Sulfite sulfate

Short description: Class of chemical compounds

A sulfite sulfate is a chemical compound that contains both sulfite and sulfate anions [SO3]2− [SO4]2−. These compounds were discovered in the 1980s as calcium and rare earth element salts. Minerals in this class were later discovered. Minerals may have sulfite as an essential component, or have it substituted for another anion as in alloriite.[1] The related ions [O3SOSO2]2− and [(O2SO)2SO2]2− may be produced in a reaction between sulfur dioxide and sulfate and exist in the solid form as tetramethylammonium salts. They have a significant partial pressure of sulfur dioxide.[2]

Related compounds are selenate selenites and tellurate tellurites with a varying chalcogen. They can be classed as mixed valent compounds.

## Contents

* 1 Production
* 2 Properties
* 3 Reactions
* 4 Applications
* 5 List
* 6 References

## Production

Europium and cerium rare earth sulfite sulfates are produced when heating the metal sulfite trihydrate in air.

Ce2(SO3)3·3H2O + ​1⁄2 O2 → Ce2(SO3)2SO4 \+ 3 H2O

Ce2(SO3)3·3H2O + O2 → Ce2SO3(SO4)2 \+ 3 H2O

Other rare earth sulfite sulfates can be crystallized as hydrates from a water solution.[3] These sulfite sulfates can be made by at least three methods. One is to dissolve a rare earth oxosulfate in water and then bubble in sulfur dioxide. The second way a rare earth oxide is dissolved in a half equivalent of sulfuric acid. The third way was to bubble sulfur dioxide through a suspension of rare earth oxide in water until it dissolved, then let it sit around for a few days with limited air exposure. To make calcium sulfite sulfate, a soluble calcium salt is added to a mixed solution of sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate.[4]

Control of pH is important when attempting to produce solid sulfite compounds. In basic conditions sulfite easily oxidises to sulfate and in acidic conditions it easily turns into sulfur dioxide.[5]

## Properties

In the sulfite sulfates, sulfur has both a +4 and a +6 oxidation state.[6]

The crystal structure of sulfite sulfates has been difficult to study, as the crystal symmetry is low, crystals are usually microscopic as they are quite insoluble, and they are mixed with other related phases. So they have been studied via powder X-ray diffraction.[4]

## Reactions

When heated in the absence of oxygen, cerium sulfite sulfate hydrate parts with water by 400 °C. Up to 800° it loses some sulfur dioxide. From 800° to 850 °C it loses sulfur dioxide and disulfur resulting in cerium oxy disulfate, and dioxy sulfate, which loses some further sulfur dioxide as it is heated to 1000 °C. Over 1000° the remaining oxysulfates decompose to sulfur dioxide, oxygen and cerium dioxide. This reaction is studied as a way to convert sulfur dioxide into sulfur and oxygen using only heat.[7][8]

Another thermochemical reaction for cerium sulfite sulfate hydrate involves using iodine to oxidise the sulfite to sulfate, producing hydrogen iodide which can then be used to make hydrogen gas and iodine. When combined with the previous high temperature process, water can be split into oxygen and hydrogen using heat only.[9][10] This is termed the GA sulfur-iodine cycle.[11]

## Applications

Calcium sulfite sulfate hydrate is formed in flue gas scrubbers that attempt to remove sulfur dioxide from coal burning facilities. Calcium sulfite sulfate hydrate is also formed in the weathering of limestone, concrete and mortar by sulfur dioxide polluted air. These two would be classed as anthropogenic production as it was not deliberately produced or used.

## List

name  | formula  | ratio

SO3:SO4

| mw  | system  | space group  | unit cell  | volume  | density  | optical  | references

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tricalcium disulfite sulfate dodecahydrate

Orschallite

| Ca3(SO3)2SO4•12H2O  | 2:1  |  | rhombohedral  | R3c | a=11.3514 c=28.412

a = 11.350 c = 28.321 Z=6

| 3170

3159.7

| 1.87  | Uniaxial (+)

nω = 1.4941 nɛ = 1.4960

| [12][13][14]
Hielscherite  | Ca3Si(OH)6(SO4)(SO3)·11H2O  | 1:1  |  | hexagonal  | P63 | a = 11.1178 c = 10.5381 Z=2  | 1128.06  | 1.82  | Uniaxial (−)

nω = 1.494 nε = 1.476

| [15]
pentamanganese tetrahydroxide disulfite disulfate dihydrate  | Mn5(OH)4(H2O)2[SO3]2[SO4]  | 2:1  | 634.9  | monoclinic  | P21/m | a = 7.6117 b = 8.5326 c = 10.9273 β = 101.600° Z = 2  | 695.2  | 3.0321  | pink  | [16]
| Y2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
Barium sulfite sulfate3,7 | Ba(SO3)0.3(SO4)0.7 | 2:7  |  | orthorhombic  | Pnma | a=8.766 b=5.46 c=7.126  |  |  |  | [17]
lanthanum disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate  | La2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
cerium disulfite sulfate  | Ce2(SO3)2SO4 | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [3]
cerium disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate  | Ce2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [7][18]
cerium sulfite disulfate  | Ce2SO3(SO4)2 | 1:2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [3]
neodymium disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate  | Nd2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
| Nd(SO3)(HSO4)(H2O)3 | 1:1  | 374.41  | triclinic  | P1 | a=6.5904 b=6.9899 c=9.536 α=101.206 β=97.767

γ=92.823 Z=2

| 425.67  | 2.921  | light violet  | [5]
| Nd(SO3)(HSO4)  | 1:1  |  | triclinic  | P1 | a=6.4152 b=6.6232 c=6.9955 α=91.726 β=92.438

γ=92.423 Z=2

| 296.55  | 3.610  | light violet  | [5]
ethylenediammonium bis-(neodymium sulfite sulfate hydrate)  | C2H10N2[Nd(SO3)(SO4)H2O]2 | 1:1  | 738.87  | monoclinic  | P21/c  | a=9.0880 b=6.9429 c=13.0805 β=91.55 Z=2  | 825.04  | 2.974  | pink  | [19][20]
| Sm2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [21]
europium disulfite sulfate  | Eu2(SO3)2SO4 | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [3]
europium sulfite disulfate  | Eu2SO3(SO4)2 | 1:2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [3]
| Tb2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
poly[diaqua-μ(4)-sulfato-di-μ(4)-sulfito-didysprosium(III)]  | Dy2(SO3)2SO4•2H2O  | 2:1  | 617.21  | monoclinic  | C2/c | a = 11.736 b = 6.8010 c = 12.793 β = 102.686° Z=4  | 996.1  | 4.115  | colourless  | [4][22]
| Ho2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
| Er2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
| Yb2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O  | 2:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [4]
Complexes
| [OsO2(SO3)(SO4)(NH3)2]2− | 1:1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [23]

## References

1. ↑ Rastsvetaeva, R. K.; Ivanova, A. G.; Chukanov, N. V.; Verin, I. A. (July 2007). "Crystal structure of alloriite". Doklady Earth Sciences 415 (1): 815–819. doi:10.1134/S1028334X07050340. Bibcode: 2007DokES.415..815R. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249529659.
2. ↑ Richardson, Stephanie (2009). "Capture of Sulfur Dioxide using Sulfur Oxydianions: Synthesis and Characterization of Two Novel Compounds". https://unbscholar.lib.unb.ca/islandora/object/unbscholar:7071/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Karppinen, M.; Leskelä, M.; Niinistö, L. (March 1989). "Studies on lanthanoid sulfites. Part VIII. Thermogravimetric study of europium sulfite trihydrate" (in en). Journal of Thermal Analysis 35 (2): 355–359. doi:10.1007/BF01904438. ISSN 0368-4466.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Leskelä, Markku; De Matos, J.Everardo X.; Niinistö, Lauri (December 1987). "Studies on lanthanoid sulfites. Part VII. Preparative and thermal study on rare earth sulfite sulfate hydrates" (in en). Inorganica Chimica Acta 139 (1–2): 121–123. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)84054-2.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dovgan, Jakob T.; Polinski, Matthew J.; Mercado, Brandon Q.; Villa, Eric M. (2018-09-05). "pH Driven Hydrothermal Syntheses of Neodymium Sulfites and Mixed Sulfate-Sulfites" (in en). Crystal Growth & Design 18 (9): 5332–5341. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00769. ISSN 1528-7483. Bibcode: 2018CrGrD..18.5332D.
6. ↑ Alpers, Charles N.; Jambor, John L.; Nordstrom, D. (2018) (in en). Sulfate Minerals: Crystallography, Geochemistry, and Environmental Significance. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-5015-0866-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ya96DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Peterson, E. J.; Foltyn, E. M.; Onstott, E. I. (December 1983). "Thermochemical splitting of sulfur dioxide with cerium(IV) oxide" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 105 (26): 7572–7573. doi:10.1021/ja00364a018. ISSN 0002-7863. Bibcode: 1983JAChS.105.7572P.
8. ↑ HAAS, N; PETERSON, E; ONSTOTT, E (1990). "Dilanthanum dioxymonosulfate as a recycle reagent and recycle substrate for the sulfur dioxide-iodine thermochemical hydrogen cycle". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 15 (6): 397–402. doi:10.1016/0360-3199(90)90196-6. Bibcode: 1990IJHE...15..397H.
9. ↑ Onstott, E. I. (March 1991). "Thermochemistry of iodine oxidation of sulfite in cerium and praseodymium oxide-sulfite-sulfate-hydrate compositions to yield hydrogen iodide by hydrolysis and disulfur by concomitant disproportionation and comparison to the behavior of lanthanum" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry 95 (6): 2520–2525. doi:10.1021/j100159a076. ISSN 0022-3654.
10. ↑ Onstott, E (1989). "Thermochemistry of iodine oxidation of sulfite in lanthanum oxide-sulfite-sulfate hydrates to yield hydrogen iodide" (in en). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 14 (2): 141–145. doi:10.1016/0360-3199(89)90004-9. Bibcode: 1989IJHE...14..141O.
11. ↑ Onstott, E I; Bowman, M G; Michnovicz, M F; Hollabaugh, C M (15 July 1984). "Modification of the sulfur dioxide-iodine thermochemical hydrogen cycle with lanthanum sulfites and sulfates". https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-84-0182.
12. ↑ Cohen, Abraham; Zangen, Mendel (1984-07-05). "STUDIES ON ALKALINE EARTH SULFITES – V. STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF THE NEW COMPOUND Ca 3 (SO 3 ) 2 SO 4 ·12H 2 O AND ITS SOLID SOLUTION IN CALCIUM SULFITE TETRAHYDRATE" (in en). Chemistry Letters 13 (7): 1051–1054. doi:10.1246/cl.1984.1051. ISSN 0366-7022.
13. ↑ Weidenthaler, C.; Tillmanns, E.; Hentschel, G. (1993). "Orschallite, Ca3(SO3)2 . SO4 . 12H2O, a new calcium-sulfite-sulfate-hydrate mineral" (in en). Mineralogy and Petrology 48 (2–4): 167–177. doi:10.1007/BF01163095. ISSN 0930-0708.
14. ↑ Zangen, Mendel; Cohen, Abraham (5 June 1985). "STUDIES ON ALKALINE EARTH SULFITES. VII. HYDROGEN BONDING AND THE LOCATION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS IN THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF CaSO3·4H2O AND Ca3(SO3)2SO4 ·12H2O". Chemistry Letters 14 (6): 797–800. doi:10.1246/cl.1985.797.
15. ↑ Pekov, I. V.; Chukanov, N. V.; Britvin, S. N.; Kabalov, Y. K.; Göttlicher, J.; Yapaskurt, V. O.; Zadov, A. E.; Krivovichev, S. V. et al. (October 2012). "The sulfite anion in ettringite-group minerals: a new mineral species hielscherite, Ca 3 Si(OH) 6 (SO 4 )(SO 3 )·11H 2 O, and the thaumasite–hielscherite solid-solution series" (in en). Mineralogical Magazine 76 (5): 1133–1152. doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.06. ISSN 0026-461X. Bibcode: 2012MinM...76.1133P. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026461X00006757/type/journal_article.
16. ↑ Ben Yahia, Hamdi; Shikano, Masahiro; Kobayashi, Hironori (2013). "Single crystal growth of the novel Mn2(OH)2SO3, Mn2F(OH)SO3, and Mn5(OH)4(H2O)2[SO32[SO4] compounds using a hydrothermal method"]. Dalton Transactions 42 (19): 7158–66. doi:10.1039/c3dt50415h. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 23525185. http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3dt50415h.
17. ↑ Buchmeier, Willi; Engelen, Bernward; Lutz, Heinz Dieter (1988-01-01). "Kristallstruktur von Bariumsulfitsulfat, Ba(SO3)0,3(SO4)0,7 bzw. BaSO3,7". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials 183 (1–4): 43–50. doi:10.1524/zkri.1988.183.14.43. ISSN 2196-7105. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zkri.1988.183.issue-1-4/zkri.1988.183.14.43/zkri.1988.183.14.43.xml.
18. ↑ Peterson, E. J.; Foltyn, E. M.; Onstott, E. I. (1980), McCarthy, Gregory J.; Rhyne, James J.; Silber, Herbert B., eds., "Preparation and Thermal Studies of a Cerium (III) Sulfite-Sulfate-Hydrate" (in en), The Rare Earths in Modern Science and Technology (Boston, MA: Springer US): pp. 65–66, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3054-7_11, ISBN 978-1-4613-3056-1
19. ↑ Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra (2008) (in en). Trends in Chemistry of Materials: Selected Research Papers of C.N.R. Rao. World Scientific. pp. 382–388. ISBN 978-981-283-383-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=gJppDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA382.
20. ↑ Rao, K. Prabhakara; Rao, C. N. R. (April 2007). "Coordination Polymers and Hybrid Networks of Different Dimensionalities Formed by Metal Sulfites" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 46 (7): 2511–2518. doi:10.1021/ic061988m. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 17326625.
21. ↑ Leskelä, Tuula; Leskelä, Markku; Niinistö, Lauri (May 1995). "Thermoanalytical studies on samarium sulfite sulfate hydrate" (in en). Thermochimica Acta 256 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(94)02170-S. Bibcode: 1995TcAc..256...67L.
22. ↑ Zhang, Zai-Chao; Wang, Jia-Hong; Zhao, Pu-Su (2011-05-15). "Dy 2 (SO 3 ) 2 (SO 4 )(H 2 O) 2 : the first lanthanide mixed sulfate–sulfite inorganic compound". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 67 (5): i27–i29. doi:10.1107/S0108270111009048. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 21540523. Bibcode: 2011AcCrC..67I..27Z. http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0108270111009048.
23. ↑ Abisheva, Z.S.; Parshina, I.N.; Bochevskaya, E.G.; Ushanov, V.Zh. (November 1998). "Chemical conversions of osmium (VI) sulfite complexes in ammonia–sulfate solutions" (in en). Hydrometallurgy 50 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00059-0. Bibcode: 1998HydMe..50..269A. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222881526.

Template:Sulfites

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Compounds containing the sulfate group

H2SO4 |  |  |  | He

|
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|

Li2SO4 | BeSO4 | B  | esters
ROSO3−
(RO)2SO2 | (NH4)2SO4
[N2H5]HSO4
(NH3OH)2SO4
NOHSO4 | HOSO4 | F  | Ne
Na2SO4
NaHSO4 | MgSO4 | Al2(SO4)3
Al2SO4(OAc)4 | Si  | P  | SO42−
HSO3HSO4
(HSO4)2 | Cl  | Ar
K2SO4
KHSO4 | CaSO4 | Sc2(SO4)3 | TiOSO4 | VSO4
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4 | CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3 | MnSO4 | FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 | CoSO4 | NiSO4 | CuSO4
Cu2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4 | ZnSO4 | Ga2(SO4)3 | Ge  | As  | Se  | Br  | Kr
RbHSO4
Rb2SO4 | SrSO4 | Y2(SO4)3 | Zr(SO4)2 | Nb  | Mo  | Tc  | Ru  | Rh2(SO4)3 | PdSO4 | Ag2SO4 | CdSO4 | In2(SO4)3 | SnSO4
Sn(SO4)2 | Sb2(SO4)3 | Te  | I  | Xe
Cs2SO4
CsHSO4 | BaSO4 |  | Hf  | Ta  | W  | Re  | Os  | Ir  | Pt  | AuSO4
Au2(SO4)3 | Hg2SO4
HgSO4 | Tl2SO4
Tl2(SO4)3 | PbSO4 | Bi2(SO4)3 | Po  | At  | Rn
Fr  | Ra  |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
La  | Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2 | Pr2(SO4)3 | Nd  | Pm  | Sm  | Eu  | Gd  | Tb  | Dy  | Ho  | Er  | Tm  | Yb2(SO4)3 | Lu
Ac  | Th  | Pa  | U(SO4)2
UO2SO4 | Np  | Pu  | Am  | Cm  | Bk  | Cf  | Es  | Fm  | Md  | No  | Lr

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