Cholestane

IUPAC numbering[1]

Names
IUPAC name

Cholestane

Preferred IUPAC name

(1R,3aS,3bR,9aS,9bS,11aR)-9a,11a-Dimethyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 14982-53-7 5α/β Y
* 481-21-0 5α Y
* 481-20-9 5β Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image
* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:35516 Y

ChemSpider |

* 5256870 Y

IUPHAR/BPS

* 2802

PubChem CID

* 6857534

UNII |

* U260HWN305 (5α) Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/C27H48/c1-19(2)9-8-10-20(3)23-14-15-24-22-13-12-21-11-6-7-17-26(21,4)25(22)16-18-27(23,24)5/h19-25H,6-18H2,1-5H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1 Y

Key: XIIAYQZJNBULGD-LDHZKLTISA-N Y

* InChI=1/C27H48/c1-19(2)9-8-10-20(3)23-14-15-24-22-13-12-21-11-6-7-17-26(21,4)25(22)16-18-27(23,24)5/h19-25H,6-18H2,1-5H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1

Key: XIIAYQZJNBULGD-LDHZKLTIBN

SMILES

* C[C@H](CCCC(C)C)[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CCC4[C@@]3(CCCC4)C)C

* C41CCCC[C@@]1([C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@@]2(C)CC3)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)CC4)C

Properties

Chemical formula

| C27H48
Molar mass | 372.681 g·mol−1
Density | 0.911 g/ml

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Tracking categories (test):

* SizeSet

Cholestane is a saturated tetracyclic triterpene. This 27-carbon biomarker is produced by diagenesis of cholesterol and is one of the most abundant biomarkers in the rock record.[2] Presence of cholestane, its derivatives and related chemical compounds in environmental samples is commonly interpreted as an indicator of animal life and/or traces of O2, as animals are known for exclusively producing cholesterol, and thus has been used to draw evolutionary relationships between ancient organisms of unknown phylogenetic origin and modern metazoan taxa.[3] Cholesterol is made in low abundance by other organisms (e.g., rhodophytes, land plants), but because these other organisms produce a variety of sterols it cannot be used as a conclusive indicator of any one taxon.[4][5] It is often found in analysis of organic compounds in petroleum.

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 1.1 Biomarker
* 2 Preservation
* 2.1 Stereochemical alteration
* 3 Measurement techniques
* 3.1 GC/MS
* 3.2 δ13C isotope ratios
* 4 Case studies
* 4.1 Early life biomarkers
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Background

Cholestane is a saturated C-27 animal biomarker often found in petroleum deposits. It is a diagenetic product of cholesterol, which is an organic molecule made primarily by animals and make up ~30% of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol is responsible for membrane rigidity and fluidity, as well as intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve conduction.[6] In humans, it is also the precursor for hormones (i.e., estrogen, testosterone). It is synthesized via squalene and naturally assumes a specific stereochemical orientation (3β-ol, 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H), 20R). This stereochemical orientation is typically maintained throughout diagenetic processes, but cholestane can be found in the fossil record with many stereochemical configurations.

### Biomarker

Cholestane in the fossil record is often interpreted as an indicator (biomarker) of ancient animal life and is often used by geochemists and geobiologists to reconstruct animal evolution (particularly in the Precambrian Earth history; e.g., Ediacaran,[3] Cryogenian and Proterozoic in general[7][8]). Molecular oxygen is required to produce cholesterol;[9] thus, the presence of cholestane suggests some trace of oxygen in the paleoenvironment. Cholestane is not exclusively derived from diagenesis of animal-derived steroid molecules; cholestane may also be associated with the presence of e.g., rhodophytes and embryophtes,[10][5] although the abundance of such non-metaozan cholestane is unknown. Embryophytes generally produce a variety of sterols, which are collectively known as phytoterols,[11] and cholesterol remains a minor component. In contrast, bacteria produce other cyclic triterpenoids such as hopanoids and their diagenetic products hopanes are utilized as bacterial biomarkers.

## Preservation

Cholesterol degrades to cholestane by loss of OH functional group and saturation of double bond (indicated in pink). Stereochemistry of the molecule is maintained in this degradation.

Cholesterol has 256 stereoisomers, but only one of them is formed naturally in production of cholesterol (3β-ol, 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H), 20R) and is therefore the primary stereoisomer of interest for cholestane measurements. Deviations from this stereochemistry often reflects diagenesis, thermal maturation and preservation bias.

Diagenesis typically leads to the loss of functional groups and double bonds in organic molecules. For cholestane specifically, diagenesis of cholesterol to cholestane produces a molecule that is fully saturated compared to its steroid counterpart. This process occurs without the loss or gain of carbon atoms and therefore can serve as an indicator of the original steroid produced by the organism in the environment.[12]

Thermal alteration can also cause loss of the alkane side-chain at C17.[13] An experiment demonstrated that over 4 weeks at 300 °C, cholestane underwent 17% decomposition of its alkane side chain. In contrast, the polycyclic structure (C1-17) is very thermally stable. Diagenetic processes can also cause methyl shifts and aromatization.

### Stereochemical alteration

Additional diagenetic processes can further alter the cholestane molecule. For instance, cholestane is susceptible to stereochemical shifts over time from its natural isomer. These changes can be the effect of thermal or microbial alteration. Thermal alteration can cause changes in stereochemistry at both the C20 chiral center, as well as the hydrogen atoms. The ratio of R/S stereoisomers is typically reported as a measure of “thermal maturity”.[14] In contrast, conversion of the hydrogen at the C5 site from the α → β configuration reflects anaerobic microbial activity,[3] and can be understood through isotope labeling experiments on controlled microbe experiments metabolizing the steroid of interest.[15][16] One study demonstrated that there are two reactions that can produce loss of the cholesterol double bond—(1) direct reduction of double bond or (2) production of ketone prior to reduction of double bond—resulting in distinct isomerization of the hydrogen at the C5 site.[15] The 14 and 17α hydrogen sites are more stable and undergo changes to β configuration in much lower abundances than the 5 hydrogen site.

## Measurement techniques

### GC/MS

Cholestane isomers elute at different times in GC/MS/MS experiments in the m/z 372→217 fragment. Figure adapted from Bobrovskiy et al.[3]

Cholestane can be extracted from samples and measured on the GC/MS to quantify relative abundance to other organic compounds. This measurement is done by extraction of the steranes into a non-polar solvent (e.g., dichloromethane or chloroform) and purified into a “saturates” fraction using silica gel column gas chromatography. Cholestane isomers will elute from the column based on molecular weight and various stereochemistry, which makes traditional mass spectrometry challenging due to close co-elution of isomers. Alternatively, one can measure cholestane using GC/MS/MS experiments which target the m/z fragment 217 (from molecular ion 372). This specific method first looks for the 372 molecular ion of cholestane, and then fragments that molecular ion further to its m/z 217 fragment in order to improve identification of specific isomers.

### δ13C isotope ratios

δ13C values of cholestane reflect the carbon isotope composition of the animals that created the original cholesterol molecules. Animal carbon isotope composition is typically understood to be a function of their diet;[17] therefore, carbon isotope composition of cholestane would reflect this original diet value as well. δ13C values can be measured using a gas chromatograph coupled to an IRMS.

More generally, steranes can be used as an indicator of environmental shifts. A study has presented δ13C values of steranes versus hopanes and used it to propose changes in the photic zone over the course of the Miocene, as changes in the isotope value must be either a result of dissolved inorganic carbon within the water or biological isotope fractionation.[14]

## Case studies

### Early life biomarkers

Dickinsonia fossil was proved to be ancient animal via cholestane biomarker identification.

Presence of cholestane does not necessarily indicate presence of animals, but is often used in conjunction with other biomarkers to note the rise of distinct taxa in the fossil record; with regard to this, a study measured relative abundance in cholestane versus other triterpenoid biomarkers to demonstrate the rise of algae during the Neoproterozoic.[7][18]

Tracing the actual origins of cholestane within the fossil record is challenging, as most of the rocks from that time period are heavily metamorphosed and thus potential biomarkers are thermally altered. A study linked the source of cholestane to a specific Ediacaran fossil (Dickinsonia) to provide constraints to the taxonomic classification of Ediacaran biota as evolutionary preludes to metazoan life.[3] Cholestane is not a specific marker for animals though and is found in most eukaryotic lineages.

## See also

* sterane

## References

1. ↑ The Nomenclature of Steroids , IUPAC
2. ↑ Peters, Kenneth E. (Kenneth Eric), 1950- (2007). The biomarker guide.. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521039987. OCLC 1015511618.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (2018-09-20). "Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals". Science 361 (6408): 1246–1249. doi:10.1126/science.aat7228. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30237355. Bibcode: 2018Sci...361.1246B.
4. ↑ Combaut, Georges; Saenger, Peter (April 1984). "Sterols of the amansieae (rhodomelaceae: Rhodophyta)". Phytochemistry 23 (4): 781–782. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85025-6. ISSN 0031-9422. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031942200850256.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sonawane, Prashant D.; Pollier, Jacob; Panda, Sayantan; Szymanski, Jedrzej; Massalha, Hassan; Yona, Meital; Unger, Tamar; Malitsky, Sergey et al. (2016-12-22). "Plant cholesterol biosynthetic pathway overlaps with phytosterol metabolism" (in en). Nature Plants 3 (1): 16205. doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.205. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 28005066. https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2016205.
6. ↑ Life : the science of biology. Sadava, David E. (9th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. 2011. ISBN 978-1429219624. OCLC 368046231.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brocks, Jochen J.; Jarrett, Amber J. M.; Sirantoine, Eva; Hallmann, Christian; Hoshino, Yosuke; Liyanage, Tharika (August 2017). "The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals". Nature 548 (7669): 578–581. doi:10.1038/nature23457. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28813409. Bibcode: 2017Natur.548..578B.
8. ↑ Summons, Roger E; Brassell, Simon C; Eglinton, Geoffrey; Evans, Evan; Horodyski, Robert J; Robinson, Neil; Ward, David M (November 1988). "Distinctive hydrocarbon biomarkers from fossiliferous sediment of the Late Proterozoic Walcott Member, Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 (11): 2625–2637. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90031-2. ISSN 0016-7037. Bibcode: 1988GeCoA..52.2625S.
9. ↑ Mehta, Sweety (2013-09-17). "Biosynthesis and Regulation of Cholesterol (with Animation) | Animations". https://pharmaxchange.info/2013/09/biosynthesis-and-regulation-of-cholesterol-animation/.
10. ↑ Summons, Roger E.; Erwin, Douglas H. (2018-09-20). "Chemical clues to the earliest animal fossils". Science 361 (6408): 1198–1199. doi:10.1126/science.aau9710. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30237342. Bibcode: 2018Sci...361.1198S.
11. ↑ Darnet, Sylvain; Blary, Aurélien; Chevalier, Quentin; Schaller, Hubert (2021). "Phytosterol Profiles, Genomes and Enzymes – An Overview". Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 878. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.665206. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 34093623.
12. ↑ Grantham, P.J.; Wakefield, L.L. (January 1988). "Variations in the sterane carbon number distributions of marine source rock derived crude oils through geological time". Organic Geochemistry 12 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1016/0146-6380(88)90115-5. ISSN 0146-6380.
13. ↑ Mango, Frank D. (January 1990). "The origin of light cycloalkanes in petroleum". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (1): 23–27. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90191-m. ISSN 0016-7037. Bibcode: 1990GeCoA..54...23M.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Schoell, M.; Schouten, S.; Damste, J. S. S.; de Leeuw, J. W.; Summons, R. E. (1994-02-25). "A Molecular Organic Carbon Isotope Record of Miocene Climate Changes". Science 263 (5150): 1122–1125. doi:10.1126/science.263.5150.1122. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17831625. Bibcode: 1994Sci...263.1122S.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Mermoud, F.; Wünsche, L.; Clerc, O.; Gülaçar, F.O.; Buchs, A. (January 1984). "Steroidal ketones in the early diagenetic transformations of Δ5 sterols in different types of sediments". Organic Geochemistry 6: 25–29. doi:10.1016/0146-6380(84)90023-8. ISSN 0146-6380.
16. ↑ Taylor, Craig D.; Smith, Steven O.; Gagosian, Robert B. (November 1981). "Use of microbial enrichments for the study of the anaerobic degradation of cholesterol". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (11): 2161–2168. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(81)90068-5. ISSN 0016-7037. Bibcode: 1981GeCoA..45.2161T.
17. ↑ Hayes, John M. (2001-12-31), "3. Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes", Stable Isotope Geochemistry, De Gruyter, pp. 225–278, doi:10.1515/9781501508745-006, ISBN 9781501508745
18. ↑ Hoshino, Yosuke; Poshibaeva, Aleksandra; Meredith, William; Snape, Colin; Poshibaev, Vladimir; Versteegh, Gerard J. M.; Kuznetsov, Nikolay; Leider, Arne et al. (2017). "Cryogenian evolution of stigmasteroid biosynthesis". Science Advances 3 (9): e1700887. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700887. PMID 28948220. Bibcode: 2017SciA....3E0887H.

## External links

* Cholestanes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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