Dividing line between metals and nonmetals

Short description: Feature of some periodic tables of the elements

| 1 | 2 |  ... | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15  | 16 | 17 | 18 |

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| H
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | He

| Li
| Be
|  |  | B
| C
| N
| O
| F
| Ne

| Na
| Mg
|  |  | Al
| Si
| P
| S
| Cl
| Ar

| K
| Ca
|  | Zn
| Ga
| Ge
| As
| Se
| Br
| Kr

| Rb
| Sr
|  | Cd
| In
| Sn
| Sb
| Te
| I
| Xe

| Cs
| Ba
|  | Hg
| Tl
| Pb
| Bi
| Po
| At
| Rn

| Fr
| Ra
|  | Cn
| Nh
| Fl
| Mc
| Lv
| Ts
| Og

| Condensed periodic table showing a typical metal-nonmetal dividing line.

Elements commonly recognised as metalloids (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) and those inconsistently recognised as such (polonium and astatine)

Metal-nonmetal dividing line (arbitrary): between Li and H, Be and B, Al and Si, Ge and As, Sb and Te, Po and At, Ts and Og

Part of a series on the

Periodic table

Periodic table forms

* 18-column

* 32-column

* Alternative forms

* Janet's left step

* Beyond period 7

* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Periodic table history

* Dmitri Mendeleev
* predictions

* Discovery of elements

* Naming & etymology

*     * for places
* for people
* controversies

* (in East Asia)

* Systematic element names

Sets of elements

By periodic table structure

* Groups (1–18)

* 1 (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr — lithium family, s¹ metals" class="nowrap">alkali metals)
* Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra — beryllium group, s² metals" class="nowrap">2 (alkaline earth metals)
* Sc, Y… — scandium group, s² d¹ metals">3
* Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf — titanium and analogs, transition metals with 4 valence electrons">4
* V, Nb, Ta, Db — vanadium and analogs, transition metals with 5 valence electrons">5
* Cr, Mo, W, Sg — chromium and analogs, transition metals with 6 valence electrons">6
* Mn, Tc, Re, Bh — manganese and analogs, transition metals with 7 valence electrons">7
* Fe, Ru, Os, Hs — iron and analogs, transition metals with 8 valence electrons">8
* Co, Rh, Ir, Mt — cobalt and analogs, transition metals with 9 valence electrons">9
* Ni, Pd, Pt, Ds — nickel and analogs, transition metals with 10 valence electrons">10
* Cu, Ag, Au, Rg — coinage metals, transition metals with 11 valence electrons">11
* Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn — zinc group, s² d¹⁰ metals">12
* B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh — boron group, s² p¹ elements">13
* C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl — carbon group, s² p² elements">14
* N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc — nitrogen group, s² p³ elements" class="nowrap">15 (pnictogens)
* O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv — oxygen group, s² p⁴ elements" class="nowrap">16 (chalcogens)
* F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts — fluorine group, s² p⁵ elements" class="nowrap">17 (halogens)
* He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og — elements having a complete valence shell" class="nowrap">18 (noble gases)

* Periods (1–7, ...)

* H, He, Z = 1–2">1
* Li … Ne, Z = 3–10">2
* Na … Ar, Z = 11–18">3
* K … Kr, Z = 19–36">4
* Rb … Xe, Z = 37–54">5
* Cs … Rn, Z = 55–86">6
* Fr … Og, Z = 87–118">7

* 8+
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

* Blocks (s, p, d, f, ...)

*     * Atomic orbitals
* Aufbau principle

By metallic classification

* Metals

* alkali
* alkaline earth

* transition
* post-transition

* lanthanide
* actinide (superactinide)

* Metalloids

*     * dividing metals & nonmetals

* Nonmetals

* reactive nonmetals
* noble gases

By other characteristics

* Coinage metals
* Platinum-group metals

* Precious metals
* Refractory metals

* Heavy metals
* Light metals

* Native metals
* Noble metals

* Main-group elements
* Rare-earth elements

* Transuranium, transplutonium elements

* Major, minor & trans- actinides

Elements

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* by abundance (in human body)

* by atomic properties
* by isotope stability

* by annual production
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Properties of elements

* Atomic weight
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* Electron affinity
* configuration

* Electronegativity (Allen, Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity

Data pages for elements

* Abundance
* Atomic radius
* Boiling point
* Critical point
* Density
* Elasticity
* Electrical resistivity
* Electron affinity / configuration
* Electronegativity
* Hardness
* Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization
* Ionization energy
* Melting point
* Oxidation state
* Speed of sound
* Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient
* Vapor pressure

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The dividing line between metals and nonmetals can be found, in varying configurations, on some representations of the periodic table of the elements (see mini-example, right). Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour. When presented as a regular stair-step, elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) lie just below the line.[1]

The location and therefore usefulness of the line is debated. It cuts through the metalloids, elements that share properties between metals and nonmetals, in an arbitrary manner, since the transition between metallic and non-metallic properties among these elements is gradual.

## Contents

* 1 Names
* 2 History
* 3 Double line variant
* 4 Concerns
* 5 Bonding of simple substances
* 6 Notes
* 7 Citations
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Names

This line has been called the amphoteric line,[2] the metal-nonmetal line,[3] the metalloid line,[4][5] the semimetal line,[6] or the staircase.[2][n 1] While it has also been called the Zintl border[8] or the Zintl line[9][10] these terms instead refer to a vertical line sometimes drawn between groups 13 and 14. This particular line was named by Laves in 1941.[11] It differentiates group 13 elements from those in and to the right of group 14. The former generally combine with electropositive metals to make intermetallic compounds whereas the latter usually form salt-like compounds.[12]

## History

References to a dividing line between metals and nonmetals appear in the literature as far back as at least 1869.[13] In 1891, Walker published a periodic "tabulation" with a diagonal straight line drawn between the metals and the nonmetals.[14] In 1906, Alexander Smith published a periodic table with a zigzag line separating the nonmetals from the rest of elements, in his highly influential[15] textbook Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry.[16] In 1923, Horace G. Deming, an American chemist, published short (Mendeleev style) and medium (18-column) form periodic tables.[17] Each one had a regular stepped line separating metals from nonmetals. Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming's 18-column table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s Deming's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.[18][19][20]

## Double line variant

A dividing line between metals and nonmetals is sometimes replaced by two dividing lines. One line separates metals and metalloids; the other metalloids and nonmetals.[21][22]

## Concerns

Mendeleev wrote that, "It is, however, impossible to draw a strict line of demarcation between metals and nonmetals, there being many intermediate substances".[23][n 2][n 3] Several other sources note confusion or ambiguity as to the location of the dividing line;[26][27] suggest its apparent arbitrariness[28] provides grounds for refuting its validity;[29] and comment as to its misleading, contentious or approximate nature.[30][31][32] Deming himself noted that the line could not be drawn very accurately.[33]

## Bonding of simple substances

The table below distinguishes the elements whose stable allotropes at standard conditions are exclusively metallic (yellow) from those that are not. (Carbon and arsenic, which have both stable metallic and nonmetallic forms, are coloured according to their stable nonmetallic forms.) Template:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)

## Notes

1. ↑ Sacks[7] described the dividing line as, 'A jagged line, like Hadrian's Wall ... [separating] the metals from the rest, with a few "semimetals", metalloids—arsenic, selenium—straddling the wall.'
2. ↑ In the context of Mendeleev's observation, Glinka[24] adds that: "In classing an element as a metal or a nonmetal we only indicate which of its properties—metallic or nonmetallic—are more pronounced in it".
3. ↑ Mendeleev regarded tellurium as such an intermediate substance: '... it is a bad conductor of heat and electricity, and in this respect, as in many others, it forms a transition from the metals to the nonmetals.'[25]

## Citations

1. ↑ Horvath 1973, p. 336
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Levy 2001, p. 158
3. ↑ Tarendash 2001, p. 78
4. ↑ Thompson 1999
5. ↑ DiSalvo 2000, p. 1800
6. ↑ Whitley 2009
7. ↑ Sacks 2001, pp. 191, 194
8. ↑ King 2005, p. 6006
9. ↑ Herchenroeder & Gschneidner 1988
10. ↑ De Graef & McHenry 2007, p. 34
11. ↑ Kniep 1996, p. xix
12. ↑ Nordell & Miller 1999, p. 579
13. ↑ Hinrichs 1869, p. 115\. In his article Hinrichs included a periodic table, organized by atomic weight, but this did not show a metal-nonmetal dividing line. Rather, he wrote that, "... elements of like properties or their compounds of like properties, form groups bounded by simple lines. Thus a line drawn through C, As, Te, separates the elements, having metallic lustre from those not having such lustre. The gaseous elements form a small group by themselves, the condensible [sic] chlorine forming the boundary ... So also the boundary lines for other properties may be drawn."
14. ↑ Walker 1891, p. 252
15. ↑ Miles & Gould 1976, p. 444: "His 'Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry,' 1906, was one of the most important textbooks in the field during the first quarter of the twentieth century."
16. ↑ Smith 1906, pp. 408, 410
17. ↑ Deming 1923, pp. 160, 165
18. ↑ Abraham, Coshow & Fix, W 1994, p. 3
19. ↑ Emsley 1985, p. 36
20. ↑ Fluck 1988, p. 432
21. ↑ Brown & Holme 2006, p. 57
22. ↑ Swenson 2005
23. ↑ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 23
24. ↑ Glinka 1959, p. 77
25. ↑ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 274
26. ↑ MacKay & MacKay 1989, p. 24
27. ↑ Norman 1997, p. 31
28. ↑ Whitten, Davis & Peck 2003, p. 1140
29. ↑ Roher 2001, pp. 4–6
30. ↑ Hawkes 2001, p. 1686
31. ↑ Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2005, pp. 79–80
32. ↑ Housecroft & Constable 2006, p. 322
33. ↑ Deming 1923, p. 381

## References

* Abraham M, Coshow, D & Fix, W 1994, Periodicity: A source book module, version 1.0. Chemsource, Inc., New York, viewed 26 Aug 11
* Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, ISBN 0-495-01718-3
* De Graef M & McHenry ME 2007, Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-65151-4
* Deming HG 1923, General chemistry: An elementary survey, John Wiley & Sons, New York
* DiSalvo, Francis J. (1 January 2000). "Challenges and opportunities in solid-state chemistry" (in en). Pure and Applied Chemistry 72 (10): 1799–1807. doi:10.1351/pac200072101799. ISSN 1365-3075. http://publications.iupac.org/publications/pac/2000/7210/7210pdfs/7210disalvo_1799.pdf.
* Emsley J, 1985 'Mendeleyev's dream table', New Scientist, 7 March, pp. 32–36
* Fluck, E. (1 January 1988). "New notations in the periodic table" (in en). Pure and Applied Chemistry 60 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. ISSN 1365-3075. https://publications.iupac.org/pac-2007/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf.
* Glinka N 1959, General chemistry, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow
* Hawkes, Stephen J. (December 2001). "Semimetallicity?" (in en). Journal of Chemical Education 78 (12): 1686–87. doi:10.1021/ed078p1686. ISSN 0021-9584. Bibcode: 2001JChEd..78.1686H. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed078p1686.
* Herchenroeder, J. W.; Gschneidner, K. A. (February 1988). "Stable, metastable and nonexistent allotropes" (in en). Journal of Phase Equilibria 9 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1007/BF02877443. ISSN 0197-0216. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02877443.
* Hinrichs GD 1869, 'On the classification and the atomic weights of the so-called chemical elements, with particular reference to Stas's determinations', Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 18, pp. 112–124
* Horvath, A. L. (May 1973). "Critical temperature of elements and the periodic system" (in en). Journal of Chemical Education 50 (5): 335–336. doi:10.1021/ed050p335. ISSN 0021-9584. Bibcode: 1973JChEd..50..335H. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed050p335.
* Housecroft CE & Constable EC 2006, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, England, ISBN 0-13-127567-4
* King RB (ed.) 2005, Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p. 6006, ISBN 0-470-86078-2
* Kniep R 1996, 'Eduard Zintl: His life and scholarly work', in SM Kauzlarich (ed.), Chemistry, structure and bonding of Zintl phases and ions, VCH, New York, pp. xvii–xxx, ISBN 1-56081-900-6
* Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0-534-99766-X
* Levy J 2011, The bedside book of chemistry, Pier 9, Millers Point, Sydney, ISBN 978-1-74266-035-6
* MacKay KM & MacKay RA 1989, Introduction to modern inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., Blackie, Glasgow, ISBN 0-216-92534-7
* Mendeléeff DI 1897, The principles of chemistry, vol. 1, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway (ed.), Longmans, Green & Co., London
* Miles WD & Gould RF 1976, American chemists and chemical engineers, vol. 1, American Chemical Society, Washington
* Nordell, Karen J.; Miller, Gordon J. (1 February 1999). "Linking Intermetallics and Zintl Compounds: An Investigation of Ternary Trielides (Al, Ga, In) Forming the NaZn13 Structure Type". Inorganic Chemistry 38 (3): 579–590. doi:10.1021/ic980772k. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 11673965. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic980772k.
* Norman NC 1997, Periodicity and the s- and p-block elements, Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-855961-5
* Roher GS 2001, Structure and bonding in crystalline materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-66379-2
* Smith A 1906, Introduction to general inorganic chemistry, The Century Company, New York
* Swenson J 2005, 'Classification of noble gases', in Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive
* Tarendash AS 2001, Let's review: Chemistry, the physical setting, Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York, ISBN 0-7641-1664-9
* Thompson, R. (1999). "Re: What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table?". MadSci Network. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-01/915517377.Ch.r.html.
* Walker J 1891, 'On the periodic tabulation of the elements', The Chemical News, vol. LXIII, no. 1644, May 29, pp. 251–253
* Whitley K 2009, Periodic table: Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals
* Whitten KW, Davis RE & Peck LM 2003, A qualitative analysis supplement, 7th ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0-534-40876-1

## External links

* Summary of an ACS presentation on the "myth" of the dividing line

* v
* t
* e

Periodic table

Periodic table forms|

| Standard|

* 18-column
* 32-column

|

Alternative|

* Alternatives
* Janet's left step table

Extended|

* Extension beyond the 7th period
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Sets of elements|

| By periodic table structure|

| Groups|

* 1 (Alkali metals)
* 2 (Alkaline earth metals)
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15 (Pnictogens)
* 16 (Chalcogens)
* 17 (Halogens)
* 18 (Noble gases)

|

Periods|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8+
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Blocks|

* s-block
* p-block
* d-block
* f-block
* g-block
* Aufbau principle

By metallicity|

| Metals|

* Alkali metals
* Alkaline earth metals
* Lanthanides
* Actinides
* Transition metals
* Post-transition metals

|

Metalloids|

* Lists of metalloids by source
* Dividing line

Nonmetals|

* Reactive nonmetals
* Noble gases

Other sets|

* Platinum-group metals (PGM)
* Rare-earth elements
* Refractory metals
* Precious metals
* Coinage metals
* Noble metal
* Heavy metals
* Native metals
* Transuranium elements
* Superheavy elements
* Major actinides
* Minor actinides

Elements|

| Lists|

* By: Abundance (in humans)
* Atomic properties
* Nuclear stability
* Production
* Symbol

|

Properties|

* Crystal structure
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Goldschmidt classification
* Term symbol

Data pages|

* Abundance
* Atomic radius
* Boiling point
* Critical point
* Density
* Elasticity
* Electrical resistivity
* Electron affinity
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Hardness
* Heat capacity
* Heat of fusion
* Heat of vaporization
* Ionization energy
* Melting point
* Oxidation state
* Speed of sound
* Thermal conductivity
* Thermal expansion coefficient
* Vapor pressure

History|

* Element discoveries
* Mendeleev's predictions
* Naming
* etymology
* controversies
* for places
* for people
* in East Asia

See also|

* IUPAC
* nomenclature
* systematic element name
* Trivial name
* Dmitri Mendeleev

* Book
* Category

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