Virtual politician

Short description: Non-human political entity

Election poster of Wiktoria Cukt from 2001, she is considered the first known virtual political candidate. Billboard of AI-generated presidential candidate and running mate in Indonesia.

A virtual politician, or an AI politician refers to a non-human entity seeking or in government office. A virtual politician would have similar power to a human serving in the same position, but would be programmed to make choices based on an artificially intelligent algorithm.

Since the dawn of AI, machines have been put to work in various positions formerly held by humans for different reasons; repetitive tasks, or else to lighten the workload of humans. AI is increasingly being put to work in tasks that require human traits,[1] such as empathy, but has been used to replace human imperfections. It is thought by some that if an artificial intelligence, programmed on the right data, were to be placed in a position of power, it would be able to make informed decisions quickly,[2] and be able to give attention to the perspectives and needs of all whom it has power over.[citation needed]

In 2019, the Centre for the Governance of Change at IE University found in a survey that a quarter of Europeans would want AI politicians at some capacity.[3][4] The department and journals that reported on the poll[5] claimed that the result was likely due to the ongoing political climate of Brexit,[6] saying this caused the "growing mistrust citizens feel towards governments and politicians".[7]

## Contents

* 1 Wiktoria Cukt
* 2 SAM
* 3 Alice
* 4 Leader Lars
* 5 Criticism
* 5.1 Objectivity
* 6 References

## Wiktoria Cukt

Wiktoria Cukt was a virtual candidate for president of Poland in the 2001 elections, created by a group of Gdańsk-based artists working under the name "Centralny Urząd Kultury Technicznej" (CUKT).[8][9]

The project was aimed at promoting a computer program called “Citizen's Election Software” (OSW), which allowed Internet users to co-create views and images of Wiktoria, representing the idea of a “president for everyone.” The campaign, run under the slogan “Politicians are unnecessary.” was an artistic experiment criticizing traditional politics and promoting direct democracy in the digital space.

Wiktoria gained a lot of media attention, appearing on magazine covers and billboards, but was not an electoral success. The CUKT project, composed of Rafał Ewertowski, Robert Jurkowski, Jacek Niegoda, Maciej Sienkiewicz and Piotr Wyrzykowski, among others, combined art, technology and activism, revealing the mechanisms of media and politics.[10]

## SAM

Artificial intelligence

Major goals

* Knowledge reasoning
* Planning
* Machine learning
* Natural language processing
* Computer vision
* Robotics
* Artificial general intelligence

Approaches

* Symbolic
* Deep learning
* Bayesian networks
* Evolutionary algorithms

Philosophy

* Ethics
* Existential risk
* Turing test
* Chinese room
* Control problem
* Friendly AI

History

* Timeline
* Progress
* AI winter

Technology

* Applications
* Projects
* Programming languages

Glossary

* Glossary

* v
* t
* e

"SAM" is the name given to what is generally considered to be the first virtual politician.[11] SAM was created by New Zealand developer Nick Gerritsen,[12] and designed to represent the views and wants of people in New Zealand.[13] SAM is also linked to social media, in order to immediately address the concerns of voters.

SAM was initially intended to be put forward as a candidate in the New Zealand 2020 elections.[14]

SAM was rebranded to Parker Politics in 2023.[15]

## Alice

The chatbot "Alice" or "Alisa" was nominated against Vladimir Putin for the 2018 Russian presidential election,[16] built by Yandex.[17] Similar to SAM, it was intended to be a public-minded and easily accessible bot through social media. It lost to Putin, but still gained a large portion of the vote.[17]

## Leader Lars

The chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for The Synthetic Party to run in the 2022 Danish parliamentary election,[18] and was built by the artist collective Computer Lars.[19] Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a political party and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.[20] This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.[21]

## Criticism

Most moves toward any kind of virtual presence in government have been criticised, and while AI candidates have gained press traction in elections they've run in, they remain unpopular in the polls. One of the main criticisms is that a deep learning algorithm isn't advanced enough to be in a position of power,[22] and they may not be able to understand the human qualities and skills to properly assess solutions, or create new policies.[23] It's argued that AI will not be able to comprehend the deep complexities of human society, and will not make choices that cater to that.[4]

### Objectivity

Artificially intelligent models require data to learn, and some complain that the data will not be objective enough.[4] In the past, AI has been known to have trained on biased data,[24] and thus, when in positions of important use, made costly mistakes. The purpose of having an AI politician would be the ability to work better than a human, and in theory it would be able to satisfy the political agenda of the people it had power over.

## References

1. ↑ Allen, Darrell M. West and John R. (2018-04-24). "How artificial intelligence is transforming the world" (in en-US). https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-artificial-intelligence-is-transforming-the-world/.
2. ↑ Nilsson, Kim. "Can AI Clean-Up Politics?" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimnilsson/2019/05/14/can-ai-clean-up-politics/.
3. ↑ IE University's European Tech Insights 2019
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Samuel, Sigal (2019-03-27). "A quarter of Europeans want AI to replace politicians. That's a terrible idea." (in en). https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/3/27/18283992/ai-replace-politicians-europe-survey.
5. ↑ Bischof, Jackie (19 March 2019). "A surprising number of people trust AI to make better policy decisions than politicians" (in en). https://qz.com/1576057/could-ai-make-better-policy-than-politicians/.
6. ↑ "One in four Europeans trust artificial intelligence over politicians, says study" (in en). 2019-03-20. https://metro.co.uk/2019/03/20/one-four-europeans-trust-artificial-intelligence-politicians-8949238/.
7. ↑ "One in four Europeans favor Artificial Intelligence making policy decisions over politicians, according to IE University report" (in en). https://www.ie.edu/university/news-events/news/one-in-four-europeans-favor-artificial-intelligence-making-policy-decisions-over-politicians-according-to-ie-university-report/.
8. ↑ "Medialna kariera Wiktorii Cukt" (in pl). https://nck.pl/szkolenia-i-rozwoj/projekty/kongres-kultury/aktualnosci/medialna-kariera-wiktorii-cukt.
9. ↑ "Wiktoria Cukt" (in pl). https://culture.pl/pl/dzielo/wiktoria-cukt.
10. ↑ "Kampania prezydencka Wiktorii Cukt" (in pl). https://archiwum.artmuseum.pl/pl/filmoteka/praca/c-u-k-t-kampania-prezydencka-wiktorii-cukt.
11. ↑ Sarmah, Harshajit (2019-01-28). "World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand" (in en-US). https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/.
12. ↑ "World's first AI politician developed". The Hindu. 26 November 2017. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/worlds-first-ai-politician-developed/article20945483.ece.
13. ↑ "Sam - The virtual politician of the future.". http://www.politiciansam.nz/.
14. ↑ "SAM - The Virtual Politician" (in en). https://touchtechlabs.com/insights/sam-the-virtual-politician/.
15. ↑ "Parker Politics" (in en). https://parkerpolitics.com/.
16. ↑ "Artificial Intelligence Robot 'Alisa' Nominated for Russian President" (in en). 2017-12-07. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/12/07/artificial-intelligence-robot-alisa-nominated-for-russian-president-a59845.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Tom, O'Connor (12 July 2017). "Will the Next Russian President Be a Robot? Putin's New Challenger Is a Machine That Knows 'Everything'". https://www.newsweek.com/russia-putin-could-face-controversial-robot-next-year-president-election-741509.
18. ↑ Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022). "Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens". Jyllands-Posten. https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
19. ↑ Diwakar, Amar (2022-08-22). "Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?". TRT World. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
20. ↑ Xiang, Chloe (13 October 2022). "This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI". Vice: Motherboard. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai/.
21. ↑ Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022). "A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/.
22. ↑ "AI in politics: Is artificial intelligence the future of politics?" (in en-GB). 2018-08-29. https://www.verdict.co.uk/ai-in-politics/.
23. ↑ "Can Artificial Intelligence change the future of politics?" (in en). https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/can-artificial-intelligence-change-the-future-of-politics-28156.
24. ↑ (in en) Machine politics: Europe and the AI revolution. 11 July 2019. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/machine_politics_europe_and_the_ai_revolution.

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