Azeotropic distillation

Short description: Any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation

Phase diagram (left) and process flow diagram (right) of an apparatus for the azeotropic distillation with "material separation agent". In this case the phase diagram includes a zone where components are not miscible, so following the condensation of the azeotrope, it is possible to separate the liquid components through decantation.

In chemistry, azeotropic distillation[1] is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation. In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation is usually the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new, lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous (e.g. producing two, immiscible liquid phases), such as the example below with the addition of benzene to water and ethanol.

Common Equipment used in Azeotropic Distillation

This practice of adding an entrainer which forms a separate phase is a specific sub-set of (industrial) azeotropic distillation methods, or combination thereof. In some senses, adding an entrainer is similar to extractive distillation.

## Contents

* 1 Material separation agent
* 2 Distillation of ethanol/water
* 3 Pressure-swing distillation
* 4 Molecular sieves
* 5 Dehydration reactions
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Material separation agent

The addition of a material separation agent, such as benzene to an ethanol/water mixture, changes the molecular interactions and eliminates the azeotrope. Added in the liquid phase, the new component can alter the activity coefficient of various compounds in different ways thus altering a mixture's relative volatility. Greater deviations from Raoult's law make it easier to achieve significant changes in relative volatility with the addition of another component. In azeotropic distillation the volatility of the added component is the same as the mixture, and a new azeotrope is formed with one or more of the components based on differences in polarity.[2] If the material separation agent is selected to form azeotropes with more than one component in the feed then it is referred to as an entrainer. The added entrainer should be recovered by distillation, decantation, or another separation method and returned near the top of the original column.[3]

## Distillation of ethanol/water

A Dean–Stark apparatus is used in azeotropic drying or dehydration processes: 1 stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules, 2 still pot, 3 fractionating column, 4 thermometer/boiling point temperature, 5 condenser, 6 cooling water in, 7 cooling water out, 8 burette, 9 tap, 10 collection vessel

## Pressure-swing distillation

Another method, pressure-swing distillation, relies on the fact that an azeotrope is pressure dependent. An azeotrope is not a range of concentrations that cannot be distilled, but the point at which the activity coefficients of the distillates are crossing one another. If the azeotrope can be "jumped over", distillation can continue, although because the activity coefficients have crossed, the component which is boiling will change. For instance, in a distillation of ethanol and water, water will boil out of the remaining ethanol, rather than the ethanol out of the water as at lower concentrations.

Overall the pressure-swing distillation is a very robust and not so highly sophisticated method compared to multi component distillation or membrane processes, but the energy demand is in general higher. Also the investment cost of the distillation columns is higher, due to the pressure inside the vessels.

## Molecular sieves

For low boiling azeotropes distillation may not allow the components to be fully separated, and must make use of separation methods that does not rely on distillation. A common approach involves the use of molecular sieves. The sieves can be subsequently regenerated by dehydration using a vacuum oven.

Ethanol can be dried to 99.999% ABV by heating 3A molecular sieves such as 3A zeolite.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

## Dehydration reactions

In organic chemistry, some dehydration reactions are subject to unfavorable but fast equilibria. One example is the formation of dioxolanes from aldehydes:[10]

RCHO + (CH2OH)2 ⇌ RCH(OCH2)2 \+ H2O

Such unfavorable reactions proceed when water is removed by azeotropic distillation.

## See also

* Azeotrope tables
* Residue curve
* Theoretical plate
* Vacuum distillation

## References

1. ↑ Kister, Henry Z. (1992). Distillation Design (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034909-6.
2. ↑ Kumar, Santosh (2010), "Anhydrous ethanol: A renewable source of energy.", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.015
3. ↑ Treybal (1980). Mass-Transfer Operations (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
4. ↑ Williams, D. Bradley G.; Lawton, Michelle (2010-12-17). "Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants". The Journal of Organic Chemistry 75 (24): 8351–8354. doi:10.1021/jo101589h. ISSN 0022-3263. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo101589h.
5. ↑ Carmo, M. J.; Gubulin, J. C. (September 1997). "Ethanol-Water Adsorption on Commercial 3A Zeolites: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Data" (in en). Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 14 (3). doi:10.1590/S0104-66321997000300004. ISSN 0104-6632.
6. ↑ Burfield, David R.; Hefter, Glenn T.; Koh, Donald S. P. (1984). "Desiccant efficiency in solvent and reagent drying 8. molecular sieve column drying of 95% ethanol: An application of hygrometry to the assay of solvent water content" (in en). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Chemical Technology 34 (4): 187–194. doi:10.1002/jctb.5040340408. Bibcode: 1984JCTBC..34..187B.
7. ↑ Simo, Marian; Sivashanmugam, Siddharth; Brown, Christopher J.; Hlavacek, Vladimir (21 October 2009). "Adsorption/Desorption of Water and Ethanol on 3A Zeolite in Near-Adiabatic Fixed Bed". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48 (20): 9247–9260. doi:10.1021/ie900446v.
8. ↑ Simo, Marian; Sivashanmugam, Siddharth; Brown, Christopher J.; Hlavacek, Vladimir (21 October 2009). "Adsorption/Desorption of Water and Ethanol on 3A Zeolite in Near-Adiabatic Fixed Bed". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48 (20): 9247–9260. doi:10.1021/ie900446v. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900446v.
9. ↑ Burfield, David R.; Hefter, Glenn T.; Koh, Donald S. P. (1984). "Desiccant efficiency in solvent and reagent drying 8. molecular sieve column drying of 95% ethanol: An application of hygrometry to the assay of solvent water content" (in en). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Chemical Technology 34 (4): 187–194. doi:10.1002/jctb.5040340408. Bibcode: 1984JCTBC..34..187B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jctb.5040340408.
10. ↑ Wiberg, Kenneth B. (1960). Laboratory Technique in Organic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill series in advanced chemistry. New York: McGraw Hill. https://archive.org/details/laboratorytechni00wibe_0.

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Distillation

Principles|

* Raoult's law
* Dalton's law
* Reflux
* Fenske equation
* McCabe–Thiele method
* Theoretical plate
* Partial pressure
* Vapor–liquid equilibrium

Industrial processes|

* Batch distillation
* Continuous distillation
* Fractionating column
* Spinning cone

Laboratory methods|

* Alembic
* Kugelrohr
* Rotary evaporator
* Spinning band distillation
* Still

Techniques|

* Azeotropic
* Catalytic
* Destructive
* Dry
* Extractive
* Fractional
* Reactive
* Salt-effect
* Steam-based
* Vacuum-based

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