Saint

In Christian belief, a saint, also known as a hallow, is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term saint depends on the context and denomination.[1] Official ecclesiastical recognition, and veneration, is conferred on some denominational saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church after their approval.[2][3] The saints are honored in the liturgical calendars of Evangelical Lutheranism and Anglicanism.[4] In other nonconformist denominations, such as the Plymouth Brethren, and following from Pauline usage, saint refers broadly to any holy Christian without special recognition or selection.

While the English word saint (deriving from the Latin sanctus) originated in Christianity, historians of religion tend to use the appellation "in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people", referring to the Hindu rishi, Sikh bhagat or guru, the Shintoist kami, the Taoist immortal or zhenren, the Jewish tzadik, the Islamic walī/fakir, and the Buddhist arhat or bodhisattva also as saints.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 General characteristics
* 3 Christianity
* 3.1 Old Testament
* 3.2 Apostolic Age
* 3.3 Catholic Church
* 3.3.1 Stages of a canonization process
* 3.4 Eastern Orthodoxy
* 3.4.1 Canonization
* 3.5 Oriental Orthodoxy
* 3.6 Evangelical Lutheranism
* 3.7 Anglicanism
* 3.8 Methodism
* 3.9 Other Protestantism
* 3.9.1 Baptist
* 3.10 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
* 4 Other religions
* 4.1 African diaspora
* 4.2 Buddhism
* 4.3 Druze faith
* 4.4 Hinduism
* 4.5 Islam
* 4.6 Judaism
* 4.7 Sikhism
* 4.8 New religious movements
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Citations
* 6.2 Sources
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Etymology

The word saint derives from the Latin sanctus, meaning “holy” or “consecrated,” and entered English through Old French seint and Middle English saint, retaining its meaning as a holy person and historically used to refer to individuals regarded as holy.

The word hallow is synonymous with saint, the former derived from the Old English hālig, the same root as “holy,” and refers to holy individuals. It is preserved in certain names and traditions celebrating saints, such as Allhallowtide, a period that includes All Hallows’ Eve (Halloween) and All Hallows’ Day (November 1).

## General characteristics

The Greek equivalent of the Latin sanctus is ἅγιος (hagios) 'holy'.[6] This Greek word appears 235 times in the Greek New Testament. The King James Version of the Bible translates 191 times (as 'holy' or 'Holy') and 61 times (as 'saints').[7]

The word sanctus was originally a technical one in ancient Roman religion, but due to its globalized use in Christianity the modern word saint is now also used as a translation of comparable terms for persons "worthy of veneration for their holiness or sanctity" in other religions.

Many religions also use similar concepts (but different terminology) to venerate persons worthy of some honor.[5] Author John A. Coleman of the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California, wrote that saints across various cultures and religions have the following family resemblances:[8]

1. exemplary model
2. extraordinary teacher
3. wonderworker or source of benevolent power
4. intercessor
5. a life often refusing material attachments or comforts
6. possession of a special and revelatory relation to the holy.

The anthropologist Lawrence Babb, in an article about Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba, asks the question "Who is a saint?" and responds by saying that in the symbolic infrastructure of some religions, there is the image of a certain extraordinary spiritual person's "miraculous powers", to whom frequently a certain moral presence is attributed. These saintly figures, he asserts, are "the focal points of spiritual force-fields". They exert "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well".[9]

## Christianity

### Old Testament

In the Hebrew Bible, English "saints" most often renders terms of holiness, especially the adjective qādôš ("set apart, consecrated, holy"), and in the plural it appears as "holy ones" or "saints," with emphasis on consecration and ideally the absence of moral and ceremonial defilement. [10] The Old Testament does not present a fixed category of individual "saints," though related ideas appear in prophet and martyr traditions in later narratives.[11]

### Apostolic Age

In the Apostolic Age, New Testament writers use "saints" predominantly in the plural as a collective designation for Christians in a given locality; the only clear singular instance is distributive in Philippians 4:21 ("every saint"), so the term marks the church as a people set apart for God rather than an elite subgroup.[12][13][14]

Paul makes this corporate sense explicit by identifying "the saints" with "you" in 1 Corinthians 6:2, so that oi hagioi functions as a self-designation for all Christians; he also addresses communities as "saints" in letter openings/closings and often speaks of "all the saints" to emphasize corporate unity across locations (Romans 1:7; 1 Cor 1:2; 2 Cor 1:1; Phil 1:1; Colossians 1:2).[15][16]

In practical matters he urges "service" and aid "for the saints," including the Jerusalem poor, sometimes with abbreviated phrasing that presumes this shared self-designation (e.g., 1 Cor 16:1; 2 Cor 8:4; 9:1, 12 ≈ Rom 15:26).[17] Scholars also observe covenantal–eschatological and temple/priestly overtones in such language (e.g., judging the world/angels; participation in Christ’s altar).[18][19][20][21] Other New Testament writers vary: calling believers hagioi is common in Hebrews and Jude,[22] it is frequent in Revelation with an emphasis on prayer/endurance and is used for the same group as "believers/Christians,"[23] while 1 Peter does not use hagioi as Paul does (even as it speaks extensively of holiness).[24][25]

Standard reference works concur that hagioi designates all believers (not a special class), that the plural, collective usage predominates, and that the underlying idea is consecration/belonging to God.[26][27][28] Later Christian traditions (e.g. Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism) developed distinct practices of recognizing exemplary figures, but this stands apart from the New Testament’s collective usage.[29][14][13]

### Catholic Church

A portrait depicting Saint Francis of Assisi by the Italian artist Cimabue (1240–1302)

According to the Catholic Church, a saint may be anyone, whether recognized on Earth or not, who forms part of the "great cloud of witnesses" (Hebrews 12:1).[30][31] These "may include our own mothers, grandmothers or other loved ones (cf. 2 Timothy 1:5)" who may have not always lived perfect lives, but "amid their faults and failings they kept moving forward and proved pleasing to the Lord".[30] The title Saint denotes a person who has been formally canonized - that is, officially and authoritatively declared a saint - by the church as holder of the Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven by the grace of God. There are many persons who the church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized and who are otherwise titled saints because of the fame of their holiness.[32] Sometimes the word saint also denotes living Christians.[33] The Second Vatican Council noted that some saints are commemorated by the whole church because they "are truly of universal importance", while many others have significance for "a particular Church or nation or family of religious" and their lives should be celebrated within those particular contexts.[34]

According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The patriarchs, prophets, and certain other Old Testament figures have been and always will be honored as saints in all the church's liturgical traditions."[35]

In his book Saint of the Day, editor Leonard Foley says that the "[Saints'] surrender to God's love was so generous an approach to the total surrender of Jesus that the Church recognizes them as heroes and heroines worthy to be held up for our inspiration. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ."[36]

The Catholic Church teaches that it does not make or create saints, but rather recognizes them. Proofs of heroic virtue required in the process of beatification will serve to illustrate in detail the general principles exposed above[37][which?] upon proof of their holiness or likeness to God.

On 3 January 993, Pope John XV became the first pope to proclaim a person a saint from outside the diocese of Rome: on the petition of the German ruler, he had canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg. Before that time, the popular "cults", or venerations, of saints had been local and spontaneous and were confirmed by the local bishop.[38] Pope John XVIII subsequently permitted a cult of five Polish martyrs.[38] Pope Benedict VIII later declared the Armenian hermit Simeon of Mantua to be a saint, but it was not until the pontificate of Pope Innocent III that the popes reserved to themselves the exclusive authority to canonize saints, so that local bishops needed the confirmation of the Pope.[38] Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope: Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen, canonized him in 1153.[39][40] Thenceforth a decree of Pope Alexander III in 1170 reserved the prerogative of canonization to the Pope, insofar as the Latin Church was concerned.[39]

Alban Butler published Lives of the Saints in 1756, including a total of 1,486 saints. The latest revision of this book, edited by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater, contains the lives of 2,565 saints.[41] Robert Sarno, an official of the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints of the Holy See, expressed that it is impossible to give an exact number of saints.[42]

The veneration of saints, in Latin cultus, or the "cult of the Saints", describes a particular popular devotion or entrustment of one's self to a particular saint or group of saints. Although the term worship is sometimes used, it is only used with the older English connotation of honoring or respecting (dulia) a person. According to the church, divine worship is in the strict sense reserved only to God (latria) and never to the saints. One is permitted to ask the saints to intercede or pray to God for persons still on Earth,[43] just as one can ask someone on Earth to pray for him.

A saint may be designated as a patron saint of a particular cause, profession, church or locale, or invoked as a protector against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official declarations of the church.[44] Saints are not believed to have power of their own, but only that granted by God. Relics of saints are respected, or venerated, similar to the veneration of holy images and icons. The practice in past centuries of venerating relics of saints with the intention of obtaining healing from God through their intercession is taken from the early Church.[45] For example, an American deacon claimed in 2000 that John Henry Newman[46] (then a blessed) interceded with God to cure him of a physical illness. The deacon, Jack Sullivan, asserted that after addressing Newman he was cured of spinal stenosis in a matter of hours. In 2009, a panel of theologians concluded that Sullivan's recovery was the result of his prayer to Newman. According to the church, to be deemed a miracle, "a medical recovery must be instantaneous, not attributable to treatment, disappear for good."[47]

Some of the saints have a special iconographic symbol by tradition, e.g., Saint Lawrence, deacon and martyr, is identified by a gridiron because he is believed to have been burned to death on one. This symbol is found, for instance, in the Canadian heraldry of the office responsible for the St. Lawrence Seaway.

#### Stages of a canonization process

Canonization is a lengthy process, often of many years or even centuries.[48] In a beatification process there are four major steps:[49][50] The first stage in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life by an expert. After this, the official report on the candidate is submitted to the bishop of the pertinent diocese and more study is undertaken. The information is then sent to the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints of the Holy See for evaluation at the universal level of the church.[51] If the application is approved the candidate may be granted the title Venerable (stage 2).[51] Further investigation may lead to the candidate's beatification with the title Blessed,[51] which is elevation to the class of the Beati and means that the Blessed is venerated in the liturgy regionally. Next, and at a minimum, proof of two important miracles through the intercession of the candidate are required for a canonization. Finally, in the last stage, after all of these procedures are complete, the pope may canonize the candidate.[51] for veneration by the universal church.

Once a person has been canonized, the deceased body of the saint is considered holy as a relic.[52] The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics.[52]

### Eastern Orthodoxy

Saint, 12th-century fresco in Staraya Ladoga

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven besides God, whether recognised here on earth, or not. By this definition, Adam and Eve, Moses, the various prophets, and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Sainthood does not necessarily reflect a moral model, but communion with God; there are many examples of people who lived in great sin and became saints by humility and repentance: Saints Mary of Egypt, Moses the Ethiopian, and Dismas, the repentant thief who was crucified with Jesus Christ. Therefore, a more complete Orthodox definition of what a saint is, has to do with the way that saints, through their humility and their love of mankind, saved inside them the entire Church, and loved all people.

#### Canonization

The Orthodox belief is that God reveals saints through answered prayers and other miracles. Saints are usually recognised by their local community, often by people who directly knew them. As their popularity grows they are often then recognised by the entire Church through the Holy Spirit. The word canonization means that a Christian has been found worthy to have his name placed in the canon (official list) of saints of the Church. The formal process of recognition involves deliberation by a synod of bishops.[2][53] The Orthodox Church does not require the manifestation of miracles, as it does in Roman Catholicism; what is required is evidence of a virtuous life and prior local veneration of the saint.[3]

If the ecclesiastical review is successful, this is followed by a service of glorification in which the saint is given a day on the liturgical calendar to be celebrated by the entire Church.[54] This does not, however, make the person a saint; the person already was a saint and the Church ultimately recognized it.

As a general rule, only clergy will touch relics in order to move them or carry them in procession; however, in veneration the faithful will kiss the relic to show love and respect toward the saint. The altar in an Orthodox Church usually contains relics of saints,[55] often of martyrs. Church interiors are covered with the icons of saints. When an Orthodox Christian venerates icons of a saint he is venerating the image of God which he sees in the saint.

Eremitic Saint Onuphrius by Emmanuel Tzanes, 1662

Because the Church shows no true distinction between the living and the dead, as the saints are considered to be alive in heaven, saints are referred to as if they are still alive, and are venerated, not worshipped. They are believed to be able to intercede for the living for salvation or other requests and help mankind either through direct communion with God or by personal miraculous intervention.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Ὅσιος, Hosios (f. Ὁσία Hosia) is also used. This is a title attributed to saints who had lived a monastic or eremitic life equivalent to the more usual title of "Saint".[56]

### Oriental Orthodoxy

The Oriental Orthodox churches ‒ the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Tewahedo Church, Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church ‒ follow a canonization process unique to each church. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, for example, has the requirement that at least 50 years must pass following a prospective saint's death before the Coptic Orthodox Church's pope can canonize the saint.

### Evangelical Lutheranism

"Scripture does not teach calling on the saints or pleading for help from them. For it sets before us Christ alone as mediator, atoning sacrifice, high priest, and intercessor."—A.C. Article XXI.[57] The month of November in the Czech calendar for 1867 (detail). The calendar of saints is given for both Catholics and Protestants.

In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in Heaven or on Earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but in a qualified way:Template:Npov inline according to the Augsburg Confession,[58] the term saint is used in the manner of the Catholic Church only insofar as to denote a person who received exceptional grace, was sustained by faith, and whose good works are to be an example to any Christian. Evangelical-Lutherans believe that saints pray for the Christian Church in general.[59] However, Evangelical-Lutheran belief accounts that prayers to the saints are prohibited, as they are not mediators of redemption.[60][61] Philip Melanchthon, the author of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, approved honoring the saints by saying they are honored in three ways:

1\. By thanking God for examples of His mercy;
2\. By using the saints as examples for strengthening our faith; and
3\. By imitating their faith and other virtues.[62][63][64]

The Lutheran Churches have liturgical calendars in which they honor individuals as saints.

The invocation of saints was criticized in the Augsburg Confession, Article XXI: Of the Worship of the Saints. This criticism was rebutted by the Catholic side in the Confutatio Augustana,[65] which in turn was rebutted by the Evangelical Lutheran side in the Apology of the Augsburg Confession.[66]

### Anglicanism

In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a "cloud of witnesses" that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey.[67] The saints are seen as elder brothers and sisters in Christ. Official Anglican creeds recognize the existence of the saints in heaven.

In high-church contexts, such as Anglo-Catholicism, a saint is generally one to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated) a high level of holiness and sanctity. In this use, a saint is therefore not a believer only, but one who has been transformed by virtue. In Catholicism, a saint is a special sign of God's activity.[relevant? - discuss] The veneration of saints is sometimes misunderstood to be worship, in which case it is derisively termed "hagiolatry".

So far as invocation of the saints is concerned,[68] one of the Church of England's Articles of Religion "Of Purgatory" condemns "the Romish Doctrine concerning ...(the) Invocation of Saints" as "a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God". Anglo-Catholics in Anglican provinces using the Articles often make a distinction between a "Romish" and a "Patristic" doctrine concerning the invocation of saints, permitting the latter in accordance with Article XXII. Indeed, the theologian E. J. Bicknell stated that the Anglican view acknowledges that the term "invocation may mean either of two things: the simple request to a saint for his prayers (intercession), 'ora pro nobis', or a request for some particular benefit. In medieval times the saints had come to be regarded as themselves the authors of blessings. Such a view was condemned but the former was affirmed."[69]

Some Anglicans and Anglican churches, particularly Anglo-Catholics, personally ask prayers of the saints. However, such a practice is seldom found in any official Anglican liturgy. Unusual examples of it are found in The Korean Liturgy 1938, the liturgy of the Diocese of Guiana 1959 and The Melanesian English Prayer Book.

Anglicans believe that the only effective Mediator between the believer and God the Father, in terms of redemption and salvation, is God the Son, Jesus Christ. Historical Anglicanism has drawn a distinction between the intercession of the saints and the invocation of the saints. The former was generally accepted in Anglican doctrine, while the latter was generally rejected.[69] There are some, however, in Anglicanism, who do beseech the saints' intercession. Those who beseech the saints to intercede on their behalf make a distinction between mediator and intercessor, and claim that asking for the prayers of the saints is no different in kind than asking for the prayers of living Christians. Anglo-Catholics understand sainthood in a more Catholic or Orthodox way, often praying for intercessions from the saints and celebrating their feast days.

According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorized King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41:

> Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness.

### Methodism

While Methodists as a whole do not venerate saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are saints, but mainly use the term to refer to biblical figures, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints—such as the Twelve Apostles, John Wesley, etc.—although most are named after geographical locations associated with an early circuit or prominent location. Methodist congregations observe All Saints' Day.[70] Many encourage the study of saints, that is, the biographies of holy people.

The 14th Article of Religion in the United Methodist Book of Discipline states:

> The Romish doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, worshiping, and adoration, as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word of God.[71]

###  Other Protestantism

In many Protestant churches, the word saint is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar in usage to Paul's numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible.[72] In this sense, anyone who is within the Body of Christ (i.e., a professing Christian) is a saint because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Many Protestants consider intercessory prayers to the saints to be idolatry, since what they perceive to be an application of divine worship that should be given only to God himself is being given to other believers, dead or alive.[73]

Within some Protestant traditions, saint is also used to refer to any born-again Christian. Many emphasize the traditional New Testament meaning of the word, preferring to write "saint" to refer to any believer, in continuity with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.

#### Baptist

"Saints" in Baptist theology refers to the body of 'born-again believers'. The reference 'saints' is a derivative of the word 'sanctified', which means 'set apart for a holy purpose'. In the Apostle Paul's first letter to the Corinthians, he addresses the recipients as saints: "To the church of God that is in Corinth, to those sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints together with all those who in every place call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours". (1 Corinthians 1:2, ESV)

### The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The use of "saint" within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is similar to the Protestant tradition. In the New Testament, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the latter days before the Second Coming of Christ, and is used to distinguish the members of the church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.[74] Members are therefore often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS", and among themselves as "saints".[75]

## Other religions

In some theological literature, the use of the term saint tends to be used in non-Christian contexts as well. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized within their tradition as having fulfilled the highest aspirations of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many world religions. The Jewish ḥasīd or tsaddiq, the Islamic qidees, the Zoroastrian Fravashi, the Hindu Shadhus, the Buddhist Arahant or Bodhisattva, the Daoist Shengren, the Shinto Kami, and others have all been referred to as saints.[76]

### African diaspora

Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodou, Trinidad Orisha-Shango, Brazilian Umbanda, Candomblé, and other similar syncretist religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshipped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the deities. The name santería was originally a pejorative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms.

### Buddhism

See also: Philosophy:Bodhisattva and Arhat

Buddhists in both the Theravada and Mahayana traditions hold the Arhats in special esteem, as well as highly developed Bodhisattvas.

Tibetan Buddhists hold the tulkus (reincarnates of deceased eminent practitioners) as living saints on earth.[77]

### Druze faith

Due to the Christian influence on Druze faith, two Christian saints become the Druze's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah.[78] Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druzes and Christians in central Mount Lebanon a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them.[78] According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: Saint George because he confronted the dragon and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of Baal and won over them.[78] In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to warrior saints that resemble their own militarized society.[78]

### Hinduism

Portrait of the saintly Kanua, a Hindu baba of Mathura, India, also pictured with a halo encircling his head.

Hindu saints are those recognized by Hindus as showing a great degree of holiness and sanctity. Hinduism has a long tradition of stories and poetry about saints. There is no formal canonization process in Hinduism, but over time, many men and women have reached the status of saints among their followers and among Hindus in general. Unlike in Christianity, Hinduism does not canonize people as saints after death, but they can be accepted as saints during their lifetime.[79] Hindu saints have often renounced the world, and are variously called gurus, sadhus, rishis, devarishis, rajarshis, saptarishis, brahmarshis, swamis, pundits, purohits, pujaris, acharyas, pravaras, yogis, yoginis, and other names.[80]

Some Hindu saints are given god-like status, being seen as incarnations of Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, and other aspects of the Divine—this can happen during their lifetimes, or sometimes many years after their deaths. This explains another common name for Hindu saints: godmen, is invention of western Abrahamic media to a Pagan Ideas.[81]

### Islam

Main article: Religion:Wali

Besides prophets, according to Islam, saints possess blessings (Arabic: بركة, "baraka") and can perform miracles (Arabic: كرامات, Karāmāt). Saints rank lower than prophets. However, they can intercede for people on the Day of Judgment, but their intercession is limited compared to the intercession of the Prophet Muhammad. Both the tombs of prophets and saints are visited frequently (Ziyarat) as well as visiting modern-day living saints. People seek the advice of a saint in their quest for spiritual fulfilment. Unlike saints in Christianity, Muslim saints are said to be given their rank by God and some with public duties are officially acknowledged by their Sheikh with an ijaza, a verbal and written permission to be a spiritual guide. Unlike prophets, women like Rabia of Basra were accepted as saints.[82]

Saints are recognized as having specific traits they can be identified through. These include: floating lights appearing above their tomb, the body not decaying, a pleasant and miraculous odor coming from the body, appearing in the dreams of others who they pray on behalf of, appearing in two places at once, and having normally impossible knowledge.[83]

Islam has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called wali, which literally means 'Friend [of God]'),[84] which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of Salafism. In Sunni Islam, the veneration of saints became a very common form of devotion early on,[84] and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles."[85] The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him."[85] "Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) ... [became a] requirement in Sunni Islam [during the classical period],"[86] with even medieval critics of the ubiquitous practice of grave visitation like Ibn Taymiyyah emphatically declaring: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The Quran has pointed to it in different places, "A messenger who has instructed them in scripture and wisdom, and sanctify them." (Qur'an 2:129) and the sayings of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators."[87] The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the Sufis, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to one of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law.[88]

Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the Salafi movement, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium."[89] In a manner similar to the Protestant Reformation,[90] the specific traditional practices which Salafism has tried to curtail in both Sunni and Shia contexts include those of the veneration of saints, visiting their graves, seeking their intercession, and honoring their relics. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints ... [Due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."[91]

Despite attempts by the Salafis to minimise the importance of saints in Islam, there are many living saints with huge popularity, often with millions of followers, mainly found in the Sufi orders or tariqat. They follow the teachings of the Muhammad and are usually direct descendants of him. They are also scholars of the religion. Well-known modern-day saints include Sheikh Nazim al Haqqani, Sheikh Hisham Kabbani, Sheikh Mehmet al Rabbani of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order, Habib Umar bin Hafidz of the Ba'Alawi Tariqat, Sheikh Muhammad al-Yaqoubi of the Shadhili Tariqa.

Famous Islamic saints in history include Rumi, Ibn Arabi and Al Ghazzali.

### Judaism

Main article: Religion:Tzadik

The term Tzadik, 'righteous', and its associated meanings developed in rabbinic thought from its Talmudic contrast with Ḥasīd, 'pious'.

In Morocco, the similarities of Moroccan Jewish and Muslim practices, including saint veneration, were used by colonial powers to claim Morocco was unified and consisted of a distinct nation, but were not sufficiently united to resist imperialism.[92]

### Sikhism

The concept of sant or bhagat is found in North Indian religious thought including Sikhism, most notably in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Jee . Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Namdev, and others are known as Sants or Bhagats. The term Sant is applied in the Sikh and related communities to beings that have attained enlightenment through God realization and spiritual union with God via repeatedly reciting the name of God (Naam Japna). Countless names of God exist. In Sikhism, Naam (spiritual internalization of God's name) is commonly attained through the name of Waheguru, which translates to "Wondrous Guru".

Sikhs are encouraged to follow the congregation of a Sant (Sadh Sangat) or "The Company of the Holy". Sants grace the Sadh Sangat with knowledge of the Divine God, and how to take greater steps towards obtaining spiritual enlightenment through Naam. Sants are to be distinguished from "Guru" (such as Guru Nanak) who have compiled the path to God enlightenment in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhism states however, that any beings that have become one with God are considered synonymous with God. As such, the fully realized Sant, Guru, and God are considered one.[93]

### New religious movements

Thelema is a new religious movement with a list of saints including individuals such as Roger Bacon.[94]

## See also

* Calendar of saints
* Communion of saints
* Devil's advocate
* Hagiography
* Hallow
* Mar (title)
* Latter Day Saint movement
* List of bodhisattvas
* Lists of saints
* List of Hindu gurus and sants
* List of Sufi saints
* Martyrology
* Sage
* Saint Companions
* Secular saint

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ Woodward, Kenneth L. (1996). Making Saints. Simon & Sachier. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-684-81530-5. "Among other Christian churches, the Russian Orthodox retains a vigorous devotion to the saints, especially the early church fathers and martyrs. On rare occasions, new names (usually monks or bishops) are grafted onto their traditional list of saints ... Something like the cult continues among Anglicans and Lutherans, who maintain feast days and calendars of saints. But while the Anglicans have no mechanism for recognizing new saints, the Lutherans from time to time do informally recommend new names (Da Hammarskjold, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Pope John XXIII are recent additions) for thanksgiving and remembrance by the faithful. The saint, then, is a familiar figure in all world religions. Only the Roman Catholic Church has a formal, continuous, and highly rationalized process for 'making' saints."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bebis, George (n.d.). "The Lives of the Saints". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. http://www.goarch.org/resources/saints.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church". https://www.oca.org/fs/glorification-of-saints.
4. ↑ "Commemorations" (in en). Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/commemorations.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ben-Ami, Issachar (1998). "Sainthood". in Jones, Lindsay. Saint Veneration Among the Jews in Morocco (2nd ed.). Wayne State University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8143-2198-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk9wCuiT7bEC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 7 September 2012. "Veneration of saints is a universal phenomenon. All monotheistic and polytheistic creeds contain something of its religious dimension ..."
6. ↑ "Canonization" (in en-US). https://www.oca.org/fs/canonization.
7. ↑ "Strong's Greek: 40. ἅγιος (Hagios) -- Holy, sacred, set apart". https://biblehub.com/greek/40.htm.
8. ↑ Coleman, John A. "Conclusion: After sainthood", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. pp. 214–217. ISBN 0-520-06163-2
9. ↑ Babb, Lawrence A. "Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. pp. 168–170. ISBN 0-520-06163-2.
10. ↑ Tenney, Merrill C.; Silva, Moisés (2011) (in en). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. "In the OT, this English word is used primarily to render the Hebrew adjective qādôš H7705, which means “set apart, consecrated, holy.” When the plural is used substantivally, it is translated “holy ones” or “saints” (Ps. 16:3 et al.). The focus of this term is on the CONSECRATION of the subject involved, but all people consecrated to God are ideally to be free from moral and ceremonial defilement."
11. ↑ (in en) Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Hendrickson Publishers. 1997. "The notion of individual “saints” does not occur in the OT, although the concept is present in the prophet and martyr legends in canonical and noncanonical literature."
12. ↑ Harrison, E. F. (1960) (in en). Baker's Dictionary of Theology. Baker Book House. p. 468. "In the NT, however, saint is applied to all believers. It is a synonym for Christian brother (Col. 1:2). Except for Phil. 4:21, it is not used in the singular, and even there it reflects the corporate idea -"every saint.""
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tenney, Merrill C.; Silva, Moisés (2011) (in en). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. "In the NT the adjective hagios G41, when used as a noun, usually refers to members of the Christian church. It is used once in the Gospels (Matt. 27:52) of the saints of the former age. The other references are in Acts, the Epistles, and Revelation. All believers are called “saints,” even when their character is dubiously holy. The term is applied usually to the group of Christians constituting a CHURCH, rather than to one individual Christian (e.g., Acts 9:13; Rom. 8:27; Rev. 5:8)."
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Elwell, W. A. (2001) (in en). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker. pp. 235–236. "Though rare in Acts, this is a common title in Paul and Revelation, appearing almost exclusively in the plural as a collective....In the NT also the fundamental idea of sainthood is separation to God or belonging to God. Thus the "holiness" of Christians is, in the first place, objective(1 Cor. 7:14). They are saints or holy by virtue of their being people of God (Eph. 2:19-22), chosen and loved by God (Col. 3:12), called (Rom. 1:7), inChrist (1 Cor. 1:30; Phil. 1:1), and the objects of the work of the Holy Spirit (2 Thess. 2:13). The ethical dimension, subjective holiness or saint-hood, is thus secondary, though no less important (Eph. 5:3; Heb. 12:14). The name thus bound believers to their holy God, to the great acts by which he separated them to himself, and to a life corresponding to his holiness.The name survived as a general title for Christians only through the second century."
15. ↑ Trebilco, Paul (2012). Crossley, J. G.. ed (in en). Identity in the New Testament. Oxford University Press. p. 129. "In 1 Cor 6:2 the saints are identified as “you” … Clearly, “the saints” is a designation for all God’s people in Corinth."
16. ↑ Trebilco, Paul (2012). "Self-designations and group identity in the New Testament". in Crossley, J. G. (in en). Identity in the New Testament. Oxford University Press. pp. 129–130. "Paul often uses oi hagioi as a way to designate his readers in the openings of his letters … the use of “all the saints” … emphasising the “corporate-ness” of the Christian communities … unity and oneness."
17. ↑ Trebilco, Paul (2012). "Self-designations and group identity in the New Testament". in Crossley, J. G. (in en). Identity in the New Testament. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. "εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους … is an abbreviation for “εἰς τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῶν ἁγίων τῶν ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ” (Rom 15:26)."
18. ↑ Barton, Stephen (2003) (in en). Holiness: Past and Present. T&T Clark. p. 201. "Of great significance is the common designation “saints” (hagioi), a biblical term with eschatological connotations … “called to be saints.”"
19. ↑ Sumner, D.; Tilling, C. (2025) (in en). T&T Clark handbook of Christology. T&T Clark. p. 325. "When Paul addresses believers … as “saints” (1 Cor 1:2), the terminology reflects a new priestly identity … explaining roles such as judging angels (6:3) and participation in the altar of Christ."
20. ↑ McKnight, S.; Cohick, L. H.; Gupta, N. K. (2023) (in en). Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. InterVarsity Press. "The primary terminology associated with holiness in the Pauline corpus is from the hagios word group … Paul applies hagioi to believers … implying that holiness is an essential characteristic of the church community and all its members, not just a special class."
21. ↑ Witherington III, Ben (2016) (in en). New Testament Theology and Ethics. IVP Academic. p. 289. "Calling believers "saints" or "holy ones" (hagioi) was common in the early church, and originally it may have implied something about their moral rectitude. If so, Jude is contrasting his audience, with whom he has basic affinities, with the false teachers, who are morally corrupt. It is interesting that Jude calls Jesus "master" (despotes) in Jude 4 (cf. 2 Pet 2:1, which probably is based on this text). Jesus is both Lord and Master of the believoners, but these false teachers are disowning him by their words and deeds. This was no way to treat God's gracious offer of salvation through the gospel. It should not be seen as an opportunity for moral perversity."
22. ↑ Witherington III, Ben (2007) (in en). Letters and Homilies for Jewish Christians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on Hebrews, James and Jude. InterVarsity Press. p. 603. "Calling believers saints or holy ones (hagioi) was common in the early church … Jude’s vocabulary … has precedent or parallels in Paul’s letters."
23. ↑ (in en) The Community of Jesus: A Theology of the Church. Broadman & Holman. pp. 89–90. "Revelation uses “saints” more frequently than Acts … As in Acts, so in Revelation the “saints” are identical with “believers/Christians.”"
24. ↑ Boring, M. E. (1999) (in en). 1 Peter (Abingdon New Testament Commentaries). Abingdon. p. 206. "Paul often refers to the Christian community as “holy ones” (“saints,” hagioi), but … a key ecclesiological term for Paul is absent from 1 Peter."
25. ↑ Senior, Donald; Harrington, D. J. (2008) (in en). 1 Peter. Liturgical Press. p. 190. "Here “saints” (hagioi) is another term for Christians … They have been made holy by their contact with God the holy one."
26. ↑ Unger, Merrill F. (2009) (in en). The New Unger's Bible Dictionary. Moody Publishers. "Positionally, every NT believer; experientially, a person eminent for piety and virtue: a consecrated person. Applied to the pious Israelites (Pss. 16:3; 34:9), Heb. qādôsh, elsewhere “godly ones,” “holy ones.” Also applied to members of the Body of Christ. All the saved of the NT era are saints (hagioi) by virtue of their position “in Christ” (1 Cor. 1:2; cf. Rom. 6:3–4; 8:1; Eph. 1:3; etc.). The NT refutes the idea of a special class of “saints.”"
27. ↑ Erickson, Millard J. (1986) (in en). Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology. Baker. p. 147. "Saint. In the New Testament, anyone who is a genuine believer in Christ …"
28. ↑ Thorsen, Don (2010) (in en). Thorsen Pocket Dictionary of Christian Theology. Barbour. p. 62. "All who are saved, who have been made righteous because of Jesus Christ's atonement, are described in Scripture as saints (e.g., 1 Corinthians 1:2). They have been set apart for God as the church, and they are to live godly lives."
29. ↑ Patte, Daniel, ed (2010) (in en). The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity. CUP. p. 1123. "Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism have various understandings … The Protestant Reformers … consider all Christians to be “saints” (1 Cor 1:2; 2 Cor 1:1; Col 1:2) …"
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Gaudete et exsultate: Apostolic Exhortation on the call to holiness in today's world" (in en). Holy See. 19 March 2018. https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20180319_gaudete-et-exsultate.html.
31. ↑ Kevin Cotter. "How Does Someone Become a Saint? A 5-Step Process". https://focusoncampus.org/content/how-does-someone-become-a-saint-a-5-step-process.
32. ↑ What is a saint? Vatican Information Service, http://www.catholic-pages.com/saints/explained.asp
33. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church (Second Edition)". Scborromeo.org. http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a9p5.htm.
34. ↑ Second Vatican Council, Sacrosanctum Concilium, paragraph 111, published on 4 December 1963, accessed on 28 July 2025
35. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church Chapter 2, Article 1, 61
36. ↑ Saint of the Day, edited by Leonard Foley, OFM, (Cincinnati: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2003), xvi. ISBN 0-86716-535-9
37. ↑ The Catechism of the Catholic Church , from the Knights of Columbus site
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Luscombe, David and Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2004. New Cambridge Medieval History: c.1024–c.1198, Volume 5. p. 12.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (Murray, 1875), 283.
40. ↑ "Alexander III". Saint-mike.org. http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/AlexanderIII/biography.html.
41. ↑ "Religion: 2,565 Saints". Time. 6 August 1956. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862347,00.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
42. ↑ "Keeping Saints Alive". CBS News. 4 April 2010. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/keeping-saints-alive/.
43. ↑ The Intercession of the Saints on Catholic.com
44. ↑ Patron Saints from Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) on Wikisource.org
45. ↑ Acts of the Apostles, 19: 11–2
46. ↑ "Cardinal Newman declared a saint by the Pope" (in en-GB). 2019-10-13. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-50032640.
47. ↑ Jenna Russell, "Marshfield man's prayer an answer in sainthood query", The Boston Globe, 28 April 2009, B1, 4.
48. ↑ Table of the Canonizations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II on Vatican.va
49. ↑ "John Paul II Sainthood: 4 Steps to Becoming a Catholic Saint". Mic. 6 July 2013. https://www.mic.com/articles/53125/john-paul-ii-sainthood-4-steps-to-becoming-a-catholic-saint.
50. ↑ "4 Steps to Becoming a Saint". https://www.catholichawaii.org/media/314379/canonization_4_steps_to_becoming_a_saint.pdf.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 "The Steps of Canonization". HowStuffWorks. 20 April 2001. http://people.howstuffworks.com/question6191.htm.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Relics". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12734a.htm.
53. ↑ "The Saints of the Orthodox Church" (in en-US). https://www.goarch.org/-/the-saints-of-the-orthodox-church.
54. ↑ Frawley J., The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church at Orthodox Church in America, Syosset, New York
55. ↑ Hopko T., "The Orthodox Faith"
56. ↑ Cotsonis, John A. (1994). Byzantine Figural Processional Crosses. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 70. ISBN 9780884022282. https://books.google.com/books?id=vhGH8gRUYyUC&dq=Hosios+saint&pg=PA70.
57. ↑ Augsburg Confession, Article 21, "Of the Worship of the Saints". trans. Kolb, R., Wengert, T., and Arand, C. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000.
58. ↑ A Confession of Faith Presented in Augsburg by certain Princes and Cities to His Imperial Majesty Charles V in the Year 1530
59. ↑ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 9
60. ↑ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 14–30
61. ↑ Smalcald Articles-II 25
62. ↑ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 4–7
63. ↑ "Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod – Christian Cyclopedia". lcms.org. http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=s&word=SAINTS.VENERATIONOF.
64. ↑ Augsburg Confession XXI 1
65. ↑ "1530 Roman Confutation". 28 December 2019. http://bookofconcord.org/confutatio.php#article21.
66. ↑ Apology to the Augsburg Confession, Article XXI : Of the Invocation of Saints
67. ↑ Hebrews 12:1
68. ↑ "Article XXII". Eskimo.com. http://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/articles/articles.html#22.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Sokol, David F. (2001). The Anglican Prayer Life: Ceum Na Corach', the True Way. iUniverse. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-595-19171-0. "In 1556 Article XXII in part read ... "The Romish doctrine concerning ... invocation of saints, is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the word of God." The term "doctrina Romanensium" or Romish doctrine was substituted for the "doctrina scholasticorum" of the doctrine of the school authors in 1563 to bring the condemnation up to date subsequent to the Council of Trent. As E. J. Bicknell writes, invocation may mean either of two things: the simple request to a saint for his prayers (intercession), 'ora pro nobis', or a request for some particular benefit. In medieval times the saints had come to be regarded as themselves the authors of blessings. Such a view was condemned but the former was affirmed."
70. ↑ "Daily Bible Study" (in en). Methodist Church in Britain. https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-faith/the-bible/a-word-in-time/2016/30-october-5-november-2016/tuesday/. "[T]day we reach one of the high points of the Christian Year – All Saints Day."
71. ↑ The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church. Cokesbury. 2016. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-501-83321-2.
72. ↑ "Beloved of God, Called to Be Saints", New Testament Gospel Doctrine Teacher's Manual. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. p. 150.
73. ↑ "The Sin of Idolatry and the Catholic Concept of Iconic Participation". Philvaz.com. http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/p38.htm.
74. ↑ Smith, Joseph Jr. "Pearl of Great Price". http://lds.org/library/display/0,4945,106-1-2-1,FF.html.
75. ↑ M. Russell Ballard, "Faith, Family, Facts, and Fruits", Ensign, Nov 2007, 25–27
76. ↑ Lindsay Jones, ed (2005) (in TG). Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion. Sainthood (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. p. 8033.
77. ↑ Ray, Reginald A. "Some Aspects of the Tulku Trrdition in Tibet". The Tibet Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, 1986, pp. 35–69. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43300222. Accessed 14 August 2021.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314. ISBN 9781351722179.
79. ↑ Bhaskarananda, Swami (2002). The Essentials of Hinduism. Seattle: The Vedanta Society of Western Washington. pp. 12. ISBN 978-1-884852-04-6.
80. ↑ Robin Rinehart (1 January 2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 87–90. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA88. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
81. ↑ Kenneth L. Woodward (10 July 2001). The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. Simon & Schuster. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-7432-0029-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=e951hHwu3X0C&pg=PA267. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
82. ↑ Josef W. Meri The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria OUP Oxford, 14.11.2002 ISBN 9780191554735 pp. 60-81
83. ↑ Winkler, Hans Alexander. Ghost Riders of Upper Egypt.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 See John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009)
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Radtke, B., "Saint", in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
86. ↑ Jonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", Journal of Sufi Studies 1 (2012), p. 123
87. ↑ Ibn Taymiyyah, Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya (al-Madani Publishing House, 1980), p. 603
88. ↑ John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008)
89. ↑ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600
90. ↑ See Jonathan A. C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad (London: Oneworld Publications, 2015), p. 254
91. ↑ Christopher Taylor, In the Vicinity of the Righteous (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6
92. ↑ Beyond Exoticism and Syncretism: Situating Moroccan Pilgrimage in Jewish Studies by Oren Kosansky
93. ↑ Khalsa, Sant Singh (2007). Sri Guru Granth Sahib: English Translation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Arizona: Hand Made Books (Mandeep Singh). pp. 12–263.
94. ↑ Kaczynski, R. (2010). Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley. North Atlantic Books. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-55643-899-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HlEvfflQZbIC&pg=PA265. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

### Sources

* Beyer, Jürgen, et al., eds. Confessional sanctity (c. 1550 – c. 1800). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003.
* Cunningham, Lawrence S. The Meaning of Saints. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980.
* Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. ISBN 0-520-06163-2.
* Hein, David. "Saints: Holy, Not Tame". Sewanee Theological Review 49 (2006): 204–217.
* Jean-Luc Deuffic (ed.), Reliques et sainteté dans l'espace médiéval L'expert de la décoration haut de gamme
* O'Malley, Vincent J. Ordinary Suffering of Extraordinary Saints, 1999. ISBN 0-87973-893-6.
* Perham, Michael. The Communion of Saints. London: Alcuin Club/SPCK, 1980.
* Woodward, Kenneth L. Making Saints. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

## Further reading

* Gallick, Sarah (2014). 50 Saints Everyone Should Know. Wise Media Group. ASIN B007UI2LDE. E-book.
* Hebert, Alber (2004-10-15). Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles. Illinois: TAN Books. ISBN 978-0-89555-798-8.
* Trigilio, John; Brighenti, Kenneth (2010). Saints for Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-53358-1.

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* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* Joan of Arc
* John Fisher
* Lübeck martyrs
* Luigi Versiglia
* Korean Martyrs
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Japan
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Lorenzo Ruiz

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nico of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Dalua
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Genevieve
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Rose of Lima

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Virtuous pagan

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