15 November 2005. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html.
28. ↑ "A Field Guide to American Spacecraft | LRV #4". 2012-05-06. http://web.mac.com/jimgerard/AFGAS/pages/rovers/nasmlrv4.html.

Cite error: `<ref>` tag with name "VIPER (rover) nasa-20220718" defined in `<references>` is not used in prior text.

## External links

* NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: High definition video of Apollo 16 Lunar Rover (29 January 2013)

{{Navbox | name = Lunar rovers | title = Lunar rovers | bodyclass = hlist | state = | basestyle = background:#DDDDDD;

| group1 = Active | list1 =

* Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)}}

* v
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Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

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|

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Past
missions|

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* Apollo 11
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* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

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* Lunar Roving Vehicle
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* 2
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Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
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* 15
* 16
* 17
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* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
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* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
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* 6
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missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
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* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
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* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
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* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
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* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
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* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
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* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

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