Qualcomm Hexagon

Short description: Family of digital signal processor microprocessors

HexagonDesigner| Qualcomm

|

Bits| 32-bit
Introduced| 2006 (QDSP6)
Design| 4-way multithreaded VLIW
Type| Register-register
Encoding| Fixed 4 byte per instruction, up to 4 instructions in VLIW multiinstruction
Open| Proprietary
Registers
General purpose| 32-bit GPR: 32, can be paired to 64-bit[1]

Hexagon is the brand name for a family of digital signal processor (DSP) products by Qualcomm. Hexagon is also known as QDSP6, standing for “sixth generation digital signal processor.” According to Qualcomm, the Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver performance with low power over a variety of applications.[2][3]

Each version of Hexagon has an instruction set and a micro-architecture. These two features are intimately related.

Hexagon is used in Qualcomm Snapdragon chips, for example in smartphones, cars, wearable devices and other mobile devices and is also used in components of cellular phone networks.

## Contents

* 1 Instruction set architecture
* 2 Micro-architecture
* 3 Software support
* 3.1 Operating systems
* 3.2 Compilers
* 4 Adoption of the SIP block
* 5 Third-party integration
* 6 Versions
* 7 Availability in Snapdragon products
* 8 Hardware codec supported
* 8.1 Snapdragon 200 series
* 8.2 Snapdragon 400 series
* 8.3 Snapdragon 600 series
* 8.4 Snapdragon 700 series
* 8.5 Snapdragon 800 series
* 9 Code sample
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## Instruction set architecture

Computing devices have instruction sets, which are their lowest, most primitive languages. Common instructions are those which cause two numbers to be added, multiplied or combined in other ways, as well as instructions that direct the processor where to look in memory for its next instruction. There are many other types of instructions.

Assemblers and compilers that translate computer programs into streams of instructions – bit streams - that the device can understand and carry out (execute). As an instruction stream executes, the integrity of system function is supported by the use of instruction privilege levels. Privileged instructions have access to more resources in the device, including memory. Hexagon supports privilege levels.

Originally, Hexagon instructions operated on integer numbers but not floating point numbers,[4] but in v5 floating point support was added.[5]

The processing unit which handles execution of instructions is capable of in-order dispatching up to 4 instructions (the packet) to 4 Execution Units every clock.[6][7]

## Micro-architecture

Micro-architecture is the physical structure of a chip or chip component that makes it possible for a device to carry out the instructions. A given instruction set can be implemented by a variety of micro-architectures. The buses – data transfer channels – for Hexagon devices are 32 bits wide. That is, 32 bits of data can be moved from one part of the chip to another in a single step. The Hexagon micro-architecture is multi-threaded,[8] which means that it can simultaneously process more than one stream of instructions, enhancing data processing speed. Hexagon supports very long instruction words,[9][10] which are groupings of four instructions that can be executed “in parallel.” Parallel execution means that multiple instructions can run simultaneously without one instruction having to complete before the next one starts. The Hexagon micro-architecture supports single instruction, multiple data operations,[11] which means that a when a Hexagon device receives an instruction it can carry out the operation on more than one piece of data at the same time

According to 2012 estimation, Qualcomm shipped 1.2 billion DSP cores inside its system on a chip (SoCs) (average 2.3 DSP core per SoC) in 2011, and 1.5 billion cores were planned for 2012, making the QDSP6 the most shipped architecture of DSP[12] (CEVA had around 1 billion of DSP cores shipped in 2011 with 90% of IP-licenseable DSP market[13]).

The Hexagon architecture is designed to deliver performance with low power over a variety of applications. It has features such as hardware assisted multithreading, privilege levels, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD),[14][15] and instructions geared toward efficient signal processing. Hardware multithreading is implemented as barrel temporal multithreading \- threads are switched in round-robin fashion each cycle, so the 600 MHz physical core is presented as three logical 200 MHz cores before V5.[16][17] Hexagon V5 switched to dynamic multithreading (DMT) with thread switch on L2 misses, interrupt waiting or on special instructions.[17][18]

At Hot Chips 2013 Qualcomm announced details of their Hexagon 680 DSP. Qualcomm announced Hexagon Vector Extensions (HVX). HVX is designed to allow significant compute workloads for advanced imaging and computer vision to be processed on the DSP instead of the CPU.[19] In March 2015 Qualcomm announced their Snapdragon Neural Processing Engine SDK which allow AI acceleration using the CPU, GPU and Hexagon DSP.[20]

Qualcomm's Snapdragon 855 contains their 4th generation on-device AI engine, which includes the Hexagon 690 DSP and Hexagon Tensor Accelerator (HTA) for AI acceleration.[21]

## Software support

### Operating systems

The port of Linux for Hexagon runs under a hypervisor layer ("Hexagon Virtual Machine"[22]) and was merged with the 3.2 release of the kernel.[23][24] The original hypervisor is closed-source, and in April 2013 a minimal open-source hypervisor implementation for QDSP6 V2 and V3, the "Hexagon MiniVM" was released by Qualcomm under a BSD-style license.[25][26]

### Compilers

Support for Hexagon was added in 3.1 release of LLVM by Tony Linthicum.[27] Hexagon/HVX V66 ISA support was added in 8.0.0 release of LLVM.[28] There is also a non-FSF maintained branch of GCC and binutils.[29]

## Adoption of the SIP block

Qualcomm Hexagon DSPs have been available in Qualcomm Snapdragon SoC since 2006.[30][31] In Snapdragon S4 (MSM8960 and newer) there are three QDSP cores, two in the Modem subsystem and one Hexagon core in the Multimedia subsystem. Modem cores are programmed by Qualcomm only, and only Multimedia core is allowed to be programmed by user.

They are also used in some femtocell processors of Qualcomm, including FSM98xx, FSM99xx and FSM90xx.[32]

## Third-party integration

In March 2016, it was announced that semiconductor company Conexant's AudioSmart audio processing software was being integrated into Qualcomm's Hexagon.[33]

In May 2018 wolfSSL added support for using Qualcomm Hexagon. [34] This is support for running wolfSSL crypto operations on the DSP. In addition to use of crypto operations a specialized operation load management library was later added.

## Versions

There are six versions of QDSP6 architecture released: V1 (2006), V2 (2007–2008), V3 (2009), V4 (2010–2011), QDSP6 V5 (2013, in Snapdragon 800[35]); and QDSP6 V6 (2016, in Snapdragon 820).[31] V4 has 20 DMIPS per milliwatt, operating at 500 MHz.[30][31] Clock speed of Hexagon varies in 400–2000 MHz for QDSP6 and in 256–350 MHz for previous generation of the architecture, the QDSP5.[36]

Versions of QDSP6  | Process node, nm  | Year[17] | Number of simultaneous threads  | Per-thread clock, MHz  | Total core clock, MHz  | Product

|
|
|
|
|
|

QDSP6 V1 | 65[17] | 2006 |  |  |  |
QDSP6 V2[37] | 65 | 2007[17] | 6 | 100 | 600  |
QDSP6 V3 (1st gen)[37] | 45 | 2009 | 6 | 67 | 400  |
QDSP6 V3 (2nd gen)[37] | 45 | 2009 | 4 | 100 | 400  |
QDSP6 V4[37] (V4M, V4C, V4L[17]) | 28 | 2010 | 3[18] | 167 | 500  | Snapdragon

600

QDSP6 V5[38] (V5A, V5H[17]) | 28 | 2013 | 3[17] | 200 or greater with DMT[18] | 600  | Snapdragon

410/412/800/801

536  | 12/28  | 2014  |  |  |  | 205/208/210/212

Snapdragon 425/427/429/430/435/439

V50  | 28  | 2014  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

415/610/615/616/805

546  | 14/28  | 2015  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

450/617/625/626/632

V56  | 20/28  | 2015  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

650/652/653/808/810

642  | 14  | 2017  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

630

QDSP6 V6 or 680 | 14 | 2016 | 4 | 500 | 2000 (820[39][40] & 821)

787 (660)[41]

| Snapdragon

820/821/636/660

682  | 10  | 2017  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

835

683  | 11  | 2020  |  |  |  | Snapdragon

662/460

685  | 10/11  | 2018  | (3 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

850/845/670/675/678/710/712

686  | 6/8/11  | 2019  | (3.3 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

695/680/665/480/480+

688  | 8  | 2019  | (3.6 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

730(G)/732G

690  | 7  | 2019  | (7 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

855/855+/860/8c/8cx
Microsoft SQ1/SQ2

692  | 8  | 2020  | (5 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

720G/690/7c

694  | 8  | 2020  | (4.7 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

750G

696  | 7  | 2020  | (5.4 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

765(G)/768G

698  | 7  | 2020  | (15 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

865/865+/870

770  | 5/6  | 2021  | (12 TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

778G/778G+/780G

780  | 5  | 2021  | (26 TOPS/ 32TOPS)  |  |  | Snapdragon

888/888+

## Availability in Snapdragon products

Both Hexagon (QDSP6) and pre-Hexagon (QDSP5) cores are used in modern Qualcomm SoCs, QDSP5 mostly in low-end products. Modem QDSPs (often pre-Hexagon) are not shown in the table.

QDSP5 usage:

Snapdragon generation  | Chipset (SoC) ID  | DSP generation  | DSP frequency, MHz  | Process node, nm

|
|
|
|

S1[36] | MSM7627, MSM7227, MSM7625, MSM7225 | QDSP5 | 320 | 65
S1[36] | MSM7627A, MSM7227A, MSM7625A, MSM7225A | QDSP5 | 350 | 45
S2[36] | MSM8655, MSM8255, APQ8055, MSM7630, MSM7230 | QDSP5 | 256 | 45
S4 Play[36] | MSM8625, MSM8225 | QDSP5 | 350 | 45
S200[42] | 8110, 8210, 8610, 8112, 8212, 8612, 8225Q, 8625Q | QDSP5 | 384 | 45 LP

QDSP6 (Hexagon) usage:

Snapdragon generation  | Chipset (SoC) ID  | QDSP6 version  | DSP frequency, MHz  | Process node, nm

|
|
|
|

S1[36] | QSD8650, QSD8250 | QDSP6 | 600 | 65
S3[36] | MSM8660, MSM8260, APQ8060 | QDSP6 (V3?) | 400 | 45
S4 Prime[36] | MPQ8064 | QDSP6 (V3?) | 500 | 28
S4 Pro[36] | MSM8960 Pro, APQ8064 | QDSP6 (V3?) | 500 | 28
S4 Plus[36] | MSM8960, MSM8660A, MSM8260A, APQ8060A, MSM8930,
MSM8630, MSM8230, APQ8030, MSM8627, MSM8227 | QDSP6 (V3?) | 500 | 28
S400[42] | 8926, 8930, 8230, 8630, 8930AB, 8230AB, 8630AB, 8030AB, 8226, 8626 | QDSP6V4 | 500 | 28 LP
S600[42] | 8064T, 8064M | QDSP6V4 | 500 | 28 LP
S800[42] | 8974, 8274, 8674, 8074 | QDSP6V5A | 600 | 28 HPm
S820[39] | 8996 | QDSP6V6 | 2000 | 14 FinFET LPP

## Hardware codec supported

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon SoCs.

D \- decode; E \- encode

FHD = FullHD = 1080p = 1920x1080px

HD = 720p which can be 1366x768px or 1280x720px

### Snapdragon 200 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 200 series.

Codec  | Snapdragon

200[43]

| Snapdragon

200[43]

| Qualcomm

205[44]

| Snapdragon

208/210[45]

| Snapdragon

212[46]

|
|
|
|
|

Availability  | 2013  | 2013  | 2017  | 2014  | 2015
Hexagon  | QDSP5  | QDSP6  | 536  | 536  | 536
H263 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VC-1 |  |  |  |  |
H.264  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.264 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
VP8 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 | D HD & E HD  | D HD & E HD  | D HD & E HD  | D FHD & E HD  | D FHD & E HD
H.265 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
H.265 12-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
VVC |  |  |  |  |
VP9 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
VP9 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
AV1 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-

### Snapdragon 400 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 400 series.

Codec  | Snapdragon

400[47]

| Snapdragon

410/415[48]

| Snapdragon

425/427

| Snapdragon

429/439[49]

| Snapdragon

450[50]

| Snapdragon

460[51]

| Snapdragon

480[52]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Availability  | Q4 2013  | 2014/2015  | Q1 2016/Q3 2017  | Q2 2018  | Q2 2017  | Q1 2020  | Q1 2021
Hexagon  | QDSP6  | QDSP6 V5  | 536(256KB)  | 536  | 546  | 683  |
H263 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VC-1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
H.264  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.264 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | D & E
VP8 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 | \-  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
H.265 12-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
VVC | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
VP9 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | D & E  | D & E  |
VP9 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
AV1 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Video frame rate

support Decoding

|  |  |  |  |  | HD 60 fps  |
|  |  | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 60 fps  |
Video frame

rate support

Encoding

|  |  |  |  |  | HD 60 fps  |
|  |  | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 60 fps  |

### Snapdragon 600 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 600 series.

Codec  | Snapdragon 600[53] | Snapdragon 610[54] | Snapdragon 650/652/653  | Snapdragon 630[55] | Snapdragon 632[49] | Snapdragon 636/660[55] | Snapdragon 662[56] | Snapdragon 665[57] | Snapdragon 670[58] | Snapdragon 690[59]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Availability  | Q1 2013  |  | Q1 2015  |  | Q2 2018  |  | Q1 2020  | Q2 2019  | 2019  | Q2 2020
Hexagon  | QDSP6 V4  | QDSP6 V50  | QDSP6 V56  | 642  | 546  | 680  | 683  | 686  | 685  | 692
H263 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VC-1 |  |  | D[60] & ?  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
H.264  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.264 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
VP8 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 | \-  |  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | D & ?  | \-  | D & ?  | \-  | D & ?  |  | D & E
VVC | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
VP9 | \-  | \-  | D[60] & ?  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VP9 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |
AV1 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
FPS
Video decoding frame rate support  | HD 60 fps  | HD 120 fps  |  | HD 240 fps[61] | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps[62] | HD 60 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps
FHD 30 fps  | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps[61] | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps[62] | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps
No 4K  | No 4K  | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps[61] | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps[62] | No 4K  | 4K60 fps  | 4K60 fps[63] | 4K60 fps
Video encoding frame rate support  | HD 60 fps  | HD 60 fps  |  | HD 240 fps[61] | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps[62] | HD 60 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps
FHD 30 fps  | FHD 30 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps[61] | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps[62] | FHD 60 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps
No 4K  | No 4K  | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps[61] | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps[62] | No 4K  | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps  | 4K30 fps
HDR formats
Display and

playback

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | HDR10, HLG
Video

recording

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | HDR10, HLG

### Snapdragon 700 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 700 series.

Codec  | Snapdragon

710[64]/712[65]

| Snapdragon

720G[66]

| Snapdragon

730G[67]/732G[68]

| Snapdragon

765[69]/765G[70]

/768G[71]

| Snapdragon

778G[72]

| Snapdragon

780G[73]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Availability  | Q2 2018 / Q1 2019  | Q1 2020  | Q2 2019 / Q3 2020  | Q2 2019 / Q2 2019 / Q2 2020  | Q2 2021  | Q1 2021
Hexagon  | 685  | 692  | 688  | 696  | 770  | 770
H263 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
VC-1 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
H.264  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
H.264 10-bit  | \-  | \-  | ?  | ?  |  |
VP8 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
H.265 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
H.265 10-bit  | D  | D  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
H.265 12-bit  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |  |
VVC | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |  |
VP9 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  |  |
VP9 10-bit  | D  | D  | D  | D  |  |
AV1 | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  |  |
FPS
Video frame

rate support

Decoding

| HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 480 fps  |  |
FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | ?  |  |
4K 30fps  | 4K 30fps  | 4K 30fps  | 4K 60fps  |  |
Video frame

rate support

Encoding

| HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 240 fps  | HD 480 fps  |  |
FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | FHD 120 fps  | ?  |  |
4K 30fps  | 4K 30fps  | 4K 30fps  | ?  |  |
HDR formats
Display and

playback

| 10-bit HDR  | HDR10, HLG  | HDR10, HLG, HDR10+
Video

recording

| N/A  | N/A  | HDR10, HLG  | HDR10, HLG, HDR10+
Photo

recording

| N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | 10-bit HDR HEIF

### Snapdragon 800 series

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 800 series.

Codec | Snapdragon

800[74]

| Snapdragon

801[74]

| Snapdragon

805[75]

| Snapdragon

810[76]

| Snapdragon

820/821[77]

| Snapdragon

835[78]

| Snapdragon

845/850[79]

| Snapdragon

855/855+[80]

| Snapdragon

865/865+

/870[81]

| Snapdragon

888[82]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Availability  | Q2 2013  | Q1 2014  | Q1 2014  | Q3 2014  | Q4 2015

Q3 2016

| Q2 2017  | Q1 2018  | 2019  | 2019

2021

| Q4 2020
Hexagon  | QDSP6 V5  | QDSP6 V5  | QDSP6 V50  | QDSP6 V56  | 680  | 682  | 685  | 690[83] | 698  | 780
MPEG-4  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H263 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E[84] | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VC-1 |  |  |  |  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.264  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E[85] | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.264 10-bit  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VP8 | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E[86] | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 | N/A  | D & E 720P30  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
H.265 10-bit  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | D  | D  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VP9 | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | D  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
VP9 10-bit  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | D  | D  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E  | D & E
AV1  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
VVC | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
FPS
Decoding

FPS

| HD@120  | HD@240  | HD@480[79] | HD@480[87] | HD@960
FHD@60  | FHD@120  | FHD@240[79] | FHD@240  | ?
4K@30  | 4K@60  | ?  | 4K@120
N/A  | 8K@?  | 8K@60
Encoding

FPS

| HD@120  | HD@240  | HD@480[88] | HD@480  | HD@960
FHD@60  | FHD@120  | FHD@240[88] | FHD@240  | ?
4K@30  | 4K@60[88] | 4K@60  | 4K@120
N/A  | 8K@30
HDR formats
Display and

playback

| N/A  | HDR  | HDR10,

HLG[89]

| HDR10, HLG,

HDR10+, Dolby Vision

Video

recording

| N/A  | HDR10,

HLG[89]

| HDR10, HLG,

HDR10+

| HDR10, HLG,

HDR10+, Dolby Vision

Photo

recording

| N/A  | 10-bit HDR HEIF

## Code sample

This is a single instruction packet from the inner loop of a FFT:[7][18]

{ R17:16 = MEMD(R0++M1)
MEMD(R6++M1) = R25:24
R20 = CMPY(R20, R8):<<1:rnd:sat
R11:10 = VADDH(R11:10, R13:12)
}:endloop0

This packet is claimed by Qualcomm to be equal to 29 classic RISC operations; it includes vector add (4x 16-bit), complex multiply operation and hardware loop support. All instructions of the packet are done in the same cycle.

## See also

* Qualcomm Snapdragon
* List of Qualcomm Snapdragon processors
* Nvidia NVDEC
* Nvidia NVENC
* Texas Instruments TMS320
* CEVA, Inc.
* Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer
* Digital signal processing
* Cryptography
* Instruction set architecture
* Microarchitecture
* Very long instruction word
* SIMD
* Multi-threading
* System on a chip
* Hypervisor
* Codec
* Fast Fourier transform
* Cellular network
* Conexant

## References

1. ↑ Baseband exploitation in 2013: Hexagon challenges /Ralf-Philipp Weinmann Pacsec 20132013-11-14, Tokyo, Japan: "32-bit unified address space for code and data – Byte addressable; 32 General registers (32-bit) – also usable pairwise: 64-bit register pairs"
2. ↑ "Hexagon DSP SDK" (in en). https://developer.qualcomm.com/software/hexagon-dsp-sdk.
3. ↑ "Hexagon DSP SDK Processor" (in en). https://developer.qualcomm.com/software/hexagon-dsp-sdk/dsp-processor.
4. ↑ Humrick, Matt. "Qualcomm Details Snapdragon 835: Kryo 280 CPU, Adreno 540 GPU, X16 LTE". https://www.anandtech.com/show/10948/qualcomm-snapdragon-835-kryo-280-adreno-540.
5. ↑ Group, Lindley. "Microprocessor Report". http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~danav/pubs/qcom/hexagon_microreport2013_v5.pdf.
6. ↑ "Rob Landley's Blog Thing for 2012". Landley.net. http://landley.net/notes.html.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Porting LLVM to a Next Generation DSP, L. Taylor Simpson (Qualcomm) // LLVM Developers’ Meeting: 11/18/2011
8. ↑ "Hexagon DSP SDK Processor" (in en). https://developer.qualcomm.com/software/hexagon-dsp-sdk/dsp-processor.
9. ↑ "Hexagon - Microarchitectures - Qualcomm - WikiChip" (in en). https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/qualcomm/microarchitectures/hexagon.
10. ↑ Iqbal, Faisal. Qualcomm Hexagon DSP. https://www.academia.edu/39512926.
11. ↑ Technologies, Qualcomm (2018). "Qualcomm Hexagon V66 HVX Programmer's Reference Manual". https://developer.qualcomm.com/qfile/67416/80-n2040-44_b_qualcomm_hexagon_v66_hvx_reference_manual_programmers.pdf.
12. ↑ Will Strauss, Forward Concepts. Wireless/DSP Market Bulletin: Qualcomm Leads in Global DSP Silicon Shipments // Forward Concepts: "In calendar year 2011, Qualcomm shipped a reported 521 million MSM chip shipments and we estimate that an average of 2.3 of its DSP cores in each unit resulted in 1.2 billion DSPs shipped in silicon. This (calendar) year, we estimate that the company will ship an average of 2.4 DSP cores with each (more complex) MSM chip."
13. ↑ [1]; [2]; Ceva grabs 90% of DSP IP market, 2012
14. ↑ Hexagon v2 Programmers Reference
15. ↑ Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm) (March–April 2014). "HEXAGON DSP: AN ARCHITECTURE OPTIMIZED FOR MOBILE MULTIMEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS". IEEE Micro 34.2. pp. 34–43. http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~danav/pubs/qcom/hexagon_micro2014_v6.pdf.
16. ↑ Faster 128-EEA3 and 128-EIA3 Software, Roberto Avanzi and Billy Bob Brumley (Qualcomm Research), Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2013/428, 2 Jul 2013. Page 9.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm) (August 2013). "Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications". Hot Chips 25. http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~danav/pubs/qcom/hexagon_hotchips2013.pdf.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Qualcomm Extends Hexagon DSP: Hexagon v5 Adds Floating-Point Math, Dynamic Multithreading // Linley Gwennap, Microprocessor Report, August 2013
19. ↑ Ho, Joshua. "Qualcomm Details Hexagon 680 DSP in Snapdragon 820: Accelerated Imaging". https://www.anandtech.com/show/9552/qualcomm-details-hexagon-680-dsp-in-snapdragon-820-accelerated-imaging.
20. ↑ "On-Device AI with Qualcomm Snapdragon Neural Processing Engine SDK" (in en). https://developer.qualcomm.com/blog/device-ai-qualcomm-snapdragon-neural-processing-engine-sdk.
21. ↑ "Artificial Intelligence Engine in Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform Powers On-Device AI User Experiences in Flagship Premium-Tier Smartphones" (in en). 2019-02-24. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2019/02/25/artificial-intelligence-engine-qualcomm-snapdragon-855-mobile-platform.
22. ↑ https://developer.qualcomm.com/download/80-nb419-3ahexagonvirtualmachinespec.pdf (restricted access)
23. ↑ "3.2 merge window, part 1". lwn.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/465066/.
24. ↑ Linux Kernel 3.2 Release Notes "1.4. New architecture: Hexagon"
25. ↑ Richard Kuo, Hexagon MiniVM // linux.ports.hexagon, 25 Apr 2013
26. ↑ Hexagon MiniVM // CodeAurora (Qualcomm)
27. ↑ "LLVM 3.1 Release Notes". Llvm.org. 2012-05-15. http://llvm.org/releases/3.1/docs/ReleaseNotes.html.
28. ↑ "LLVM 8.0.0 Release Notes". Llvm.org. 2019-03-20. https://releases.llvm.org/8.0.0/docs/ReleaseNotes.html.
29. ↑ "Hexagon Project Wiki". Codeaurora.org. https://www.codeaurora.org/xwiki/bin/Hexagon/.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Qualcomm Announces Its 2012 Superchip: 28nm Snapdragon S4, 10/12/2011 by John Oram. Quote: "Hexagon DSPs have been in Snapdragon chips since 2006."
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 QDSP6 V4: Qualcomm Gives Customers and Developers Programming Access to its DSP Core // InsideDSP, June 22, 2012
32. ↑ Qualcomm Aims Hexagon at Femtocells, October 31, 2011. Linley Gwennap// Linley WIRE
33. ↑ "Qualcomm to Integrate Conexant AudioSmart into Hexagon DSPs". Speech Tech Magazine. 2016-03-01. http://www.speechtechmag.com/Articles/News/Speech-Technology-Digest/Qualcomm-to-Integrate-Conexant-AudioSmart-into-Hexagon-DSPs-109538.aspx.
34. ↑ "wolfSSL Use With Hexagon Toolchain". wolfSLS. 2018-05-18. https://www.wolfssl.com/wolfssl-use-hexagon-toolchain/.
35. ↑ Qualcomm Announces Next Generation Snapdragon Premium Mobile Processors // Qualcomm, January 07, 2013
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 "List of Snapdragon SoCs". Developer.qualcomm.com. http://www.qualcomm.com/sites/default/files/common/snapdragon-specs-06.07.12.pdf.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 QDSP6 V4: BDTI Benchmark Results and Implementation Details Of Qualcomm's DSP Core // BDTI, February 12, 2013
38. ↑ Qualcomm's QDSP6 v5: Benchmarking Results Confirm That Floating-Point Support Has Arrived // BDTI, June 12, 2013
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Qualcomm's QDSP6 v6: Imaging and Vision Enhancements Via Vector Extensions // BDTI, September 29, 2015
40. ↑ "Qualcomm's new Hexagon 680 DSP: Fast, efficient, shipping with Snapdragon 820 - ExtremeTech". https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/212817-qualcomms-new-hexagon-680-dsp-fast-efficient-shipping-with-snapdragon-820.
41. ↑ "Qualcomm SDM660 SoC | Integrated LTE Application Processor based on Snapdragon 660 | Qualcomm" (in en). https://www.qualcomm.com/products/technology/processors/application-processors/sdm660.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Snapdragon 800, 600, 400, 200 Processor Specs // Qualcomm
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Snapdragon 200 Processor". Qualcomm. October 2, 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/snapdragon/processors/200.
44. ↑ "Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/qualcomm-205-mobile-platform.
45. ↑ "Qualcomm unveils the Snapdragon 210 and 208 processors". Qualcomm. 9 September 2014. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2014/09/09/qualcomm-unveils-snapdragon-210-and-208-processors.
46. ↑ "Snapdragon 412 and 212 processors announced". Qualcomm. July 28, 2015. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2015/07/28/snapdragon-412-and-212-processors-announced.
47. ↑ "Snapdragon 400 Processor". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/400.
48. ↑ "Snapdragon 415 Processor". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/415.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Introducing Snapdragon 632, 439 and 429 for enhanced mobile experiences, superior performance". Qualcomm. 26 June 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2018/06/26/introducing-snapdragon-632-439-and-429-enhanced-mobile-experiences-superior.
50. ↑ "Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 Mobile Platform to Bring 14nm FinFET Process, Enhanced Dual-Camera Support and Fast LTE Connectivity to Mid-Range Smartphones and Tablets". Qualcomm. 27 June 2017. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/06/28/qualcomm-snapdragon-450-mobile-platform-bring-14nm-finfet-process-enhanced.
51. ↑ "Snapdragon 460 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 14 January 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-460-mobile-platform.
52. ↑ "Qualcomm Snapdragon 480 5G Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 11 December 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-480-5g-mobile-platform.
53. ↑ "Snapdragon 600 tier processors repositioned to reflect advanced performance". Qualcomm. December 2015. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2015/12/16/snapdragon-600-tier-processors-repositioned-reflect-advanced-performance.
54. ↑ "Snapdragon 610 Processor". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/610.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 and 630 Mobile Platforms Drive Advanced Photography, Enhanced Gaming, Integrated Connectivity and Machine Learning". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2017/05/08/qualcomm-snapdragon-660-and-630-mobile-platforms-drive-advanced-photography.
56. ↑ "Snapdragon 662 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 14 January 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-662-mobile-platform.
57. ↑ "Snapdragon 665 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 27 March 2019. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-665-mobile-platform.
58. ↑ "Snapdragon 670 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 2 October 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-670-mobile-platform.
59. ↑ "Snapdragon 690 5G Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 2 June 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-690-5g-mobile-platform.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Kodi Codec SoC Hardware-Support, http://kodi.wiki:80/view/Android_hardware#Compatible_chipsets, retrieved 2018-01-30
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 "Snapdragon 630 Mobile Platform with X12 LTE and Spectra 160 ISP | Qualcomm" (in en). Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-630-mobile-platform.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 "Snapdragon 660 Mobile Platform with Spectra ISP and Hexagon 680 DSP | Qualcomm" (in en). Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-660-mobile-platform.
63. ↑ "Snapdragon 670 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 2 October 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-670-mobile-platform.
64. ↑ "Snapdragon 710 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-710-mobile-platform.
65. ↑ "Snapdragon 712 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 22 January 2019. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-712-mobile-platform.
66. ↑ "Snapdragon 720G Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 14 January 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-720g-mobile-platform.
67. ↑ "Snapdragon 730 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 13 March 2019. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-730-mobile-platform.
68. ↑ "Snapdragon 732G Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 17 August 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-732g-mobile-platform.
69. ↑ "Snapdragon 765 5G Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". 19 November 2019. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-765-5g-mobile-platform.
70. ↑ "Snapdragon 768G 5G Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". May 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-768g-5g-mobile-platform.
71. ↑ "Snapdragon 768G 5G Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". May 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-768g-5g-mobile-platform.
72. ↑ "Snapdragon 778G 5G Mobile Platform". https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-778g-5g-mobile-platform.
73. ↑ "Snapdragon 780G 5G Mobile Platform". https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-780g-5g-mobile-platform.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Shimpi, Anand Lal. "The Difference Between Snapdragon 800 and 801: Clearing up Confusion". https://www.anandtech.com/show/7846/the-difference-between-snapdragon-800-and-801-clearing-up-confusion.
75. ↑ "Qualcomm Technologies Announces Next Generation Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 "Ultra HD" Processor". Qualcomm. 20 November 2013. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2013/11/20/qualcomm-technologies-announces-next-generation-qualcomm-snapdragon-805.
76. ↑ "Qualcomm's Snapdragon 808/810". http://www.anandtech.com/show/7925/qualcomms-snapdragon-808810-20nm-highend-64bit-socs-with-lte-category-67-support-in-2015.
77. ↑ First Snapdragon 820 powered smartphone announced at CES – Qualcomm.com, January 5, 2016
78. ↑ "Snapdragon 835 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon/processors/835.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "Snapdragon 845 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform.
80. ↑ "Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 7 November 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-855-mobile-platform.
81. ↑ "Snapdragon 865 5G Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 19 November 2019. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-865-5g-mobile-platform.
82. ↑ "Snapdragon 888 5G Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. 17 November 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-888-5g-mobile-platform.
83. ↑ "How Qualcomm improved Performance, Gaming, and AI on the Snapdragon 855" (in en-US). 2018-12-05. https://www.xda-developers.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-855-performance-gaming-ai-improvements-explained/.
84. ↑ Snapdragon 820 (2016). "Snapdragon 820 product brief". https://fr.scribd.com/document/317796181/snapdragon-820-processor-product-brief-pdf.
85. ↑ "snapdragon-820-processor-product-brief.pdf | Graphics Processing Unit | Electronics" (in en). https://www.scribd.com/document/317796181/snapdragon-820-processor-product-brief-pdf.
86. ↑ "Eragon Snapdragon 820 SOM (APQ8096) - Based on Qualcomm® Snapdragon 820 (APQ8096) Series Processor for Embedded Systems". https://eragon.einfochips.com/products/system-on-modules/qualcomm-snapdragon-820-apq8096-eragon-eic-q820-200-som.html.
87. ↑ "Qualcomm Spectra 380 Launched: World's First ISP With Integrated AI" (in en-US). 2018-12-05. https://www.xda-developers.com/qualcomm-spectra-380-isp-integrated-ai/.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 "Product Brief Snapdragon 845". 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf.
89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "Product Brief Snapdragon 845". 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf.

## External links

* Qualcomm's Hexagon home page
* Upcoming DSP architectures, Arnd Bergmann // LWN
* Introduction to Qualcomm’s QDSP Access Program // Qualcomm, 2011
* Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications // Lucian Codrescu (Qualcomm), Hot Chips 25, Palo Alto, CA, August 2013.
* Qualcomm Extends Hexagon DSP: Hexagon v5 Adds Floating-Point Math, Dynamic Multithreading // Linley Gwennap, Microprocessor Report, August 2013.

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