Fourier series

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Fourier series express a piecewise continuous, bounded, periodic function as a linear combination of orthogonal sine and cosine functions. The seeds of the modern theory were developed by Joseph Fourier.

The Fourier series of a function  is of the form:

where,  is an integer and

Fourier series can be generalized to Fourier transformations for other classes of functions, for instance the space  of square integrable functions. Even more generally, it is possible to carry out Fourier analysis in the setting of locally compact abelian topological groups, where the fundamental observation of Pontryagin duality provides the necessary theoretical underpinnings.

The fourier series can also be described using complex numbers. The complex Fourier series is:

where