Jerome

Jerome (/dʒəˈroʊm/; Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Ancient Greek: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 342–347 – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.

He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the translation that became known as the Vulgate) and his commentaries on the whole Bible. Jerome attempted to create a translation of the Old Testament based on a Hebrew version, rather than the Septuagint, as prior Latin Bible translations had done. His list of writings is extensive. In addition to his biblical works, he wrote polemical and historical essays, always from a theologian's perspective.[1]

Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life, especially those in cosmopolitan centers such as Rome. He often focused on women's lives and identified how a woman devoted to Jesus should live her life. This focus stemmed from his close patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics who were members of affluent senatorial families.[2]

Jerome is recognized as a saint and, along with Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo and pope Gregory the Great, as one of the four Great Latin Church Fathers[3] by the Catholic Church. He is also recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church,[lower-alpha 1] the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is 30 September (Gregorian calendar).

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 1.1 Conversion to Christianity
* 1.2 Ministry in Rome
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 6 Scholarly works
* 6.1 Translation of the Bible (382–405)
* 6.2 De Viris Illustribus
* 6.3 Biblical onomastica
* 6.4 Commentaries (405–420)
* 6.5 Historical and hagiographic writings
* 6.5.1 Description of vitamin A deficiency
* 6.6 Letters
* 7 Examples
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links
* 10.1 Theological writings
* 10.1.1 Eschatology
* 10.1.2 Soteriology
* 10.2 Reception by later Christianity
* 11 In art
* 12 Dedications
* 13 See also
* 14 References
* 14.1 Notes
* 14.2 Citations
* 14.3 Sources
* 15 Further reading
* 16 External links
* 16.1 Latin texts
* 16.1.1 Facsimiles
* 16.2 English translations
* 16.3 English translations (Physical)

## Early life

Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus was born at Stridon around 342–347 AD.[2] He was of Illyrian ancestry.[4] He was not baptized until about 360–369 in Rome, where he had gone with his friend Bonosus of Sardica to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies. (This Bonosus may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic.) Jerome studied under the philologist Aelius Donatus. There he learned Latin and at least some Koine Greek,[5] though he probably did not yet acquire the familiarity with Greek literature that he later claimed to have acquired as a schoolboy.[6]

As a student, Jerome engaged in the superficial escapades and sexual experimentation of students in Rome; he indulged himself quite casually but he suffered terrible bouts of guilt afterwards.[7] To appease his conscience, on Sundays he visited the sepulchers of the martyrs and the Apostles in the catacombs. This experience reminded him of the terrors of Hell:

> Often I would find myself entering those crypts, deep dug in the earth, with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead, where everything was so dark that almost it seemed as though the Psalmist's words were fulfilled, Let them go down quick into Hell.[8] Here and there the light, not entering in through windows, but filtering down from above through shafts, relieved the horror of the darkness. But again, as soon as you found yourself cautiously moving forward, the black night closed around, and there came to my mind the line of Virgil, "Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent".[9][lower-alpha 2]

St. Jerome in His Study (1480), by Domenico Ghirlandaio

The quotation from Virgil reads, in translation, "On all sides round, horror spread wide; the very silence breathed a terror on my soul."[10]

### Conversion to Christianity

St Jerome in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)

Although at first afraid of Christianity, he eventually converted.[11]

St. Jerome in the Desert, by Giovanni Bellini (1505)

Seized with a desire for a life of ascetic penance, Jerome went for a time to the desert of Chalcis, to the southeast of Antioch, known as the "Syrian Thebaid" from the number of eremites (hermits) inhabiting it. During this period, he seems to have found time for studying and writing. He made his first attempt to learn Hebrew under the guidance of a converted Jew; and he seems to have been in correspondence with Jewish Christians in Antioch. Around this time, he had copied for himself a Hebrew Gospel, of which fragments are preserved in his notes. It is known today as the Gospel of the Hebrews, which the Nazarenes considered to be the true Gospel of Matthew.[12] Jerome translated parts of this Hebrew Gospel into Greek.[13]

### Ministry in Rome

Saint Jerome in His Study, 1451, by Antonio da Fabriano II, shows writing implements, scrolls, and manuscripts testifying to Jerome's scholarly pursuits.[14] The Walters Art Museum. File:San Girolamo nello studio, Colantonio 001.jpgCirca (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[15] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

*1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

*Floruit

## References

1. ↑ Schaff, Philip, ed (1893). A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 2nd series. VI. Henry Wace. New York: The Christian Literature Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQUNAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Williams 2006.
3. ↑ William Dool Killen (1995). The Old Catholic: Or the History, Doctrine, Worship, and Polity of the Christians. T T Clark Edinburgh. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-85323-479-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=bQuV3kJWKAsC&dq=four+great+fathers++Augustine++Jerome++Gregory&pg=PA90.
4. ↑ Pevarello 2013, p. 1.
5. ↑ Walsh 1992, p. 307.
6. ↑ Kelly 1975, pp. 13–14.
7. ↑ Payne 1951, pp. 90–92.
8. ↑ Psalm 55:15
9. ↑ Jerome, Commentarius in Ezzechielem, c. 40, v. 5
10. ↑ "P. Vergilius Maro, Aeneid, Book 2, line 752". http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D752.
11. ↑ Payne 1951, p. 91.
12. ↑ Rebenich 2002, p. 211: Further, he began to study Hebrew: 'I betook myself to a brother who before his conversion had been a Hebrew and...'
13. ↑ Pritz, Ray (1988), Nazarene Jewish Christianity: from the end of the New Testament, p. 50, "In his accounts of his desert sojourn, Jerome never mentions leaving Chalcis, and there is no pressing reason to think..."
14. ↑ "Saint Jerome in His Study". The Walters Art Museum. http://art.thewalters.org/detail/27087.
15. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology

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–46, depicts Jerome's removal of a thorn from a lion's paw.

As protégé of Pope Damasus I, Jerome was given duties in Rome, and he undertook a revision of the Vetus Latina Gospels based on Greek manuscripts. He also updated the Psalter containing the Book of Psalms then in use in Rome, based on the Septuagint.

Throughout his epistles, he shows himself to be surrounded by women and united with close ties; it is estimated that 40% of his epistles were addressed to someone of the female sex and,[1] at the time, he was criticized for it.[2]

Even in his time, Jerome noted Porphyry's accusation that the Christian communities were run by women and that the favor of the ladies decided who could accede to the dignity of the priesthood.[3][4]

In Rome, Jerome was surrounded by a circle of well-born and well-educated women, including some from the noblest patrician families. Among these women were such as the widows Lea, Marcella, and Paula, and Paula's daughters Blaesilla and Eustochium. The resulting inclination of these women towards the monastic life, away from the indulgent lasciviousness in Rome, and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy of Rome, brought a growing hostility against him among the Roman clergy and their supporters. Soon after the death of his patron Pope Damasus I on 10 December 384, Jerome was forced to leave his position at Rome after an inquiry was brought up by the Roman clergy into allegations that he had an improper relationship with the widow Paula. Still, his writings were highly regarded by women who were attempting to maintain vows of becoming consecrated virgins. His letters were widely read and distributed throughout the Christian empire, and it is clear through his writing that he knew these virgin women were not his only audience.[5]

Additionally, Jerome's condemnation of Blaesilla's hedonistic lifestyle in Rome led her to adopt ascetic practices, but these affected her health and worsened her physical weakness to the point that she died just four months after starting to follow his instructions; much of the Roman populace was outraged that Jerome, in their view, thus caused the premature death of such a lively young woman. Additionally, his insistence to Paula that Blaesilla should not be mourned and complaints that her grief was excessive were seen as heartless, which further polarized Roman opinion against him.[6]

## Scholarly works

### Translation of the Bible (382–405)

Saint Jerome Writing, by Caravaggio, 1607, at St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta

Main article: Religion:Vulgate

Jerome was a scholar at a time when being a scholar implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded Jerome's stay in a monastery in the nearby city of Bethlehem, where he settled next to the Church of the Nativity – built half a century prior on orders of Emperor Constantine over what was reputed to be the site of the Nativity of Jesus – and he completed his translation there.

He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin-language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina. By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria. He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements.[lower-alpha 3] He completed this work by 405.

Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint, not the Hebrew. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previously translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Some modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome's "iuxta Hebraeos" (i.e. "close to the Hebrews", "immediately following the Hebrews") translation of the Old Testament.[7] Some scholarship has cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge, however, detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree Jerome was a competent Hebraist.[8]

### De Viris Illustribus

Between 392 and 393 Jerome produced a biobibliography covering four centuries of primarily Christian writers from the apostolic age up until Jerome himself. The text was modeled after earlier Greek and Latin authors.[9][10] De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) circulated widely soon after its completion, becoming an influential Christian biographical collection and defining a canon of knowledge.[11][12]

It was written as an apologetic work to demonstrate the accomplishments of prominent Christian authors, including Jerome himself, at a time when Christian writing was seen as inferior.[13][14]

### Biblical onomastica

Jerome also produced two onomastica which were commonly found in subsequent Bibles until the Reformation:

* Liber de Nominibus Hebraicis, a list of names of people in the Bible and etymologies, based on a work attributed to Philo and expanded by Origen;
* A translation and expansion of the Onomasticon of Eusebius, listing and commenting on places mentioned in the Bible.

### Commentaries (405–420)

Saint Jerome in His Study by Antonello da Messina, c. 1474

For the next 15 years, until he died, Jerome produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices in using the original Hebrew rather than suspect translations. His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school. Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "Apocrypha" and the Hebraica veritas of the protocanonical books. In his Vulgate's prologues, he describes some portions of books in the Septuagint that were not found in the Hebrew as being non-canonical (he called them apocrypha);[15] for Baruch, he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon".[16] His Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings[17] (commonly called the Helmeted Preface) includes the following statement:

> This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a "helmeted" introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style.

Jerome in the desert, tormented by his memories of the dancing girls, by Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639, Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe

### Historical and hagiographic writings

Jerome as a historian

Jerome's most famous work of historical writing was the Chronicon, a translation, reworking, and continuation of the Chronicon of Eusebius. Written in Constantinople around 380 it became an influential text in Latin Christendom even though it is not without errors.[18] In his other works he evoked historical events and used history as an example and source of argument. Even though Jerome engaged in historical writing, he did not consider himself bound by the rules of historians and his output in this domain has to be judged accordingly.[19]

#### Description of vitamin A deficiency

The following passage, taken from Jerome’s hagiography, appears to be the earliest account of the etiology, symptoms and cure of severe vitamin A deficiency:[20]

> From his thirty-first to his thirty-fifth year he had for food six ounces of barley bread, and vegetables slightly cooked without oil. But finding that his eyes were growing dim, and that his whole body was shrivelled with an eruption and a sort of stony roughness (impetigine et pumicea quad scabredine) he added oil to his former food, and up to the sixty-third year of his life followed this temperate course, tasting neither fruit nor pulse, nor anything whatsoever besides.[20]

### Letters

Saint Jerome depicted in his study being visited by two angels (Cavarozzi, early-17th century)

Jerome's letters or epistles, both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style, form an important portion of his literary remains. Whether he is discussing problems of scholarship, or reasoning on cases of conscience, comforting the afflicted, or saying pleasant things to his friends, scourging the vices and corruptions of the time and against sexual immorality among the clergy,[21] exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world, or debating his theological opponents, he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind, but of the age and its peculiar characteristics. (See Plowboy trope.) Because there was no distinct line between personal documents and those meant for publication, his letters frequently contain both confidential messages and treatises meant for others besides the one to whom he was writing.[22]

Due to the time he spent in Rome among wealthy families belonging to the Roman upper class, Jerome was frequently commissioned by women who had taken a vow of virginity to write to them in guidance of how to live their life. As a result, he spent a great deal of his life corresponding with these women about certain abstentions and lifestyle practices.[5]

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[23] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

*1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

*Floruit

## References

1. ↑ D. Ruiz Bueno. (1962). Cartas de S. Jerónimo, 2 vols. Madrid.
2. ↑ Epistle 45,2-3; 54,2; 65,1; 127,5.
3. ↑ Gigon, O. (1966). Die antike Kultur und das Christentum. pp. 120.
4. ↑ Deschner, Karlheinz (1986). Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums. 1. pp. 164–170.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Williams 2006.
6. ↑ Salisbury & Lefkowitz 2001, pp. 32–33.
7. ↑ Pierre Nautin 1986, "Hieronymus",Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Vol. 15, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York, pp. 304–15 [309–10].
8. ↑ Graves, Michael (2007). Jerome's Hebrew Philology: A Study Based on his Commentary on Jeremiah. Brill. pp. 196–98 [197]. ISBN 978-90-47-42181-8. ""In his discussion he gives clear evidence of having consulted the Hebrew himself, providing details about the Hebrew that could not have been learned from the Greek translations.""
9. ↑ Rebenich 2002, The Literary Historian.
10. ↑ Ward, Graeme; Wieser, Veronika (2022). "Reading Jerome's De viris illustribus in the Post-Roman World: Cataloguing Community in Gennadius of Marseille and Frechulf of Lisieux" (in en). Medieval Worlds 15: 95–124. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no15si_2022s95. https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x003d78a1.
11. ↑ Kramer, Rutger; Ward, Graeme (2022). "Audience and Reception" (in en). Medieval Worlds 15: 36–49. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no15si_2022s36. ISSN 2412-3196. https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x003d789b.
12. ↑ Ward, Graeme; Wieser, Veronika (2022). "Reading Jerome's De viris illustribus in the Post-Roman World: Cataloguing Community in Gennadius of Marseille and Frechulf of Lisieux" (in en). Medieval Worlds 15: 95–124. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no15si_2022s95. ISSN 2412-3196. https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x003d78a1.
13. ↑ Saltet, Louis (1910). "St. Jerome". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08341a.htm.
14. ↑ Langelaar, Reinier; Vocino, Giorgia; Wieser, Veronika (2022). "Writing Strategies" (in en). Medieval Worlds 15: 23–35. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no15si_2022s23. ISSN 2412-3196. https://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x003d7899.
15. ↑ "The Bible". http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bible/prologi.shtml.
16. ↑ Edgecomb, Kevin P., Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah, http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233, retrieved 14 December 2015
17. ↑ "Jerome's Preface to Samuel and Kings". http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.vii.iii.iv.html.
18. ↑ Burgess, R.W. (2002). "Jerome explained: an introduction to his Chronicle and a guide to its use". The Ancient History Bulletin 16: 1–32.
19. ↑ Fafinski, Mateusz (2025). "The ends of history? Jerome, Geruchia, and the Rhine crossings" (in en). Early Medieval Europe 33 (1): 71–93. doi:10.1111/emed.12752. ISSN 1468-0254.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Taylor, F. Sherwood (23 December 1944). "St. Jerome and Vitamin A". Nature 154 (3921): 802. doi:10.1038/154802a0. Bibcode: 1944Natur.154Q.802T.
21. ↑ "regulae sancti pachomii 84 rule 104.
22. ↑ W. H. Fremantle, "Prolegomena to Jerome", V.
23. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

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### Theological writings

The Virgin and Child with Saints Jerome and Nicholas of Tolentino by Lorenzo Lotto, 1522

#### Eschatology

Jerome warned that those substituting fake interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the "synagogue of the Antichrist".[1] "He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist," he wrote to Pope Damasus I.[2] He believed that "the mystery of iniquity" written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when "every one chatters about his views."[3] To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noblewoman of Gaul:[4]

> He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ "shall consume with the spirit of his mouth". "Woe unto them," he cries, "that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days." ... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni, and – alas! for the commonweal! – even Pannonians.

His Commentary on Daniel was expressly written to offset the criticisms of Porphyry,[5] who taught that Daniel related entirely to the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BC. Against Porphyry, Jerome identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven, but his view of chapters eight and eleven was more complex. Jerome held that chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus. Instead, he advocated that the "little horn" was the Antichrist:

> We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings. ... After they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.[6]

In his Commentary on Daniel,[6] he noted, "Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form."[6] Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, Jerome thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made "himself out to be like God."[6]

Jerome identified the four prophetic kingdoms symbolized in Daniel 2 as the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Medes and Persians, Macedon, and Rome.[6](ch. 2, vv. 31–40) Jerome identified the stone cut out without hands as "namely, the Lord and Savior".[6](ch. 2, v. 40)

Jerome refuted Porphyry's application of the little horn of chapter seven to Antiochus. He expected that at the end of the world, Rome would be destroyed, and partitioned among ten kingdoms before the little horn appeared.[6](ch. 7, v. 8)

Jerome believed that Cyrus of Persia was the higher of the two horns of the Medo-Persian ram of Daniel 8:3.[6] The he-goat is Greece smiting Persia.[6](ch. 8, v. 5)

#### Soteriology

Jerome opposed the doctrine of Pelagianism, and wrote against it three years before his death.[7] Jerome, despite being opposed to Origen, was influenced by Origenism in his soteriology. Although he taught that the Devil and the unbelieving will be eternally punished (unlike Origen), he believed that the punishment for Christian sinners, who have once believed but sin and fall away, will be temporal in nature. Some scholars such as J.N.D Kelly have also interpreted Ambrose to have held similar views considering the judgement of Christians.[8][9][10]

Although Augustine does not name Jerome personally, the view that all Christians would eventually be reunited to God was criticized by Augustine in his treatise "on faith and works".[10]

### Reception by later Christianity

Statue of Saint Jerome, Church of St Catherine, Bethlehem

Jerome is the second-most voluminous writer – after Augustine of Hippo (354–430) – in ancient Latin Christianity. The Catholic Church recognizes him as the patron saint of translators, librarians, and encyclopedists.[11]

Jerome translated many biblical texts into Latin from Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. His translations formed part of the Vulgate; the Vulgate eventually superseded the preceding Latin translations of the Bible (the Vetus Latina). The Council of Trent in 1546 declared the Vulgate authoritative "in public lectures, disputations, sermons, and expositions".[12][13]

Jerome showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation. He lived as an ascetic for 4~5 years in the Syrian desert, and later near Bethlehem for 34 years. Nevertheless, his writings show outstanding scholarship[14] and his correspondence has great historical importance.[15]

The Church of England honours Jerome with a commemoration on 30 September.[16]

## In art

Jerome is also often depicted with a lion, in reference to the popular hagiographical belief that Jerome once tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw. The source for the story may actually have been the second century Roman tale of Androcles, or confusion with the exploits of Gerasimus (Jerome in later Latin is "Geronimus");[17][lower-alpha 4] it is "a figment" found in the thirteenth-century Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine.[18] Hagiographies of Jerome talk of his having spent many years in the Syrian desert, and artists often depict him in a "wilderness", which for West European painters can take the form of a wood.[19]

From the late Middle Ages, depictions of Jerome in a wider setting became popular. He is either shown in his study, surrounded by books and the equipment of a scholar, or in a rocky desert, or in a setting that combines both aspects, with him studying a book under the shelter of a rock-face or cave mouth. His study is often shown as large and well-provided for, he is often clean-shaven and well-dressed, and a cardinal's hat may appear. These images derive from the tradition of the evangelist portrait, though Jerome is often given the library and desk of a serious scholar. His attribute of the lion, often shown at a smaller scale, may be beside him in either setting. The subject of "Jerome Penitent" first appears in the later 15th century in Italy; he is usually in the desert, wearing ragged clothes, and often naked above the waist. His gaze is usually fixed on a crucifix and he may beat himself with his fist or a rock.[20] In one of Georges de La Tour's 17th century French versions of St. Jerome his penitence is depicted alongside his red cardinal hat.[21]

Jerome is often depicted in connection with the vanitas motif, the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits. In the 16th century Saint Jerome in his study by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and workshop, the saint is depicted with a skull. Behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition, Cogita Mori ("Think upon death"). Further reminders of the vanitas motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the Last Judgment visible in the saint's Bible, the candle and the hourglass.[22]

Both Agostino Carracci and Domenichino portrayed Jerome's last communion.

Jerome is also sometimes depicted with an owl, the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.[23] Writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography.[23]

A four and three quarters foot tall limestone statue of Jerome was installed above the entrance of O'Shaughnessy Library on the campus of the University of St. Thomas (then College of St. Thomas) in St. Paul Minnesota in October 1950. The sculptor was Joseph Kiselewski and the stone carver was Egisto Bertozzi.[24][25]

* Error creating thumbnail:

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, Leonardo da Vinci, 1480–1490, Vatican Museums

* Jerome Penitent in the Wilderness, engraving, Albrecht Dürer 1494–1498

* Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[26] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ Jerome. St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series. p. 334.
2. ↑ Jerome. St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series. p. 19.
3. ↑ Jerome. St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series. Book I, p. 449.
4. ↑ Jerome. St. Jerome: Letters and select works, 1893. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series. pp. 236–237.
5. ↑ Eremantle, note on Jerome's commentary on Daniel, in NPAF, 2d series, Vol. 6, p. 500.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Jerome. "Commentario in Danielem". http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm.
7. ↑ "Philip Schaff: NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.vi.ix.i.html.
8. ↑ Kelly, J. N. D. (2000-11-20) (in en). Early Christian Doctrines. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-5252-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=UivDgM0WywoC. "Jerome develops the same distinction, stating that, while the Devil and the impious who have denied God will be tortured without remission, those who have trusted in Christ, even if they have sinned and fallen away, will eventually be saved. Much the same teaching appears in Ambrose, developed in greater detail"
9. ↑ Goff, Jacques Le (1986-12-15) (in en). The Birth of Purgatory. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47083-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4dzynjFfX7kC. "Saint Jerome, though an enemy of Origen, was, when it came to salvation, more of an Origenist than Ambrose. He believed that all sinners, all mortal beings, with the exception of Satan, atheists, and the ungodly, would be saved: 'Just as we believe that the torments of the Devil, of all the deniers of God, of the ungodly who have said in their hearts, 'there is no God,' will be eternal, so too do we believe that the judgment of Christian sinners, whose works will be tried and purged in fire will be moderate and mixed with clemency.' Furthermore, 'He who with all his spirit has placed his faith in Christ, even if he die in sin, shall by his faith live forever.'""
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Augustine & Lombardo 1988, pp. 64, 65. "Augustine, however, does not mention any names, and there is no evidence either here or in any other place that he is referring to these passages from the works of Jerome. Nevertheless, both Jerome and Ambrose seemed to have shared in the not uncommon error of their time, namely, that all Christians would sooner or later be reunited to God, an error which Augustine refutes here and in a number of other places"
11. ↑ Kemp, Jane. "St. Jerome: Patron saint of librarians". Luther College. http://www2.luther.edu/library/about/history/40th/jerome/.
12. ↑ Akin, Jimmy (5 September 2017). "Is the Vulgate the Catholic Church's official Bible?" (in en). https://www.ncregister.com/blog/is-the-vulgate-the-catholic-church-s-official-bible. "'[This] sacred and holy Synod – considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic – ordains and declares, that the said old and vulgate edition, which, by the long use of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever' [Decree Concerning the Edition and Use of the Sacred Books, 1546]."
13. ↑ "Vulgate". Vulgate. Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 1722–1723. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ.
14. ↑ Power, Edward J. (1991). A Legacy of Learning: A history of western education. SUNY Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7914-0610-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Upup1CZKAsEC&pg=PA102. "his exceptional scholarship produced…"
15. ↑ Louth, Andrew (2022). "Jerome". Jerome. Oxford University Press. pp. 872–873. ISBN 978-0-19-263815-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=3CNeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT2305. "His correspondence is of great interest and historical importance.".
16. ↑ "The Calendar". https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar.
17. ↑ Hope Werness, Continuum encyclopaedia of animal symbolism in art, 2006
18. ↑ Williams 2006, p. 1.
19. ↑ "Saint Jerome in Catholic Saint info". Catholic-saints.info. http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/saint-jerome.htm.
20. ↑ Herzog, Sadja (1969). "Gossart, Italy, and the National Gallery's Saint Jerome Penitent". Report and Studies in the History of Art 3: 58–73. ISSN 0080-1240.
21. ↑ Judovitz, Dalia (2018). Georges de La Tour and the Enigma of the Visible. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 11, 19-22, 98, plate 3. ISBN 9780823277445.
22. ↑ "Saint Jerome in His Study". The Walters Art Museum. http://art.thewalters.org/detail/35964/saint-jerome-in-his-study/.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "NMSU Retablo Colletion: Saint Jerome". http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html. , gallery of the religious art collection of New Mexico State University, with explanations. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
24. ↑ "Sculpture" (in en). https://www.kiselewskisculpture.com/.
25. ↑ "Egisto Bertozzi – Stone Carver" (in en). https://saintjameslutheran.com/content.cfm?id=9078.
26. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

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* Engraving, Albrecht Dürer 1514

* Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

Netherlandish stained glass window at MET.

* Error creating thumbnail:

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

* Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

* Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and Workshop, Walters Art Museum

* Error creating thumbnail:

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

* Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') – frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. – signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty. ExamplesExamples *1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate. See alsoSee also *Floruit ReferencesReferences ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa. External linksExternal links v t e Chronology Key topics * Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time Periods Eras Epochs Calendar eras * Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab' Regnal year * Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu Era names * Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian * Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian Gregorian * Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating Astronomical * Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering Others * Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians) Astronomic time * Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts * Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units Standards * Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods * Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating * Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating * Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy Genetic methods * Molecular clock Linguistic methods * Glottochronology Related topics * Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology 0.00 (0 votes)

Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

0.00

(0 votes)

|

* Saint Jerome by Jacques Blanchard, 1632

* Saint Jerome and the Paulines, Gabriel Thaller, St. Jerome Church, Štrigova, Međimurje County, Croatia (18th century)

* Saint Jerome by El Greco, 1610

Saint Jerome by El Greco, 1610

* Saint Jerome and the Lion, Anonymous Venetian-Byzantine painter, 14th century

Saint Jerome and the Lion, Anonymous Venetian-Byzantine painter, 14th century

* Saint Jerome with a crucifix - Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens (17th century)

Saint Jerome with a crucifix - Byzantine and Christian Museum, Athens (17th century)

* St. Jerome the Priest, by Ivan Meštrović, 1954, in Washington, D.C.

St. Jerome the Priest, by Ivan Meštrović, 1954, in Washington, D.C.

## Dedications

There are two cathedrals dedicated to him (in Ica and Quebec), numerous churches, as well as St. Jerome's University in Ontario and St. Jerome's College of Arts and Science in Tamil Nadu. Split Saint Jerome Airport bears his name.[1]

## See also

* Androcles
* Bible translations
* Religion:Church Fathers - Early influential Christian theologians
* Eusebius of Cremona
* Ferdinand Cavallera
* Genesius of Arles
* Religion:Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus - Letter from Jerome requesting new translations of the gospels (c. 376/377 AD)
* Biography:Pelagius - 4th-century theologian, namesake of Pelagianism
* Synod of Diospolis

## References

### Notes

1. ↑ In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is known as Saint Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome. "Blessed" in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint, as it does in the West.
2. ↑ Patrologia Latina 25, 373: Crebroque cryptas ingredi, quae in terrarum profunda defossae, ex utraque parte ingredientium per parietes habent corpora sepultorum, et ita obscura sunt omnia, ut propemodum illud propheticum compleatur: Descendant ad infernum viventes (Ps. LIV,16): et raro desuper lumen admissum, horrorem temperet tenebrarum, ut non-tam fenestram, quam foramen demissi luminis putes: rursumque pedetentim acceditur, et caeca nocte circumdatis illud Virgilianum proponitur (Aeneid. lib. II): "Horror ubique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent."
3. ↑ "(...) die griechische Bibelübersetzung, die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang (...) [von den] Rabbinen zuerst gerühmt (...) Später jedoch, als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben, lehte man die Septuaginta ab." ( Homolka 1999 )
4. ↑ Eugene Rice has suggested that in all probability the story of Gerasimus's lion became attached to the figure of Jerome some time during the seventh century, after the military invasions of the Arabs had forced many Greek monks who were living in the deserts of the Middle East to seek refuge in Rome. Rice 1985, pp. 44–45 conjectures that because of the similarity between the names Gerasimus and Geronimus—the late Latin form of Jerome's name—'a Latin-speaking cleric … made St Geronimus the hero of a story he had heard about St Gerasimus; and that the author of Plerosque nimirum, attracted by a story at once so picturesque, so apparently appropriate, and so resonant in suggestion and meaning, and under the impression that its source was pilgrims who had been told it in Bethlehem, included it in his life of a favourite saint otherwise bereft of miracles.'" (Salter 2001)

### Citations

1. ↑ Bradbury, Paul (2023-12-10). "Renaming Croatian infrastructure: And now Split Airport". https://total-croatia-news.com/news/travel/split-airport-saint-jerome/.

### Sources

* Augustine; Lombardo, Gregory J. (1988) (in en). On Faith and Works. New York, NY: Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0406-2.
* Andrew Cain and Josef Lössl, Jerome of Stridon: His Life, Writings and Legacy (London and New York, 2009)
* Homolka, W. (1999) (in de). Die Lehren des Judentums nach den Quellen. Bd. 3. Munich: Knesebeck. ISBN 978-3-89660-058-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=6i6VSwAACAAJ.
* Kelly, J.N.D. (1975). Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies. New York: Harper & Row.
* Kurian, G.T.; Smith, J.D. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7283-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4G-52QT-8C&pg=PA389.
* Payne, Robert (1951), The Fathers of the Western Church, New York: Viking Press
* Pevarello, Daniele (2013). The Sentences of Sextus and the origins of Christian ascetiscism. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-152579-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fgfxmz2EToC&pg=PA1.
* Rebenich, Stefan (2002), Jerome, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0415199063, https://books.google.com/books?id=nDKJUq2WMgEC
* Rice, E.F. (1985). Saint Jerome in the Renaissance. Johns Hopkins symposia in comparative history. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-2381-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=VNU5D7ZdhzoC.
* Salisbury, J.E.; Lefkowitz, M.R. (2001). "Blaesilla". Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World. ABC-CLIO E-Books. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-092-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=HF0m3spOebcC&pg=PA32.
* Salter, David (2001). Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters With Animals in Medieval Literature. D. S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-624-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=kctEkMyhztQC&pg=PA11.
* Scheck, Thomas P. (2008). Commentary on Matthew. The Fathers of the Church. 117. ISBN 978-0-8132-0117-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=j0UmWBivNJgC&pg=PA5.
* Slepička, Martin (2021). "Úcta k svatému Jeronýmovi v českém středověku: 1600. výročí smrti církevního otce svatého Jeronýma". Slepička, Martin. Úcta K Svatému Jeronýmovi V Českém Středověku. K 1600. Výročí Smrti Církevního Otce Svatého Jeronýma. 1. Vyd. Ostrava: Repronis, 2021 (Ostrava: Repronis). https://www.academia.edu/49243338.
* Streeter, Tom (2006). The Church and Western Culture: An Introduction to Church History. AuthorHouse.
* Walsh, Michael, ed. (1992), Butler's Lives of the Saints, New York: HarperCollins
* Ward, Maisie (1950). Saint Jerome. London: Sheed & Ward.
* Williams, Megan Hale (2006). The Monk and the Book: Jerome and the Making of Christian Scholarship. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89900-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7nWdiTsjOtUC.
* Biblia Sacra Vulgata [e.g. edition published Stuttgart, 1994, ISBN 3-438-05303-9]
* Template:Schaff–Herzog

## Further reading

* Saint Jerome, Three biographies: Malchus, St. Hilarion and Paulus the First Hermit Authored by Saint Jerome, London, 2012. limovia.net. ISBN 978-1-78336-016-1

## External links

* St. Jerome (pdf ) from Fr. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints
* The Life of St. Jerome, Priest, Confessor and Doctor of the Church
* Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "St. Jerome". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Jewish Encyclopedia: Jerome
* St. Jerome – Catholic Online
* St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium Orthodox synaxarion
* Further reading of depictions of Saint Jerome in art
* Saint Jerome, Doctor of the Church at the Christian Iconography web site
* Here Followeth the Life of Jerome from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
* Works of Saint Jerome at Somni
* Beati Hyeronimi Epistolarum liber, digitized codex (1464)
* Epistole de santo Geronimo traducte di latino, digitized codex (1475–1490)
* Hieronymi in Danielem, digitized codex (1490)
* Sancti Hieronymi ad Pammachium in duodecim prophetas, digitized codex (1470–1480)
* Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square
* Works by Jerome at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

### Latin texts

* Chronological list of Jerome's Works with modern editions and translations cited
* Works in English and Latin with advanced search functions at CatholicLibrary.org
* Opera Omnia (Complete Works) from Migne edition (Patrologia Latina, 1844–1855) with analytical indexes, almost complete online edition
* Lewis E 82 Vitae patrum (Lives of the Fathers) at OPenn
* Lewis E 47 Bible Commentary at OPenn
* Liber de Nominibus Hebraicis, a list of names of people in the Bible and etymologies, based on a work attributed to Philo and expanded by Origen
* A translation and expansion of the Onomasticon of Eusebius, listing and commenting on places mentioned in the Bible

#### Facsimiles

* Migne volume 23 part 1 (1883 edition)
* Migne volume 23 part 2 (1883 edition)
* Migne volume 24 (1845 edition)
* Migne volume 25 part 1 (1884 edition)
* Migne volume 25 part 2 (1884 edition)
* Migne volume 28 (1890 edition?)
* Migne volume 30 (1865 edition)

### English translations

* Jerome (1887). The pilgrimage of the holy Paula. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534190.
* English translations of Biblical Prefaces, Commentary on Daniel, Chronicle, and Letter 120 (tertullian.org)
* Jerome's Letter to Pope Damasus: Preface to the Gospels
* English translation of Jerome's De Viris Illustribus
* Translations of various works (letters, biblical prefaces, life of St. Hilarion, others) (under "Jerome")
* Works in English and Latin with advanced search functions at CatholicLibrary.org
* Lives of Famous Men (CCEL)
* Apology Against Rufinus (CCEL)
* Letters, The Life of Paulus the First Hermit, The Life of S. Hilarion, The Life of Malchus, the Captive Monk, The Dialogue Against the Luciferians, The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, Against Jovinianus, Against Vigilantius, To Pammachius against John of Jerusalem, Against the Pelagians, Prefaces (CCEL)
* Audiobook of some of the letters
* Seven Letters: Latin text and English translations of letters 93, 94, 150, 151, 152, 153 and 154

### English translations (Physical)

* Oxford Early Christian Studies, Saint Jerome's Hebrew Questions on Genesis, C. T. R. Hayward, Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), 1995
* Oxford Early Christian Studies, The Commentaries of Origen and Jerome on St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, Ronald E. Heine, Oxford University Press, 2003
* Ancient Christian Texts, Commentary on Jeremiah: Jerome, Michael Graves, InterVarsity Press, 2011
* Ancient Christian Texts, Commentaries on the Twelve Prophets: Jerome, Vol. 1, Thomas P. Scheck, InterVarsity Press, 2016
* Ancient Christian Texts, Commentaries on the Twelve Prophets: Jerome, Vol. 2, Thomas P. Scheck, InterVarsity Press, 2017
* ACW 66. St. Jerome: Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Richard J. Goodrich, Paulist Press, 2012
* ACW 68. St. Jerome: Commentary on Isaiah Origen Homilies 1-9 on Isaiah, Thomas P. Scheck, Paulist Press, 2015
* ACW 71. St. Jerome: Commentary on Ezekiel, Thomas P. Scheck, Paulist Press, 2017
* ACW 77. St Jerome: Commentary on Daniel, Thomas P. Scheck, Paulist Press, 2024
* FOTC 48, St. Jerome: Homilies, Volume 1 (1–59 on the Psalms), Marie Ligouri Ewald, CUA Press, 1964
* FOTC 53, St. Jerome: Dogmatic and Polemical Works, John N. Hritzu, CUA Press, 1965
* FOTC 57, St. Jerome: Homilies, Volume 2 (60–96 on the Psalms), Marie Ligouri Ewald, CUA Press, 1966
* FOTC 100, St. Jerome: On Illustrious Men, Thomas P. Halton, CUA Press, 1999
* FOTC 117, St. Jerome: Commentary on Matthew, Thomas P. Scheck, CUA Press, 2008
* FOTC 121, St. Jerome: Commentary on Galatians, Andrew Cain, CUA Press, 2010
* FOTC 147, St. Jerome: Exegetical Epistles Volume 1, Thomas P. Scheck, CUA Press, 2023
* FOTC 148, St. Jerome: Exegetical Epistles Volume 2, Thomas P. Scheck, CUA Press, 2024
* St. Jerome's Commentaries on Galatians, Titus, and Philemon, Thomas P. Scheck, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010
* NPNF 2,6: Letters and Select Works

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* Josemaría Escrivá
* Karl Rahner
* Yves Congar
* Bernard Lonergan
* Emmanuel Mounier
* Jean Daniélou
* Hans Urs von Balthasar
* Alfred Delp
* Thomas Merton
* René Girard
* Johann Baptist Metz
* Jean Vanier
* Henri Nouwen

21st century|

* Carlo Maria Martini
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Walter Kasper
* Raniero Cantalamessa
* Michał Heller
* Peter Kreeft
* Jean-Luc Marion
* Tomáš Halík
* Scott Hahn

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Louis Bertrand
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Seraphim of Sarov
* Theophanes the Confessor

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* Joan of Arc
* John Fisher
* Lübeck martyrs
* Luigi Versiglia
* Korean Martyrs
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Japan
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Lorenzo Ruiz

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nico of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Dalua
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Genevieve
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Rose of Lima

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Virtuous pagan

*   *

Template:Latin Church footer

* v
* t
* e

History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* By country or region
* Ecclesiastical history
* Timeline
* Papacy
* Papal primacy
* Catholic ecumenical councils
* First seven
* Catholic Bible
* Biblical canon
* Vulgate
* History of the Roman Curia
* Religious institutes
* Christian monasticism
* Catholic culture
* Art
* Role in civilization
* Papal States
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches

Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Holy Spirit
* Mary
* John the Baptist
* Apostles
* Commissioning
* Peter
* John
* Paul
* Stephen
* Council of Jerusalem
* Split with Judaism
* New Testament
* Background
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380-451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Islamic conquests
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Northern
* States
* Military orders
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Reformation
Catholic Reformation

* Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque Period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Pope John XXIII
* Second Vatican Council
* Pope Paul VI
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis

*   *

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