List of systems of plant taxonomy

Short description: none

A pioneering system of plant taxonomy, Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, Leiden, 1735

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification.

A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).

There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems.

A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.

Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many versions.

## Contents

* 1 Chronological list of systems
* 1.1 Pre-Linnaean
* 1.2 From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)
* 1.3 Post Darwinian (Phyletic)
* 2 Other systems
* 3 References
* 4 External links
* 5 Bibliography

## Chronological list of systems

### Pre-Linnaean

* See also: Pre-Linnaean taxonomy

Theophrastus classification

Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants), c. 300 BC
Causes of Plants, c. 300 BC
Dioscorides classification

De Materia Medica, c. 60 AD
Albertus Magnus classification

De Vegetabilibus, c. 1256 [1]
Caesalpino classification

De plantis libri XVI, 1583
John Gerard classification

Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
Gaspard Bauhin classification

Pinax theatri botanici, 1623
John Ray classification

Historia Plantarum, 1686–1704
Tournefort classification

Éléments de botanique, 1694

### From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian)

* Linnaean systems

Systema Naturae, 1st edition, 1735.
Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758 (vol. 1), 1759 (vol. 2). Starting point of zoological nomenclature.
Species Plantarum, 1753. Starting point of botanical nomenclature.
Genera Plantarum, 1737 (1st ed.), 1753 (5th ed.).
Philosophia Botanica, 1751.
* Adanson system

Familles naturelles des plantes, 1763.
* de Jussieu system

A.L. de Jussieu (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. apud viduam Herissant, typographum, viâ novâ B. M. sub signo Crucis aureæ. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MUihA_-mTZIC.
(available online at Gallica)
* de Candolle system

A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.).[1]
A. P. de Candolle (1824–1873). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta.
(available online at Gallica)
* Berchtold and Presl system

Berchtold and Presl. O Prirozenosti Rostlin 1820
* Dumortier system

Dumortier, Barthélemy-Charles (1829) (in fr). Analyse des familles des plantes :avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Tournay: Casterman. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
* Lindley system

Lindley (1830). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. https://archive.org/details/introductiontona00lind.
(available online at BHL)
Lindley (1845). The Vegetable Kingdom. https://archive.org/details/vegetablekingdom00jlin.
(available online at BHL)
* Bentham & Hooker system

G. Bentham; J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. 3 volumes.
(available online at Gallica)
* Baillon system

H. Baillon (1867–1894). Histoire des plantes. 13 volumes.

### Post Darwinian (Phyletic)

* Eichler system

Eichler (1883). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde (3rd ed.).
* Van Tieghem system

Van Tieghem, Philippe Édouard Léon; (1884; 2nd ed., 1891) (1891) (in fr). Traité de botanique. Paris: Savy. https://books.google.com/books?id=rixemtL-zoIC. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
* Engler system

A. Engler; K. Prantl; (1887–1915; 2nd edition, 1924–). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. W. Engelmann. https://archive.org/details/dienatrlichenpf12prangoog.
A. Engler (1892). Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik [or, in further editions, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien].
* Dalla Torre & Harms system

K.W. von Dalla Torre; H. Harms (1900–1907). Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta. Lipsiae, G. Engelmann. https://archive.org/details/generasiphonogam00dalluoft.
* Bessey system

Charles E. Bessey (1907). "A Synopsis of Plant Phyla". Univ. Nebraska Studies 7: 275–358.
Charles E. Bessey (1915). "The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2 (1/2): 109–164. doi:10.2307/2990030. Bibcode: 1915AnMBG...2..109B. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/17811.
* Wettstein system

R. Wettstein; (in two volumes, 1901-1908; 2nd edition, 1911; 3rd edition, 1923-24; 4th edition, 1933–35) (1911). "Handbuch der systematischen Botanik". Nature 87 (2184): 308. doi:10.1038/087308a0. Bibcode: 1911Natur..87..308W.
* Rendle system

Alfred Barton Rendle. The Classification of Flowering Plants 1904, 1925
* Lotsy system

Johannes Paulus Lotsy. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. 1907–1911
* Hallier system

Hallier, H (1912). "L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes exposés à l'aide de leur arbre généalogique". Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Série III. B 1: 146–234.
* Warming system

Warming, Eugenius (1912) (in da). Frøplanterne (Spermatofyter). Kjøbenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. https://books.google.com/books?id=TVU-AQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
* Hutchinson system

J. Hutchinson; (two volumes, 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny.
* Calestani system

Calestani, Vittorio (1933). "Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme". Archo. Bot. Sist. Fito-Geogr. Genet. 9: 274–311. http://www.sbn.it/opacsbn/opaclib?db=solr_iccu&sort_access=&rpnquery=%40attrset+bib-1++%40attr+1%3D5032+%40attr+4%3D1+%22IT%5C%5CICCU%5C%5CLO1V%5C%5C146392%22&totalResult=29&select_db=solr_iccu&saveparams=false&nentries=1&rpnlabel=+Nomi+=+IT\ICCU\LO1V\146392+&searchForm=opac/iccu/error.jsp&do_cmd=search_show_cmd&resultForward=opac/iccu/full.jsp&brief=brief&&fname=none&from=13.
* Kimura system

Kimura, Yojiro (1956). "Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones". Notulae Systematicae, Herbier du Muséum de Paris 15: 137–159. http://eurekamag.com/research/025/635/025635656.php.
* Benson system

Lyman David Benson. Plant Classification 1957
* Emberger system

Chaudefaud, Marius; Emberger, Louis (1960). Traité de Botanique systématique 2 vols.. Paris: Masson.
* Melchior system

H. Melchior (1964). Adolf Engler. ed. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (12th edition, II. Band ed.). Berlin-Nikolassee, Gebr. Borntraeger. https://archive.org/details/syllabusderpflan02engl. (also known as modified Engler system, in Angiospermae)
* Takhtajan system

A. Takhtajan; (in Russian, 1966). A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants.
A. Takhtajan; (1969, transl. from Russian by C. Jeffrey) (1969). Flowering plants: origin and dispersal. Oliver & Boyd. ISBN 978-0-05-001715-9.
A. Takhtajan (1980). "Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophya)". Botanical Review 46 (3): 225–359. doi:10.1007/BF02861558. Bibcode: 1980BotRv..46..225T.
A. Takhtajan (1997). Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10098-4.
* Cronquist system

A. Cronquist; (1968; 2nd edition 1988) (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-332-3.
A. Cronquist (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5. https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron.
* Thorne system

R.F. Thorne (1968). "Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering plants". Aliso 6 (4): 57–66. doi:10.5642/aliso.19680604.06.
R.F. Thorne (1983). "Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms". Nord. J. Bot. 3 (1): 85–117. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x. Bibcode: 1983NorJB...3...85T.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants". Botanical Review 58 (3): 225–348. doi:10.1007/BF02858611. Bibcode: 1992BotRv..58..225T.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants". Aliso 13 (2): 365–389. doi:10.5642/aliso.19921302.08. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1401&context=aliso.
R.F. Thorne (2000). "The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae". Botanical Review 66 (4): 441–647. doi:10.1007/BF02869011. Bibcode: 2000BotRv..66..441T.
* Stebbins system

Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, [2]. [System followed by Heywood, V.H. (ed., 1978). Flowering plants of the world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [3].]
* Dahlgren system

R.M.T. Dahlgren (1975). "A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters". Bot. Notiser 128: 119–147.
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1980). "A revised system of classification of angiosperms". Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1983). "General Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution and Macrosystematics". Nordic Journal of Botany 3 (1): 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x. Bibcode: 1983NorJB...3..119D.
R.M.T. Dahlgren (1985). The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-13655-4.
G. Dahlgren (1989). "An updated Angiosperm Classification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 100 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x.
* Goldberg system

Aaron Goldberg (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 58 (58): 1–314. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.58. (available online: Full text (PDF) here) [there is also a comparison among 11 Dicotyledons systems since 1960 until 1985]
Aaron Goldberg (1989). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Monocotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 71 (71): 1–73. doi:10.5479/si.0081024x.71. (available online: Full text (PDF) here)
* Kubitzki system (1990- )

K. Kubitzki et al.. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.
* Shipunov system (1991–)

(Available online: Full text PDF [Usurped!])
* Reveal system (1997)

Reveal System of Classification 1997
* Judd system (1999–2016)

(Modified APG)
Judd, Walter S. (2008). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Judd, Walter S. (2016). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-1-60535-389-0. http://www.sinauer.com/plant-systematics-a-phylogenetic-approach-817.html. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
* APG system

APG I (1998)

APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/2992015. Bibcode: 1998AnMBG..85..531.. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234.
W.S. Judd & al.; (1999; 2nd edition, 2002) (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-87893-403-4. https://archive.org/details/plantsystematics0002unse.
APG II (2003)

APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
(Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF))
APG III (2009)

APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 399–436. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
(Available online: [4])
Chase & Reveal System (2009)

Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
(Available online at doi link.)
APG IV (2016)

APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.

## Other systems

* Bartling system ([5])
* Deyl system
* Endlicher system ([6])
* Fritsch system (algae, [7])
* Gundersen system
* Hallier system
* Hoek, Mann and Jahns system (algae)
* Mez system
* Novák system ([8])
* Pascher system (algae, [9])
* Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group system
* Pulle system
* Rafinesque system ([10])
* Rouleau system
* Smith system (cryptogams – algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes)
* Skottsberg system
* Soó system
* Strasburguer system ([11])
* Tippo system

## References

1. ↑ A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.). https://archive.org/details/b29309426.

## External links

* List of systems on a Russian server, by Alexey Shipunov[Usurped!]
* Minelli, Alessandro (1993). Biological Systematics. The State of the Art. Chapman & Hall, London. 387 pp. Appendices 2–23, with major systematic works.
* Review of systems 1703–1845, in Lindley, John (1846): The Vegetable Kingdom
* Rao M. M., Reddy, S.M. (2007), Plant Taxonomy: Systems of Classification, in Reddy S. M. et al. (eds.) University Botany – 3, New Age International, pp. 7–32 ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6

## Bibliography

* Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122006807. https://books.google.com/books?id=coXwAAAAMAAJ.
* Reddy, S.M. (2007), University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology, New Age International, p. 7, ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC&pg=PA7
* Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1976–1988). Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types: Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 (TL2) (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. ISBN 90-313-0224-4. https://archive.org/details/taxonomicliterat21979staf.

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List of systems of plant taxonomy

Pre-Linnaean|

| John Ray system (1686–1704)|

* A discourse on the seeds of plants
* Methodus plantarum nova
* De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
* Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta

|

Pre-Darwinian|

| Linnaean system (1735–51)|

* Systema Naturae
* Species Plantarum
* Genera Plantarum
* Philosophia Botanica

|

Adanson system (1763)|

Familles naturelles des plantes

De Jussieu system (1789)|

Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam

De Candolle system (1819–24)|

* Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
* Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta

Berchtold and Presl
system (1820–1823)|

O Prirozenosti Rostlin

Agardh system (1825)|

Classes Plantarum

Gray system (1821)|

The Natural Arrangement of British Plants

Perleb system (1826)|

Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs

Dumortier system (1829)|

Analyse des familles des plantes

Lindley system (1830–45)|

* An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
* The Vegetable Kingdom

Don system (1834)|

General History of Dichlamydious Plants.

Bentham & Hooker system
(1862–83)|

Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.

Baillon system (1867–94)|

Histoire des plantes

Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)|

| Nineteenth century|

| Eichler system (1875–1886)|

* Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
* Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde

|

Engler system (1886–1924)|

* Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
* Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
* Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
* Das Pflanzenreich

van Tieghem system (1891)|

Traité de botanique

Twentieth century|

| Dalla Torre & Harms
system (1900–07)|

Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta

|

Warming system (1912)|

Haandbog i den systematiske botanik

Hallier system (1912)|

L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes

Bessey system (1915)|

The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants

Wettstein system (1901–35)|

Handbuch der systematischen Botanik

Lotsy system (1907–11)|

Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.

Hutchinson system (1926–73)|

The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny

Calestani system (1933)|

Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme

Kimura system (1956)|

Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones

Emberger system (1960)|

Traité de Botanique systématique

Melchior system (1964)|

Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien

Takhtajan system (1966–97)|

* A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
* Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
* Diversity and classification of flowering plants

Cronquist system (1968–81)|

* The evolution and classification of flowering plants
* An integrated system of classification of flowering plants

Goldberg system (1986–89|

Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons

Dahlgren system (1975–85)|

The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy

Thorne system (1968–2000)|

An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants

Kubitzki system (1990–)|

The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants

Reveal system (1997)|

Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
System (1998–2009)|

* An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
* An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
* An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
* An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
* Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

See also|

Plantae at Wikispecies

Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.

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Botany

History of botany

Subdisciplines|

* Plant systematics
* Ethnobotany
* Paleobotany
* Plant anatomy
* Plant ecology
* Phytogeography
* Geobotany
* Flora
* Phytochemistry
* Plant pathology
* Bryology
* Phycology
* Floristics
* Dendrology
* Astrobotany

Plant groups|

* Algae
* Archaeplastida
* Bryophyte
* Non-vascular plants
* Vascular plants
* Spermatophytes
* Pteridophyte
* Gymnosperm
* Angiosperm

Plant morphology
(glossary)

| Plant cells|

* Cell wall
* Phragmoplast
* Plastid
* Plasmodesma
* Vacuole

|

Tissues|

* Meristem
* Vascular tissue
* Vascular bundle
* Ground tissue
* Mesophyll
* Cork
* Wood
* Storage organs

Vegetative|

* Root
* Rhizoid
* Bulb
* Rhizome
* Shoot
* Stem
* Leaf
* Petiole
* Cataphyll
* Bud
* Sessility

Reproductive
(Flower)|

* Flower development
* Inflorescence
* Umbel
* Raceme
* Bract
* Pedicellate
* Flower
* Aestivation
* Whorl
* Floral symmetry
* Floral diagram
* Floral formula
* Receptacle
* Hypanthium (Floral cup)
* Perianth
* Tepal
* Petal
* Sepal
* Sporophyll
* Gynoecium
* Ovary
* Ovule
* Stigma
* Archegonium
* Androecium
* Stamen
* Staminode
* Pollen
* Tapetum
* Gynandrium
* Gametophyte
* Sporophyte
* Plant embryo
* Fruit
* Fruit anatomy
* Berry
* Capsule
* Seed
* Seed dispersal
* Endosperm

Surface structures|

* Epicuticular wax
* Plant cuticle
* Epidermis
* Stoma
* Nectary
* Trichome
* Prickle

* Plant physiology
* Materials

* Nutrition
* Photosynthesis
* Chlorophyll
* Plant hormone
* Transpiration
* Turgor pressure
* Bulk flow
* Aleurone
* Phytomelanin
* Sugar
* Sap
* Starch
* Cellulose

Plant growth and habit|

* Secondary growth
* Woody plants
* Herbaceous plants
* Habit
* Vines
* Lianas
* Shrubs
* Subshrubs
* Trees
* Succulent plants

Reproduction

* Evolution
* Ecology

* Alternation of generations
* Sporangium
* Spore
* Microsporangia
* Microspore
* Megasporangium
* Megaspore
* Pollination
* Artificial
* Pollinators
* Pollen tube
* Self
* Double fertilization
* Germination
* Evolutionary development
* Evolutionary history
* timeline

Plant taxonomy|

* History of plant systematics
* Herbarium
* Biological classification
* Botanical nomenclature
* Botanical name
* Correct name
* Author citation
* International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
* International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
* Taxonomic rank
* International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
* Plant taxonomy systems
* Cultivated plant taxonomy
* Citrus taxonomy
* cultigen
* cultivar
* Group
* grex

Practice|

* Agronomy
* Floriculture
* Forestry
* Horticulture

* Lists
* Related topics

* Botanical terms
* Botanists
* by author abbreviation
* Botanical expedition

* Category
*   * WikiProject

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Important publications in science

* Computing
* Mathematics

* Computer science (theoretical)
* Concurrent / parallel / distributed computing
* Cryptography
* Mathematics
* Statistics

Natural science|

* Biology
* Chemistry
* Geology
* Physics

Social science|

* Anthropology
* Economics
* Psychology (humor research)
* Sociology

Related|

* Philosophy
* Antiquarian science books

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