Ambient intelligence

Short description: Electronic devices detecting human presence

"AmI" redirects here. For other uses, see AMI (disambiguation).

An (expected) evolution of computing from 1960 to 2010

Ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to environments with electronic devices that are aware of and can recognize the presence of human beings and adapt accordingly. This concept encompasses various technologies in consumer electronics, telecommunications, and computing. Its primary purpose is to enhance user interactions through context-aware systems.

AmI aims to create environments where devices communicate seamlessly with users, leveraging data from interconnected systems. A common example of Aml is the Internet of things (IoT), which integrates everyday devices into networks that provide intelligent responses based on user behavior.[1]

The term "ambient intelligence" was coined in the late 1990s by Eli Zelkha and his team at Palo Alto Ventures. The project envisioned a future where technology would seamlessly blend with daily life.[2][3][4][5] In the early 2000s, the concept gained further attention when the Information Society and Technology Advisory Group (ISTAG) of the European Commission published a series of reports on the topic.[6]

Ambient intelligence has been characterized as a speculative or imaginary concept.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 History and invention
* 3 Social and political aspects
* 4 Technologies
* 5 Criticism
* 6 Appearance in fiction
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Bibliography
* 10 External links

## Overview

The concept of ambient intelligence builds upon pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, profiling, context awareness, and human-centered computer interaction design. It is characterized by systems and technologies that are:[7][6]

* Embedded: Networked devices are integrated into their environment.
* Transparent: The devices themselves are invisible to users, providing unobtrusive interaction.
* Context aware: The devices can sense people and their situations.
* Personalized: They can be tailored to meet the user's needs.
* Adaptive: They are capable of changing in response to human use.
* Anticipatory: They can calculate a user's preferences based on their past behavior.

The implementation of ambient intelligence requires several technologies to exist. These include hidden hardware that benefit from miniaturisation, nanotechnology, and smart devices, along with human-centered computer interfaces (intelligent agents, multimodal interaction, context awareness, etc.). These systems and devices operate through a seamless mobile or fixed communication and computing infrastructure characterized by interoperability, wired and wireless networks, and service-oriented architecture. Systems and devices must also be dependable and secure. This could be achieved through self-testing and self-repairing software and privacy-ensuring technology.

Ambient intelligence has a relationship with and depends on advances in sensor technology and sensor networks.[8]

User experience became more important to developers in the late 1990s as a result of experiences with digital products that were difficult to understand or use. In response, user experience design emerged to create new technologies and media around the user's personal experience. Ambient intelligence is influenced by user-centered design, in which the user is placed in the centre of design activity and gives feedback to the designer.

## History and invention

In 1998, the management board of Philips Research commissioned a series of presentations and internal workshops organized by Eli Zelkha and Brian Epstein of Palo Alto Ventures. They investigated future scenarios and how consumer devices might advance over the next quarter-century. Zelkha and Epstein described the high-volume consumer electronics industry of the 1990s as "fragmented with features", contrasted by what they envisioned as the emergence of industry trends where user-friendly devices would support ubiquitous information, communication, and entertainment by 2020.[9] As a result, the term "ambient intelligence" was coined.

While developing the ambient intelligence concept, Palo Alto Ventures created the keynote address for Roel Pieper of Philips for the Digital Living Room Conference of 1998,[10] which included Eli Zelkha, Brian Epstein, Simon Birrell, Doug Randall and Clark Dodsworth. In 2000, there were plans to construct a feasible and usable facility dedicated to ambient intelligence; these led to the opening of HomeLab on April 24, 2002. In 2005, Philips joined the Oxygen Alliance, an international consortium of industrial partners within the context of MIT's Oxygen Project,[11] which was aimed at developing technology for the computer of the 21st century.

In parallel to the development of the concept and vision of "ambient intelligence" at Philips, several other initiatives were also starting to explore the concept of ambient intelligence. Following the advice of the Information Society and Technology Advisory Group (ISTAG), the European Commission used the vision for the launch of their sixth framework (FP6) in Information, Society and Technology, with a budget of 3.7 billion euros.[12]

During the first decade of the 21st century, several significant initiatives were launched. The Fraunhofer Society started several such activities, including multimedia, micro-system design, and augmented spaces. MIT started an ambient intelligence research group at their Media Lab.[13] Several more research projects were started in countries such as the United States, Canada, Spain, France, and the Netherlands. Since 2004, the European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI) and many other conferences have been held that address special topics in ambient intelligence.

## Social and political aspects

Europe's ISTAG suggests that society may be encouraged to use ambient intelligence if AmI projects are able to meet the following criteria:[14]

* Facilitate human contact.
* Are oriented towards community and cultural enhancement.
* Help to build knowledge and skills for work, better quality of work, citizenship, and consumer choice.
* Inspire trust and confidence.
* Are consistent with long-term personal, societal, and environmental sustainability and with lifelong learning.
* Are made easy to live with and control by ordinary people.

## Technologies

A variety of technologies can be used to enable ambient intelligence environments, such as:[15]

* Bluetooth Low Energy
* RFID
* Microchip implant
* Sensors: ambient light sensors (photodetectors), thermometers, proximity sensors, and motion detectors
* Software agents
* Affective computing
* Nanotechnology
* Biometrics

## Criticism

The ambient intelligence concept is subject to criticism.[16] Ambient intelligence can be immersive, personalized, context-aware, and anticipatory. These characteristics bring up societal, political, and cultural concerns about the loss of privacy. Proponents of AmI argue that applications of ambient intelligence can function without necessarily reducing privacy.[17][18][19]

Critics also discuss the potential for concentrations of power in large organisations; a fragmented, decreasingly private society; and hyper-real environments where the virtual is indistinguishable from the real.[20] Several research groups and communities have investigated the socioeconomic, political, and cultural aspects of ambient intelligence.

## Appearance in fiction

* The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, 1979 novel by Douglas Adams: The doors have emotion and express this when people use them.
* The Diamond Age, 1995 novel by Neal Stephenson: It depicts a world completely changed by the full development of nanotechnology that is present everywhere.
* Minority Report (2002 film): One scene illustrates adaptive advertising where the future-consumers are identified via retinal scans and receive targeted ads.[21]
* Her (2013 film): The opening scene depicts the protagonist commuting home. Upon arriving, the various lights throughout the apartment are turned on as the character moves through the rooms (automated lighting control). A later scene shows that an artificial entity can also control these systems, changing a song in the background to lighten a situation and for humorous effect.

## See also

* Ambient awareness
* Ambient IoT
* Ambient media
* Augmented reality
* Spatial computing
* Autonomous agent
* Context awareness
* Context-aware pervasive systems
* Cyborg
* Embodied agent
* Intelligent control
* Internet of Things
* Edge computing
* Mobile computing
* Multi-agent system
* PositiveID
* Spatial contextual awareness
* Ubiquitous computing
* Wireless sensor network

## References

1. ↑ "Ambient Intelligence within a Home Environment". https://www.ercim.eu/publication/Ercim_News/enw47/bielikova.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Arribas-Ayllon, Michael. "Ambient Intelligence: an innovation narrative". Lancs.ac.uk. https://www.academia.edu/1080720.
3. ↑ Aarts, Emile H. L.; Encarnação, José Luis (13 December 2006). True Visions: The Emergence of Ambient Intelligence. Springer. ISBN 9783540289746. https://books.google.com/books?id=JfeAlyQX4gYC&q=pieper+digital+living+room&pg=PA6.
4. ↑ Nolin, Jan; Olson, Nasrine (2016). "The Internet of Things and Convenience (PDF Download Available)". Internet Research 26 (2): 360–376. doi:10.1108/IntR-03-2014-0082. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273316307.
5. ↑ "Ambient Intelligence Knowledge Center .: SemiEngineering.com". http://semiengineering.com/kc/knowledge_center/Ambient-Intelligence/186.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Helena Rodrigues; Nuno Otero; Rui José (2010). "Ambient Intelligence: Beyond the Inspiring Vision". Journal of Universal Computer Science 16 (12): 1480–1499. doi:10.3217/JUCS-016-12-1480. https://lib.jucs.org/article/29704/.
7. ↑ Brian Epstein, Digital Living Room Conference Keynote 1998, (17 June 1998: revised script) https://epstein.org/ambient-intelligence/ accessed 14/12/17
8. ↑ Cook, Diane J.; Augusto, Juan C.; Jakkula, Vikramaditya R. (2009-08-01). "Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities" (in en). Pervasive and Mobile Computing 5 (4): 277–298. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.04.001. ISSN 1574-1192. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157411920900025X.
9. ↑ Olson, Nasrine; Nolin, Jan; Nelhans, Gustaf (2015). "Semantic web, ubiquitous computing, or internet of things? A macro-analysis of scholarly publications". Journal of Documentation 71 (5): 884–916. doi:10.1108/JD-03-2013-0033. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:845301/FULLTEXT02.
10. ↑ Aarts, Emile H. L.; Encarnação, José Luis (13 December 2006). True Visions: The Emergence of Ambient Intelligence. Springer. ISBN 9783540289746. https://books.google.com/books?id=JfeAlyQX4gYC&q=roel+pieper+ambient+intelligence&pg=PA6.
11. ↑ "MIT Project Oxygen". Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. http://www.oxygen.lcs.mit.edu.
12. ↑ Ducatel, Ken; Bogdanowicz, Mark; Scapolo, Fabiana; Leijten, Jos (January 2001). Scenarios for ambient intelligence in 2010, final report. IPTS-Seville.
13. ↑ "Fluid Interfaces Group". MIT Media Lab. http://ambient.media.mit.edu/.
14. ↑ Burzagli, Laura; Emiliani, Pier Luigi; Antona, Margherita; Stephanidis, Constantine (2022). "Intelligent environments for all: a path towards technology-enhanced human well-being". Universal Access in the Information Society 21 (2): 437–456. doi:10.1007/s10209-021-00797-0. ISSN 1615-5289. PMID 33746688.
15. ↑ Gasson & Warwick 2013.
16. ↑ See, for example, David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald, et al., Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008)
17. ↑ Hildebrandt, Mireille; Koops, Bert-Jaap (2010). "The Challenges of Ambient Law and Legal Protection in the Profiling Era". The Modern Law Review 73 (3): 428–460. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.2010.00806.x. ISSN 0026-7961. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/1248058/Koops_The_Challenges_of_Ambient_Law_100712.pdf.
18. ↑ Lopez, Mar; Pedraza, Juanita; Carbó, Javier; Molina, José (2014-06-04). "Ambient Intelligence: Applications and Privacy Policies". Highlights of Practical Applications of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems. The PAAMS Collection. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 430. pp. 191–201. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07767-3_18. ISBN 978-3-319-07766-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286645575.
19. ↑ Streitz, Norbert; Charitos, Dimitris; Kaptein, Maurits; Böhlen, Marc (2019-01-01). "Grand challenges for ambient intelligence and implications for design contexts and innovative societies" (in en). Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments 11 (1): 87–107. doi:10.3233/AIS-180507. ISSN 1876-1364.
20. ↑ "No Ads on Orkut, but Come" (in en-US). ClickZ. 2007-10-08. https://www.clickz.com/no-ads-on-orkut-but-apps-may-come/88217/.
21. ↑ Parker 2002.

## Bibliography

* Zelkha, Eli; Epstein, Brian; Birrell, Simon; Dodsworth, Clark (1998), "From Devices to "Ambient Intelligence"", Digital Living Room Conference, June 1998, http://www.epstein.org/brian/ambient_intelligence/DLR Final Internal.ppt
* Aarts, Emile; Harwig, Rick; Schuurmans, Martin (2007), chapter "Ambient Intelligence" in The Invisible Future: The Seamless Integration Of Technology Into Everyday Life, McGraw-Hill Companies
* Aarts, Emile; Marzano, Stefano (2003), The New Everyday: Visions of Ambient Intelligence, 010 Publishers
* Bieliková, Mária; Krajcovic, Tibor (2001), "Ambient Intelligence within a Home Environment", ERCIM News (47), October 2001, http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw47/bielikova.html
* Parker, Pamela (2002), "Interactive Ads Play Big Role in "Minority Report"", ClickZ, June 21, 2002, http://www.clickz.com/1369861
* Gasson, Mark; Warwick, Kevin (2013), "D12.2: Study on Emerging AmI Technologies", FIDIS Deliverables 12 (2), http://www.fidis.net/resources/deliverables/hightechid/#c1869

## External links

* SAME Series[Usurped!] – Semantic Ambient Media Series Workshop.
* STAMI Series – Space, Time and Ambient Intelligence (STAMI). International Workshop Series.
* Sensami – a congress on ambient intelligence.
* AITAmI – Workshop on "Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Ambient Intelligence".
* JAISE – The International Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. ISSN 1876-1364
* AISE – Book Series on Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.
* I-o-T.org – Internet of Things: mainly based on Ambient intelligence.
* AmI – International Joint Conferences on Ambient Intelligent.

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* t
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Ambient intelligence

Concepts|

* Context awareness
* Internet of things
* Object hyperlinking
* Profiling
* Spime
* Supranet
* Ubiquitous computing
* Web of Things
* Wireless sensor networks

Technologies|

* 6LoWPAN
* ANT+
* DASH7
* IEEE 802.15.4
* Internet 0
* Machine to machine
* Radio-frequency identification
* Smartdust
* XBee

Platforms|

* Arduino
* Contiki
* Electric Imp
* Gadgeteer
* ioBridge
* Netduino
* Raspberry Pi
* TinyOS
* Wiring
* Xively
* NodeMCU

Applications|

* Ambient device
* CeNSE
* Connected car
* Home automation
* HomeOS
* Internet refrigerator
* Nabaztag
* Smart city
* Smart TV
* Smarter Planet

Pioneers|

* Kevin Ashton
* Gaetano Borriello
* Adam Dunkels
* Stefano Marzano
* Don Norman
* Roel Pieper
* Josef Preishuber-Pflügl
* John Seely Brown
* Bruce Sterling
* Mark Weiser

Other|

* Ambient Devices
* AmbieSense
* Ebbits project
* IPSO Alliance

* v
* t
* e

Emerging technologies

Fields|

| Agriculture|

* Agricultural robot
* Cellular agriculture
* Closed ecological systems
* Cultured meat
* Genetically modified food
* Precision agriculture
* Vertical farming

|

Architecture|

* Arcology
* Building printing
* Contour crafting
* Domed city

Biomedical|

* Artificial uterus
* Ampakine
* Brain transplant
* Cryonics
* Cryoprotectant
* Cryopreservation
* Vitrification
* Suspended animation
* De-extinction
* Genetic engineering
* Gene therapy
* Head transplant
* Isolated brain
* Life extension
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
* Nanomedicine
* Nanosensors
* Organ printing
* Personalized medicine
* Regenerative medicine
* Stem-cell therapy
* Tissue engineering
* Robot-assisted surgery
* Synthetic biology
* Synthetic genomics
* Virotherapy
* Oncolytic virus
* Tricorder
* Whole genome sequencing

Displays|

| Next generation|

* FED
* FLCD
* iMoD
* Laser
* LPD
* OLED
* OLET
* QD-LED
* SED
* TPD
* TDEL
* TMOS
* MicroLED

|

Screenless|

* Bionic contact lens
* Head-mounted display
* Head-up display
* Optical head-mounted display
* Virtual retinal display

Other|

* Autostereoscopy
* Flexible display
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Multi-primary color display
* Ultra HD
* Volumetric display

Electronics|

* Electronic nose
* E-textiles
* Flexible electronics
* Molecular electronics
* Nanoelectromechanical systems
* Memristor
* Spintronics
* Thermal copper pillar bump
* Twistronics

Energy|

| Production|

* Airborne wind turbine
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Biofuels
* Carbon-neutral fuel
* Concentrated solar power
* Fusion power
* Home fuel cell
* Hydrogen economy
* Methanol economy
* Molten salt reactor
* Nantenna
* Photovoltaic pavement
* Space-based solar power
* Vortex engine

|

Storage|

* Beltway battery
* Compressed air energy storage
* Flywheel energy storage
* Grid energy storage
* Lithium–air battery
* Molten-salt battery
* Nanowire battery
* Research in lithium-ion batteries
* Silicon–air battery
* Thermal energy storage
* Ultracapacitor

Other|

* Smart grid
* Wireless power

Information and
communications

* Ambient intelligence
* Internet of things
* Artificial intelligence
* Applications of artificial intelligence
* Progress in artificial intelligence
* Machine translation
* Mobile translation
* Machine vision
* Semantic Web
* Speech recognition
* Atomtronics
* Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
* Cybermethodology
* Fourth-generation optical discs
* 3D optical data storage
* Holographic data storage
* GPGPU
* Memory
* CBRAM
* FRAM
* Millipede
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* Racetrack memory
* RRAM
* SONOS
* Optical computing
* RFID
* Chipless RFID
* Software-defined radio
* Three-dimensional integrated circuit

Manufacturing|

* 3D printing
* Claytronics
* Molecular assembler
* Utility fog

Materials science|

* Aerogel
* Amorphous metal
* Artificial muscle
* Conductive polymer
* Femtotechnology
* Fullerene
* Graphene
* High-temperature superconductivity
* High-temperature superfluidity
* Linear acetylenic carbon
* Metamaterials
* Metamaterial cloaking
* Metal foam
* Multi-function structures
* Nanotechnology
* Carbon nanotubes
* Molecular nanotechnology
* Nanomaterials
* Picotechnology
* Programmable matter
* Quantum dots
* Silicene
* Superalloy
* Synthetic diamond

Military|

* Antimatter weapon
* Caseless ammunition
* Directed-energy weapon
* Laser
* Maser
* Particle-beam weapon
* Sonic weapon
* Coilgun
* Railgun
* Plasma weapon
* Pure fusion weapon
* Stealth technology
* Vortex ring gun

Neuroscience|

* Artificial brain
* Brain–computer interface
* Electroencephalography
* Mind uploading
* Brain-reading
* Neuroinformatics
* Neuroprosthetics
* Bionic eye
* Brain implant
* Exocortex
* Retinal implant

Quantum|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum bus
* Quantum channel
* Quantum circuit
* Quantum complexity theory
* Quantum computing
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum logic
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensing
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation

Robotics|

* Domotics
* Nanorobotics
* Powered exoskeleton
* Self-reconfiguring modular robot
* Swarm robotics
* Uncrewed vehicle

Space science|

| Launch|

* Fusion rocket
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Mass driver
* Orbital ring
* Skyhook
* Space elevator
* Space fountain
* Space tether
* Reusable launch system

|

Propulsion|

* Beam-powered propulsion
* Ion thruster
* Laser propulsion
* Plasma propulsion engine
* Helicon thruster
* VASIMR
* Nuclear pulse propulsion
* Solar sail

Other|

* Interstellar travel
* Propellant depot
* Laser communication in space

Transport|

| Aerial|

* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car
* High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

|

Land|

* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hydrogen vehicle
* Driverless car
* Ground effect train
* Hyperloop
* Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Transit Elevated Bus
* Vactrain
* Vehicular communication systems

Pipeline|

* Pneumatic transport
* Automated vacuum collection

Other|

* Anti-gravity
* Cloak of invisibility
* Digital scent technology
* Force field
* Plasma window
* Immersive virtual reality
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Phased-array optics

Topics|

* Collingridge dilemma
* Differential technological development
* Disruptive Innovation
* Ephemeralization
* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Proactionary principle
* Technological change
* Technological unemployment
* Technological convergence
* Technological evolution
* Technological paradigm
* Technology forecasting
* Accelerating change
* Moore's law
* Technological singularity
* Technology scouting
* Technology readiness level
* Technology roadmap
* Transhumanism

* Category
* List

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