Neurodiversity and labor rights

Short description: Intersection of mental functions and occupational practices

Neurodivergent people present distinct issues in labor rights. They may individually or as a demographic have occupational preferences or requests for accommodation which differ from neurotypical workers. While some neurodivergent people may need workplace support in a medical model of disability, other people may only want cultural understanding in a social model of disability.

## Contents

* 1 Demographics
* 2 Advantages
* 3 Accommodation
* 4 Neurodiversity-lite
* 4.1 Positives: rebranding difference
* 4.2 Negatives: from movement to marketing
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Demographics

The earliest examined groups of neurodivergent workers were people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic people.[1] Later studied conditions include developmental coordination disorder and dyslexia.[1] After occupational researchers began to consider these conditions collectively, then it became easier to include other kinds of different neurological modes in workplace considerations.[1] One model for discussing all of these groups is to ask individuals how they identify and want to be known.[1] Another model is simply thinking of some people as "neurominorities", and not trying to get more detail so long as people have what they need to do their work effectively.[1]

A 2022 report estimated that 22% of workers are neurodivergent.[2]

Historically, neurodivergent people have experienced unemployment much more often than neurotypical people.[3]

## Advantages

Neurodivergent people as a demographic may have advantages and skills which neurotypical people do not have.[4] A common advantage is difference of perspective; because the demographic has a different lived experience, individuals in that demographic can speak for themselves to share opinions which often differ from neurotypical people.[4]

It also can happen that certain individuals or groups of neurodivergent people develop uncommon skillsets which manifest when they get workplace accommodation.[4]

## Accommodation

In the mid-2010s various large multinational corporations began developing policy on occupational neurodiversity.[5] Previously, organizations either did not discuss the issue, or if they addressed it, then it was a sort of disability accommodation.[5] The changing practice was to practice cultural understanding for neurodiversity as a social difference or personal identity.[5] In this framing, neuroatypical conditions could be recognized as another form of diversity comparable to gender, sexual orientation, or race.[5] Pilot programs began in advocacy for autistic workers, because there was already an identified labor pool of job candidates who were autistic and could work effectively with support.[5]

In the United States, workers become eligible for reasonable accommodation through the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 after they disclose to their employer that they have a particular medical condition.[5] Because neuroatypical conditions are often not understood or recognized, employers may not provide neurodiversity accommodations.[5]

In 2015 Ernst & Young established a program to recruit autistic workers.[6]

Common accommodations include providing single-person offices, giving workers control over the lighting of the room in which they work, and providing options for the employee to avoid being in a crowd or to take breaks alone in a quiet place.[2]

## Neurodiversity-lite

As the neurodiversity paradigm has gained traction in mainstream discourse, a diluted form has emerged—commonly referred to as "neurodiversity-lite".[7][8] This version retains the vocabulary of neurodiversity but strips it of its original political and disability rights roots. Instead of emphasizing systemic ableism, access barriers, or the need for structural change, neurodiversity-lite frames cognitive difference as a benign form of diversity—something novel, even fashionable.

### Positives: rebranding difference

At first glance, neurodiversity-lite appears to offer an important cultural shift. It reframes conditions like autism and ADHD in a more positive light, emphasizing strengths such as creativity, attention to detail, hyperfocus, or out-of-the-box thinking.[9] In doing so, it counters the historically deficit-based narratives that have dominated psychology and medicine. This framing can help reduce stigma, encourage self-acceptance, and support hiring initiatives that recognize neurodivergent talent.[10] For many, this more affirming view has opened doors—both personally and professionally.[11]

### Negatives: from movement to marketing

However, this surface-level positivity comes at a cost. Critics argue that neurodiversity-lite risks overemphasizing exceptional abilities while erasing the real-world challenges many neurodivergent individuals face—especially those with high support needs, intellectual disabilities, or non-speaking communication.[12] It is most visible in corporate or media narratives that promote the idea of neurodivergence as a "superpower", particularly when it serves productivity and innovation—often framing autistic individuals as ideal workers in tech and STEM fields.[13][14][15] These narratives selectively uplift individuals who can "perform" in neurotypical environments with little to no accommodation, leaving behind those who do not fit this mold. In doing so, they reproduce existing inequities under the guise of inclusion.

Moreover, by focusing only on traits that align with institutional value—like tech aptitude or problem-solving—neurodiversity-lite enables a form of inclusion without accountability. It avoids confronting structural ableism, fails to advocate for accessibility, and silences those whose support needs challenge the productivity-first mindset of modern institutions. In short, it reduces neurodiversity from a justice-oriented framework into a branding strategy.

## See also

* Autism-friendly
* Discrimination against autistic people
* Employment of autistic people

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Doyle, N (14 October 2020). "Neurodiversity at work: a biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults.". British Medical Bulletin 135 (1): 108–125. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldaa021. PMID 32996572.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Weber, Clara; Krieger, Beate; Häne, Eunji; Yarker, Joanna; McDowall, Almuth (29 September 2022). "Physical workplace adjustments to support neurodivergent workers: A systematic review". Applied Psychology 73 (3): 910–962. doi:10.1111/apps.12431. https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/handle/11475/25612.
3. ↑ Krzeminska, Anna; Austin, Robert D.; Bruyère, Susanne M.; Hedley, Darren (July 2019). "The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations". Journal of Management & Organization 25 (4): 453–463. doi:10.1017/jmo.2019.58.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Austin, Robert D.; Pisano, Gary P. (1 May 2017). "Neurodiversity as a Competitive Advantage". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. https://hbr.org/2017/05/neurodiversity-as-a-competitive-advantage.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Patton, Eric (2022). "Workplace Accommodation Considerations for a Neurodiverse Workforce". Neurodiversity in the workplace: interests, issues, and opportunities. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-003-02361-6.
6. ↑ Ovaska-Few, Sarah (January 2018). "Promoting neurodiversity". Journal of Accountancy (New York) 225 (1): 46–49.
7. ↑ Walker, Nick (2021). Neuroqueer heresies: notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities. Fort Worth: Autonomous Press. ISBN 978-1-945955-26-6.
8. ↑ Chapman, Robert (2020-06-02). "Neurodiversity, disability, wellbeing" (in en). Neurodiversity Studies. Taylor & Francis. pp. 57–72. doi:10.4324/9780429322297-7. ISBN 978-0-429-32229-7. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429322297-7/neurodiversity-disability-wellbeing-robert-chapman. Retrieved 2025-05-29.
9. ↑ Dwyer, Patrick; Gurba, Ava N; Kapp, Steven K; Kilgallon, Elizabeth; Hersh, Lynnette H; Chang, David S; Rivera, Susan M; Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen (2024-09-18). "Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions" (in EN). Autism. doi:10.1177/13623613241273029. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 39291753.
10. ↑ Kapp 2020 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKapp2020 (help)
11. ↑ Armstrong, Thomas (2011). The power of neurodiversity: unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain. Lifelong books. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong. ISBN 978-0-7382-1354-5.
12. ↑ Chapman, Robert (2023). Empire of Normality: Neurodiversity and Capitalism. London: Pluto Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-7453-4867-4.
13. ↑ Yergeau, Melanie (2018). Authoring autism: on rhetoric and neurological queerness. Thought in the act. Durham London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7020-8.
14. ↑ Riddell, Sheila, ed (2014). Disability, Culture and Identity. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-14474-3.
15. ↑ "What neurodivergent employees need to succeed | McKinsey". https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/understanding-what-neurodivergent-employees-need-to-succeed.

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