Silicate mineral

Short description: Rock-forming minerals with predominantly silicate anions

Lithium aluminium silicate mineral spodumene

Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.[1][2][3]

In mineralogy, the crystalline forms of silica (SiO
2) are usually considered to be tectosilicates, and they are classified as such in the Dana system (75.1). However, the Nickel-Strunz system classifies them as oxide minerals (4.DA). Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz and its polymorphs.

On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re-working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis.

Diatomaceous earth, a biogenic form of silica as viewed under a microscope. The imaged region measures approximately 1.13 by 0.69 mm.

## Contents

* 1 General structure
* 2 Main groups
* 3 Nesosilicates or orthosilicates
* 4 Sorosilicates
* 5 Cyclosilicates
* 6 Inosilicates
* 6.1 Single chain inosilicates
* 6.2 Double chain inosilicates
* 7 Phyllosilicates
* 8 Tectosilicates
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## General structure

A silicate mineral is generally an inorganic compound consisting of subunits with the formula [SiO2+n]2n−. Although depicted as such, the description of silicates as anions is a simplification. Balancing the charges of the silicate anions are metal cations, Mx+. Typical cations are Mg2+, Fe2+, and Na+. The Si-O-M linkage between the silicates and the metals are strong, polar-covalent bonds. Silicate anions ([SiO2+n]2n−) are invariably colorless, or when crushed to a fine powder, white. The colors of silicate minerals arise from the metal component, commonly iron.

In most silicate minerals, silicon is tetrahedral, being surrounded by four oxides. The coordination number of the oxides is variable except when it bridges two silicon centers, in which case the oxide has a coordination number of two.

Some silicon centers may be replaced by atoms of other elements, still bound to the four corner oxygen corners. If the substituted atom is not normally tetravalent, it usually contributes extra charge to the anion, which then requires extra cations. For example, in the mineral orthoclase [KAlSi3O8]n, the anion is a tridimensional network of tetrahedra in which all oxygen corners are shared. If all tetrahedra had silicon centers, the anion would be just neutral silica [SiO2]n. Replacement of one in every four silicon atoms by an aluminum atom results in the anion [AlSi3O−8]n, whose charge is neutralized by the potassium cations K+.

## Main groups

In mineralogy, silicate minerals are classified into seven major groups according to the structure of their silicate anion:[4][5]

Major group | Structure | Chemical formula | Example

|
|
|

Nesosilicates | isolated silicon tetrahedra | [SiO4]4− | olivine, garnet, zircon...
Sorosilicates | double tetrahedra | [Si2O7]6− | epidote, melilite group
Cyclosilicates | rings | [SinO3n]2n− | beryl group, tourmaline group
Inosilicates | single chain | [SinO3n]2n− | pyroxene group
Inosilicates | double chain | [Si4nO11n]6n− | amphibole group
Phyllosilicates | sheets | [Si2nO5n]2n− | micas and clays
Tectosilicates | 3D framework | [AlxSiyO(2x+2y)]x− | quartz, feldspars, zeolites

Tectosilicates can only have additional cations if some of the silicon is replaced by an atom of lower valence such as aluminum. Al for Si substitution is common.

## Nesosilicates or orthosilicates

Orthosilicate anion SiO4−4. The grey ball represents the silicon atom, and the red balls are the oxygen atoms. Nesosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology in South Dakota

Nesosilicates (from Greek νῆσος nēsos 'island'), or orthosilicates, have the orthosilicate ion, present as isolated (insular) [SiO
4]4− tetrahedra connected only by interstitial cations. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.A –examples include:

* Phenakite group
* Phenakite – Be
2SiO

* Willemite – Zn
2SiO

* Olivine group
* Forsterite – Mg
2SiO

* Fayalite – Fe
2SiO

* Tephroite – Mn
2SiO

* Garnet group
* Pyrope – Mg
3Al
2(SiO

* Almandine – Fe
3Al
2(SiO

* Spessartine – Mn
3Al
2(SiO

* Grossular – Ca
3Al
2(SiO

* Andradite – Ca
3Fe
2(SiO

* Uvarovite – Ca
3Cr
2(SiO

* Hydrogrossular – Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)3−m(OH)4m
* Zircon group
* Zircon – ZrSiO

* Thorite – (Th,U)SiO

* Hafnon – (Hf,Zr)SiO

Kyanite crystals (unknown scale)

* Al
2SiO
5 group
* Andalusite – Al
2SiO

* Kyanite – Al
2SiO

* Sillimanite – Al
2SiO

* Dumortierite – Al6.5–7BO3(SiO4)3(O,OH)3
* Topaz – Al
2SiO
4(F,OH)

* Staurolite – Fe
2Al
9(SiO

4(O,OH)

* Humite group – (Mg,Fe)
7(SiO

3(F,OH)

* Norbergite – Mg
3(SiO
4)(F,OH)

* Chondrodite – Mg
5(SiO

2(F,OH)

* Humite – Mg
7(SiO

3(F,OH)

* Clinohumite – Mg
9(SiO

4(F,OH)

* Datolite – CaBSiO
4(OH)
* Titanite – CaTiSiO

* Chloritoid – (Fe,Mg,Mn)
2Al
4Si

10(OH)

* Mullite (aka Porcelainite) – Al
6Si

## Sorosilicates

Pyrosilicate anion Si2O6−7 Sorosilicate exhibit at Museum of Geology in South Dakota

Sorosilicates (from Greek σωρός sōros 'heap, mound') have isolated pyrosilicate anions Si2O6−7, consisting of double tetrahedra with a shared oxygen vertex—a silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:7. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.B. Examples include:

* Thortveitite – (Sc,Y)
2(Si

* Hemimorphite (calamine) – Zn
4(Si

7)(OH)
2 * H2O
* Lawsonite – CaAl
2(Si

7)(OH)
2 * H2O
* Axinite – (Ca,Fe,Mn)
3Al
2(BO
3)(Si

12)(OH)
* Ilvaite – CaFeII

2FeIII
O(Si

7)(OH)
* Epidote group (has both (SiO
4)4− and (Si

7)6− groups}
* Epidote – Ca
2(Al,Fe)
3O(SiO
4)(Si

7)(OH)
* Zoisite – Ca
2Al
3O(SiO
4)(Si

7)(OH)
* Tanzanite – Ca
2Al
3O(SiO
4)(Si

7)(OH)
* Clinozoisite – Ca
2Al
3O(SiO
4)(Si

7)(OH)
* Allanite – Ca(Ce,La,Y,Ca)Al
2(FeII
,FeIII
)O(SiO
4)(Si

7)(OH)
* Dollaseite-(Ce) – CaCeMg
2AlSi

11F(OH)
* Vesuvianite (idocrase) – Ca
10(Mg,Fe)
2Al
4(SiO

5(Si

2(OH)

## Cyclosilicates

Cyclosilicate specimens at the Museum of Geology, South Dakota Pezzottaite Bazzite

Cyclosilicates (from Greek κύκλος kýklos 'circle'), or ring silicates, have three or more tetrahedra linked in a ring. The general formula is (SixO3x)2x−, where one or more silicon atoms can be replaced by other 4-coordinated atom(s). The silicon:oxygen ratio is 1:3. Double rings have the formula (Si2xO5x)2x− or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.C. Possible ring sizes include:

* 6 units [Si

18], beryl (red: Si, blue: O)

* 3 units [Si

9], benitoite

* 4 units [Si

12], papagoite

* 9 units [Si

27], eudialyte

* 12 units, double ring [Si
12O
30], milarite

Some example minerals are:

* 3-member single ring
* Benitoite – BaTi(Si

* 4-member single ring
* Papagoite – CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3.
* 6-member single ring
* Beryl – Be
3Al
2(Si

18)
* Bazzite – Be
3Sc
2(Si

18)
* Sugilite – KNa
2(Fe,Mn,Al)
2Li
3Si
12O

* Tourmaline – (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)3–(Al,Fe,Mn)6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)4
* Pezzottaite – Cs(Be
2Li)Al
2Si

* Osumilite – (K,Na)(Fe,Mg)
2(Al,Fe)
3(Si,Al)
12O

* Cordierite – (Mg,Fe)
2Al
4Si

* Sekaninaite – (Fe+2
,Mg)
2Al
4Si

* 9-member single ring
* Eudialyte – Na15Ca6(Fe,Mn)3Zr3SiO(O,OH,H2O)3(Si3O9)2(Si9O27)2(OH,Cl)2
* 6-member double ring
* Milarite – K
2Ca
4Al
2Be
4(Si
24O
60)H

The ring in axinite contains two B and four Si tetrahedra and is highly distorted compared to the other 6-member ring cyclosilicates.

## Inosilicates

Inosilicates (from Greek ἴς is [genitive: ἰνός inos] 'fibre'), or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO
3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or Si

11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.D – examples include:

### Single chain inosilicates

* Pyroxene group[6]
* Clinopyroxene subgroup
* Aegirine (or acmite) – NaFe3+

* Augite – (Ca,Mg,Fe)
2Si

6[7]
* Diopside – CaMgSi

* Hedenbergite – CaFe2+

* Jadeite – Na(Al,Fe3+
)Si

* Pigeonite – (Ca
xMg
yFe
z)(Mg
y1Fe
z1)Si

6, where 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4, x + y + z = 1 and y1 + z1 = 1[8]
* Spodumene – LiAlSi

* Orthopyroxene subgroup
* Enstatite – Mg
2Si

* Ferrosilite – Fe2+

2Si

* Pyroxferroite \- (Fe,Mn,Ca)SiO
3[9]
* Rhodonite – CaMn
3Mn(Si

15)[10]
* Wollastonite group[11]
* Pectolite – NaCa
2Si

8(OH)
* Wollastonite – Ca
3(Si

### Double chain inosilicates

* Amphibole group
* Anthophyllite – (Mg,Fe)
7Si

22(OH)

* Cummingtonite series
* Cummingtonite – Fe
2Mg
5Si

22(OH)

* Grunerite – Fe
7Si

22(OH)

* Tremolite series
* Tremolite – Ca
2Mg
5Si

22(OH)

* Actinolite – Ca
2(Mg,Fe)
5Si

22(OH)

* Hornblende – (Ca,Na)2–3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Al,Si)2O22(OH)2
* Sodium amphibole group
* Glaucophane – Na
2Mg
3Al
2Si

22(OH)

* Riebeckite (asbestos) – Na
2FeII

3FeIII

2Si

22(OH)

* Arfvedsonite – Na
3(Fe,Mg)
4FeSi

22(OH)

* Inosilicate, pyroxene family, with 2-periodic single chain (Si

6), diopside

* Inosilicate, clinoamphibole, with 2-periodic double chains (Si

11), tremolite

* Inosilicate, unbranched 3-periodic single chain of wollastonite

* Inosilicate with 5-periodic single chain, rhodonite

* Inosilicate with cyclic branched 8-periodic chain, pellyite

## Phyllosilicates

Phyllosilicates (from Greek φύλλον phýllon 'leaf'), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedra with Si

5 or a 2:5 ratio. The Nickel–Strunz classification is 09.E. All phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached. Many phyllosilicates are clay-forming and may be further classified as 1:1 clay minerals (one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet) and 2:1 clay minerals (one octahedral sheet between two tetrahedral sheets). Below are some major phyllosilicate mineral species and their chemical formulas, with group and series names in italics:

Kaolinite

* Ajoite – (K,Na)Cu
7AlSi

24(OH)
6 * 3H2O[12]
* Apophyllite group[13]
* Fluorapophyllite-(K) – KCa
4(Si

22)F * 8H2O
* Bannisterite – (Ca,K,Na)(Mn2+
,Fe2+

10(Si,Al)
16O
38(OH)
8 * nH
2O[14]
* Carletonite – KNa
4Ca
4Si

18(CO

4(OH,F) * H2O[15]
* Cavansite – Ca(VO)Si

10 * 4H2O (dimorph of pentagonite)[16]
* Chlorite group[17] – (Al,Fe2+
,Fe3+
Li,Mg,Mn,Ni)
5-6(Al,Fe3+
,Si)
4(O,OH)
18 (2:1:1 clays)
* Chamosite – (Fe2+
,Mg,Al,Fe3+

6(Si,Al)

10(OH,O)
8 (Fe endmember)
* Clinochlore – Mg
5Al(AlSi

10)(OH)
8 (Mg endmember)
* Cookeite – (LiAl
4◻)[AlSi

10](OH)

* Chrysocolla – Cu
2-xAlx(H
2-xSi

5)(OH)
4 * nH
2O, x < 1[18]
* Ekanite – Ca
2ThSi

20[19]
* Gyrolite – NaCa
16Si
23AlO
60(OH)
8 * 14H2O[20]
* Hisingerite – Fe3+

2(Si

5)(OH)
4 * 2H2O[21]
* Imogolite – Lua error: not enough memory.[22]
* Kaolinite-Serpentine group[23]
* Greenalite – (Fe2+
,Fe3+

2-3Si

5(OH)

* Kaolinite subgroup (1:1 clays)
* Dickite – Al
2(Si

5)(OH)

* Kaolinite – Al
2Si

5(OH)

* Halloysite – Al
2Si

5(OH)

* Serpentine subgroup
* Amesite – Mg
2Al(AlSiO
5)(OH)

* Antigorite – Mg
3Si

5(OH)

* Chrysotile – Mg
3Si

5(OH)

* Lizardite – Mg
3Si

5(OH)

* Mica group[24]
* Brittle mica group[25]
* Clintonite – CaAlMg
2(SiAl

10)(OH)

* Margarite – CaAl
2(Al
2Si
2)O
10(OH)

* Dioctahedral mica group
* Celadonite subgroup
* Celadonite – K(MgFe3+
◻)(Si

10)(OH)

* Glauconite – K
0.60-0.85(Fe3+
,Mg,Al)
2(Si,Al)

10](OH)

* Muscovite – KAl
2(AlSi
3)O
10(OH)
2[26]
* Paragonite – NaAl
2(AlSi

10)(OH)

* Roscoelite – Lua error: not enough memory.
* Trioctahedral mica group
* Aspidolite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Biotite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Annite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Fe endmember)
* Phlogopite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Mg endmember)
* Lepidolite (polylithionite-trilithionite series) – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Zinnwaldite series – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Neptunite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[27]
* Okenite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[28]
* Palygorskite group[29] (2:1 clays)
* Palygorskite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Tuperssuatsiaite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Pentagonite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (dimorph of cavansite)[30]
* Pyrophyllite-Talc group[31]
* Pyrophyllite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Talc – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (2:1 clay)
* Sepiolite group
* Sepiolite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[32] (2:1 clay)
* Falcondoite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Ni analogue of sepiolite)[33]
* Smectite group[34] (2:1 clays)
* Hectorite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Montmorillonite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Nontronite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Saponite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Stevensite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Stilpnomelane group[35]
* Stilpnomelane – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Vermiculite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[36] (2:1 clay)

* Phyllosilicate, mica group, muscovite (red: Si, blue: O)

* Phyllosilicate, single net of tetrahedra with 4-membered rings, apophyllite group

* Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, pyrosmalite-(Fe)-pyrosmalite-(Mn) series

* Phyllosilicate, single tetrahedral nets of 6-membered rings, zeophyllite

* Phyllosilicate, double nets with 4- and 6-membered rings, carletonite

## Tectosilicates

Silica family Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. 3D network), β-quartz Aluminosilicate family, the 3D model of synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 Quartz Lunar ferroan anorthosite (plagioclase feldspar) collected by Apollo 16 astronauts from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater

Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate tetrahedra with Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. in a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the Earth.[37] Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates. The Nickel–Strunz classifications are 9.F (tectosilicates without zeolitic Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.), 9.G (tectosilicates with zeolitic Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.), and 4.DA (quartz/silica group). Below are some major tectosilicate mineral species and their chemical formulas, with group and series names in italics:

* Quartz group (silica) – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Chalcedony – cryptocrystalline variety of silica composed mostly of quartz with some moganite
* Polymorphs of silica
* α-quartz – trigonal, "normal" quartz under Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* β-quartz – hexagonal, high-temperature quartz
* Coesite – monoclinic
* Cristobalite – tetragonal
* Melanophlogite – cubic or tetragonal, rare
* Moganite – monoclinic
* Stishovite – tetragonal, extremely hard and dense
* Tridymite – orthorhombic
* Feldspar group[38]
* Alkali feldspar series (potassium feldspars or K-spar)
* Microcline – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Orthoclase – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Anorthoclase – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Sanidine – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Plagioclase feldspar series
* Albite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Na endmember)
* Oligoclase – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Na:Ca 90:10 to 70:30)[39]
* Andesine – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Na:Ca 50:50 to 70:30)[40]
* Labradorite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Na:Ca 30:70 to 50:50)[41]
* Bytownite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Na:Ca 10:90 to 30:70)[42]
* Anorthite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Ca endmember)
* Other feldspars
* Buddingtonite — Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Celsian – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Hyalophane – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[43]
* Feldspathoid group[44]
* Cancrinite subgroup
* Afghanite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Cancrinite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Sacrofanite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Leucite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Nepheline subgroup
* Nepheline – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Sodalite subgroup
* Hauyne – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Lazurite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Nosean – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Sodalite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Tugtupite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[45]
* Scapolite group[46]
* Marialite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Meionite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Zeolite group[47]
* Amicite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Analcime – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Brewsterite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Chabazite-Lévyne subgroup
* Chabazite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Lévyne – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Clinoptilolite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Erionite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Faujasite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Ferrierite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Ferrierite-Mg)
* Heulandite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Laumontite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Mordenite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Natrolite subgroup
* Mesolite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Natrolite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Scolecite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Paulingite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Paulingite-K)
* Phillipsite subgroup
* Phillipsite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Phillipsite-Ca)
* Pollucite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Stilbite subgroup
* Stellerite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Stilbite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Thomsonite subgroup – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. (Thomsonite-Ca)
* Yugawaralite – Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

## See also

* Earth:Classification of non-silicate minerals - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Earth:Classification of silicate minerals - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
* Chemistry:Silicate mineral paint - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

## References

1. ↑ "Mineral - Silicates". https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound/Silicates.
2. ↑ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-30094-0.
3. ↑ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-47180580-7. https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei.
4. ↑ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock forming minerals (2nd edition ed.). London: Longman Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
5. ↑ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis ||1985). Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, (20th edition ed.). Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.
6. ↑ "Pyroxene Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-9767.html.
7. ↑ "Augite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-419.html.
8. ↑ "Pigeonite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3210.html.
9. ↑ "Pyroxferroite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3326.html.
10. ↑ "Rhodonite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3407.html.
11. ↑ "Wollastonite Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-39542.html.
12. ↑ "Ajoite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-66.html.
13. ↑ "Apophyllite Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-283.html.
14. ↑ "Bannisterite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-509.html.
15. ↑ "Carletonite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-898.html.
16. ↑ "Cavansite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-921.html.
17. ↑ "Chlorite Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1016.html.
18. ↑ "Chrysocolla". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1040.html.
19. ↑ "Ekanite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1361.html.
20. ↑ "Gyrolite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1785.html.
21. ↑ "Hisingerite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1910.html.
22. ↑ "Imogolite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2021.html.
23. ↑ "Kaolinite-Serpentine Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-11136.html.
24. ↑ "Mica Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-6728.html.
25. ↑ "Brittle Mica". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-43757.html.
26. ↑ "Muscovite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2815.html.
27. ↑ "Neptunite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2883.html.
28. ↑ "Okenite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2967.html.
29. ↑ "Palygorskite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3072.html.
30. ↑ "Pentagonite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3152.html.
31. ↑ "Pyrophyllite-Talc Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-39702.html.
32. ↑ "Sepiolite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-3621.html.
33. ↑ "Falcondoite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1444.html.
34. ↑ "Smectite Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-11119.html.
35. ↑ "Stilpnomelane Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-46595.html.
36. ↑ "Vermiculite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-4170.html.
37. ↑ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Wise, W.S.; Zussman, J. (2004). Rock-forming minerals. Volume 4B. Framework silicates: silica minerals. Feldspathoids and the zeolites (2nd ed.). London: Geological Society of London. p. 982 pp.
38. ↑ "Feldspar Group". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1624.html.
39. ↑ "Oligoclase". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2976.html.
40. ↑ "Andesine". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-220.html.
41. ↑ "Labradorite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-2308.html.
42. ↑ "Bytownite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-815.html.
43. ↑ "Hyalophane". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-1960.html.
44. ↑ "Feldspathoid". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-47865.html.
45. ↑ "Tugtupite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-4044.html.
46. ↑ "Scapolite". Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. https://www.mindat.org/min-8778.html.
47. ↑ "Zeolite Group". https://www.mindat.org/min-4395.html.

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## External links

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* Mindat.org, Dana classification
* Webmineral : Dana's New Silicate Classification

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