Soanian

The Soanian is a archaeological culture of the Lower Paleolithic in the Siwalik region of the Indian subcontinent.[1] Contemporary to the Acheulean, it is named after the Soan Valley in Pakistan.[2] Soanian sites are found along the Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Findings
* 2 Spread across Shivalik Hills region
* 3 See also
* 4 Examples
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Findings

Chauntra

Khasala Kalan

Sivalik Hills

Soan River

class=notpageimage|

Map of the Indian subcontinent showing important sites of the Soanian culture.

The term "Soan Culture" was first used by Hellmut De Terra in 1936,[4] but D. N. Wadia had identified the presence of these archaeological implements in 1928.[5] Further archaeological research was conducted by Stephen Lycett in order to determine the morphometric assessment of the Soanian techno-complex. The result of this experiment concluded that the Soanian techno-complex contains a Mode 3 Levallois technique core component.[1]

At Adiala and Khasala Kalan, about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Rawalpindi terrace on the bend of the river, hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra in Himachal Pradesh, hand axes and cleavers were found. Tools up to two million years old have been recovered. In the Soan River Gorge, many fossil bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. 14 million year old fossils of gazelle, rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe and rodents have been found there. Some of these fossils are on display at the Pakistan Museum of Natural History in Islamabad.

## Spread across Shivalik Hills region

The earliest Paleolithic hominin archaeological site in the Indian subcontinent at the Soan Sakaser Valley,[6] is part of Soanian, sites of are found in the Sivalik Hills across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[3][1]

## See also

The Paleolithic

↑ Pliocene (before Homo)

Lower Paleolithic

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[7] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lycett, Stephen J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001. http://sites.google.com/site/sjlycett/Lycett_2007_Soan.pdf.
2. ↑ "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land". https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chauhan, Parth R., [1] An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective.
4. ↑ Hellmut De Terra (1969). George Grant MacCurdy. ed. Early man: as depicted by leading authorities at the International symposium, the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, March 1937. pp. 267–. ISBN 978-0-8369-1184-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=t8yCCB8BHFcC&pg=PA267. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
5. ↑ Kenneth Oakley (30 April 2007) [1964]. Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man. Transaction Publishers. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-0-202-30960-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=qrmOwp2swlgC&pg=PA224. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
6. ↑ Rendell, H. R.; Dennell, R. W.; Halim, M. (1989). Pleistocene and Palaeolithic Investigations in the Soan Valley, Northern Pakistan. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 364. ISBN 0-86054-691-8. OCLC 29222688.
7. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
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* Before Present
* Hijri
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|

Regnal year|

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Era names|

* Chinese
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Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
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|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
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* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
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Astronomical|

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Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
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Astronomic time|

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Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
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|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
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Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
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Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
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|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
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Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

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Ma – 300 ka)

* Lomekwian (3.3 Ma)
* Oldowan (2.6–1.7 Ma)
* Acheulean (1.76–0.13 Ma)
* Madrasian (1.5 Ma)
* Soanian (500–130 ka)
* Clactonian (424–400 ka)
* Mugharan (400–220 ka)

Middle Paleolithic
(c. 300–45 ka)

* Mousterian (160–40 ka)
* Aterian (145–20 ka)
* Micoquien (130–70 ka)
* Sangoan (130–10 ka)

Upper Paleolithic
(c. 50–10 ka)

Fertile Crescent:

* Emiran (50–40 ka)
* Ahmarian (46–42 ka)
* Baradostian (36–18 ka)
* Aurignacian (35–29 ka)
* Zarzian (20–10 ka)
* Kebaran (18–12.5 ka)
* Trialetian (16–8 ka)
* Natufian (14.5–11.5 ka)
* Khiamian (12.2–10.8 ka)

Europe:

* Bohunician (48–40 ka)
* Châtelperronian (44.5–36 ka)
* Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (43–32 ka)
* Aurignacian (43–26 ka)
* Périgordian (35–20 ka)
* Gravettian (33–24 ka)
* Pavlovian (29–25 ka)
* Solutrean (22–17 ka)
* Epigravettian (20–10 ka)
* Magdalenian (17–12 ka)
* Hamburg (15.5–13.1 ka)
* Federmesser (14–12.8 ka)
* Azilian (14–10 ka)
* Ahrensburg (13–12 ka)
* Swiderian (11–8 ka)

Africa:

* Khormusan (42–18 ka)
* Iberomaurusian (25–11 ka)
* Halfan (22–14 ka)
* Qadan (15—11 ka)
* Sebilian (15–11 ka)
* Eburran (15–5 ka)
* Magosian (10–8 ka)

Siberia:

* Mal'ta–Buret' (24–15 ka)
* Afontova Gora (21–12 ka}

↓ Mesolithic

* v
* t
* e

* Madrasian culture

## References

## Further reading

* Dani Ahmad Hasan (1964). "Prehistoric Pakistan". Asian Perspectives 7: 183–188. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16722/AP-v7n1-2-183-188.pdf?sequence=1.
* B. B. Lal (1964). "A Decade of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology in India, 1951–1960". Asian Perspectives 7 (1–2): 144–159. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16720/AP-v7n1-2-144-159.pdf.txt;jsessionid=737E60BE5DD68EB393620E6585167F9B?sequence=2.
* Hellmut De Terra (1969). Early man: as depicted by leading authorities at the International symposium, the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, March 1937. Ayer Publishing, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-8369-1184-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=t8yCCB8BHFcC&pg=PA263. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
* J. Armand (1979). "The Middle Pleistocene Pebble Tool Site of Durkadi in Central India". Paléorient 5: 105–144. doi:10.3406/paleo.1979.4242. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1979_num_5_1_4242.
* J. Armand (1985). "The Emergence of the Handaxe Tradition in Asia, with Special Reference to India". in V. N. Misra, Peter S. Bellwood. Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory: proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona, December 19–21, 1978. BRILL. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-90-04-07512-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA4. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
* V. A. Ranov; D. Dorj; Lu Zün-E (1999). Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson. ed. History of civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-81-208-1407-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA45. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
* Kenneth Oakley (30 April 2007). Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man. Transaction Publishers. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-202-30960-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=qrmOwp2swlgC&pg=PA223. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

## External links

* The Acheulian/Soanian dichotomy

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