Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Other names: Chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL)
The Philadelphia chromosome as seen by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).
Specialty| Hematology and oncology
Symptoms| Early: None, tiredness, left upper abdominal pain[1]
Later: Headache, bone pain, fever, enlarged lymph nodes[1]
Complications| Bleeding, priapism[1]
Usual onset| 56 years old[1]
Risk factors| Atomic bomb exposure[1]
Diagnostic method| Complete blood cell count (CBC), cytogenetic testing[1]
Differential diagnosis| Other causes of leukocytosis, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, polycythemia vera[1]
Prognosis| Five-year survival rate 70%[2]
Frequency| 298,000 (2015)[3]
Deaths| 32,200 (2015)[4]

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a type of cancer which involves white blood cells, primarily granulocytes.[1] Both the blood and bone marrow are affected.[1] At the time of diagnosis about half of people have no symptoms.[1] Early symptoms may include tiredness and left upper abdominal pain due to an enlarged spleen.[1] Later symptoms may include headache, bone pain, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes.[1] Complications may include bleeding and priapism.[1]

Few risk factors have been defined, though it is more common among those who survived the atomic bomb.[1] More than 90% of those affected have a Philadelphia chromosome which forms due to a chromosomal translocation.[1] It is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm.[1] The diagnosis is suspected based on a complete blood cell count (CBC) and confirmed by cytogenetic testing.[1] The disease can be divided into three phases, chronic, accelerated, and blastic.[5]

Treatment is with a group of medications known as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs).[1] These includes imatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib.[1] Other options may include bone marrow transplant and omacetaxine.[1] With the availability of TKIs the five-year survival rate has increased from 33% to more than 70%.[1][2]

About 0.9 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year.[1] The typical age of diagnosis is around 56 years old.[1] In Western countries, it accounts for 20% of adult leukemias.[6] It is rare in children.[5] The underlying cause was determined in 1960 By Nowell and Hungerford.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Signs and symptoms
* 2 Cause
* 2.1 Risk factors
* 3 Pathophysiology
* 4 Diagnosis
* 4.1 Classification
* 4.1.1 Chronic phase
* 4.1.2 Accelerated phase
* 4.1.3 Blast crisis
* 5 Treatment
* 5.1 Chronic phase
* 5.1.1 Imatinib
* 5.1.2 Novel agents
* 5.1.3 Treatment-resistance
* 6 Prognosis
* 7 Epidemiology
* 7.1 United Kingdom
* 7.2 United States
* 8 Research
* 8.1 Vaccination
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

The way CML presents depends on the stage of the disease at diagnosis as it has been known to skip stages in some cases.[8]

Most patients (~90%) are diagnosed during the chronic stage which is most often asymptomatic. In these cases it may be diagnosed incidentally with an elevated white blood cell count on a routine laboratory test. It can also present with symptoms indicative of hepatosplenomegaly and the resulting upper quadrant pain this causes. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on the stomach causing a loss of appetite and resulting weight loss. It may also present with mild fever and night sweats due to an elevated basal level of metabolism.[8]

Some (<10%) are diagnosed during the accelerated stage which most often presents bleeding, petechiae and ecchymosis.[8] In these patients fevers are most commonly the result of opportunistic infections.[8]

Some patients are initially diagnosed in the blast phase in which the symptoms are most likely fever, bone pain and an increase in bone marrow fibrosis.[8]

## Cause[edit | edit source]

In most cases no obvious cause for CML can be isolated.[9]

### Risk factors[edit | edit source]

CML is more common in males than in females (male to female ratio of 1.4:1) and appears more commonly in the elderly with a median age at diagnosis of 65 years.[9] Exposure to ionising radiation appears to be a risk factor, based on a 50 fold higher incidence of CML in Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombing survivors.[9] The rate of CML in these individuals seems to peak about 10 years after the exposure.[9]

## Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

Diagram showing the translocation found in the Philadelphia chromosome

CML was the first cancer to be linked to a clear genetic abnormality, the chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosomal abnormality is so named because it was first discovered and described in 1960 by two scientists from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Peter Nowell of the University of Pennsylvania and David Hungerford of Fox Chase Cancer Center.[10]

In this translocation, parts of two chromosomes (the 9th and 22nd) switch places. As a result, part of the BCR ("breakpoint cluster region") gene from chromosome 22 is fused with the ABL gene on chromosome 9. This abnormal "fusion" gene generates a protein of p210 or sometimes p185 weight (p210 is short for 210 kDa protein, a shorthand used for characterizing proteins based solely on size). Because abl carries a domain that can add phosphate groups to tyrosine residues (a tyrosine kinase), the bcr-abl fusion gene product is also a tyrosine kinase.[11][12]

Diagram showing the cells CML can develop from

The fused BCR-ABL protein interacts with the interleukin 3beta(c) receptor subunit. The BCR-ABL transcript is continuously active and does not require activation by other cellular messaging proteins. In turn, BCR-ABL activates a cascade of proteins that control the cell cycle, speeding up cell division. Moreover, the BCR-ABL protein inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and making the cell more susceptible to developing further genetic abnormalities. The action of the BCR-ABL protein is the pathophysiologic cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia. With improved understanding of the nature of the BCR-ABL protein and its action as a tyrosine kinase, targeted therapies (the first of which was imatinib) that specifically inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein have been developed. These tyrosine kinase inhibitors can induce complete remissions in CML, confirming the central importance of bcr-abl as the cause of CML.[12]

## Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

CML is often suspected on the basis of a complete blood count, which shows increased granulocytes of all types, typically including mature myeloid cells. Basophils and eosinophils are almost universally increased; this feature may help differentiate CML from a leukemoid reaction. A bone marrow biopsy is often performed as part of the evaluation for CML, and CML is diagnosed by cytogenetics that detects the translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) which involves the ABL1 gene in chromosome 9 and the BCR gene in chromosome 22.[13] As a result of this translocation, the chromosome looks smaller than its homologue chromosome, and this appearance is known as the Philadelphia chromosome chromosomal abnormality. Thus, this abnormality can be detected by routine cytogenetics, and the involved genes BCR-ABL1 can be detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization, as well as by PCR.[14]

Controversy exists over so-called Ph-negative CML, or cases of suspected CML in which the Philadelphia chromosome cannot be detected. Many such patients in fact have complex chromosomal abnormalities that mask the (9;22) translocation, or have evidence of the translocation by FISH or RT-PCR in spite of normal routine karyotyping.[15] The small subset of patients without detectable molecular evidence of BCR-ABL1 fusion may be better classified as having an undifferentiated myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder, as their clinical course tends to be different from patients with CML.[16]

CML must be distinguished from a leukemoid reaction, which can have a similar appearance on a blood smear.[14]

* Chronic myeloid leukemia in a 4 years old female. Peripheral blood (MGG stain)

* Peripheral blood (MGG stain): marked leukocytosis with granulocyte left shift

* A small, hypolobated megakaryocyte (center of field) in a bone marrow aspirate, characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia.

### Classification[edit | edit source]

CML is often divided into three phases based on clinical characteristics and laboratory findings. In the absence of intervention, CML typically begins in the chronic phase, and over the course of several years progresses to an accelerated phase and ultimately to a blast crisis. Blast crisis is the terminal phase of CML and clinically behaves like an acute leukemia. Drug treatment will usually stop this progression if started early. One of the drivers of the progression from chronic phase through acceleration and blast crisis is the acquisition of new chromosomal abnormalities (in addition to the Philadelphia chromosome).[11] Some patients may already be in the accelerated phase or blast crisis by the time they are diagnosed.[14]

#### Chronic phase[edit | edit source]

Approximately 85% of patients with CML are in the chronic phase at the time of diagnosis. During this phase, patients are usually asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms of fatigue, left side pain, joint and/or hip pain, or abdominal fullness. The duration of chronic phase is variable and depends on how early the disease was diagnosed as well as the therapies used. In the absence of treatment, the disease progresses to an accelerated phase.[14] Precise patient staging based on clinical markers and personal genomic profile will likely prove beneficial in the assessment of disease history with respect to progression risk.[17]

#### Accelerated phase[edit | edit source]

Criteria for diagnosing transition into the accelerated phase are somewhat variable; the most widely used criteria are those put forward by investigators at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,[18] by Sokal et al.,[19] and the World Health Organization.[16][20] The WHO criteria[21] are perhaps most widely used, and define the accelerated phase by the presence of ≥1 of the following haematological/cytogenetic criteria or provisional criteria concerning response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy

* Haematological/cytogenetic criteria
* Persistent or increasing high white blood cell count (> 10 × 109/L), unresponsive to therapy
* Persistent or increasing splenomegaly, unresponsive to therapy
* Persistent thrombocytosis (> 1000 × 109/L), unresponsive to therapy
* Persistent thrombocytopenia (< 100 × 109/L), unrelated to therapy
* ≥ 20% basophils in the peripheral blood
* 10―19% blasts in the peripheral blood and/or bone marrow
* Additional clonal chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive (Ph+) cells at diagnosis, including so-called major route abnormalities (a second Ph chromosome, trisomy 8, isochromosome 17q, trisomy 19), complex karyotype, and abnormalities of 3q26.2
* Any new clonal chromosomal abnormality in Ph+ cells that occurs during therapy
* Provisional response-to-TKI criteria
* Haematological resistance (or failure to achieve a complete haematological response d) to the first TKI
* Any haematological, cytogenetic, or molecular indications of resistance to two sequential TKIs
* Occurrence of two or more mutations in the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene during TKI therapy

The patient is considered to be in the accelerated phase if any of the above are present. The accelerated phase is significant because it signals that the disease is progressing and transformation to blast crisis is imminent. Drug treatment often becomes less effective in the advanced stages.[16]

#### Blast crisis[edit | edit source]

Blast crisis is the final phase in the evolution of CML, and behaves like an acute leukemia, with rapid progression and short survival.[14] Blast crisis is diagnosed if any of the following are present in a patient with CML:[22]

* >20% blasts in the blood or bone marrow
* The presence of an extramedullary proliferation of blasts

## Treatment[edit | edit source]

The only curative treatment for CML is a bone marrow transplant or an allogeneic stem cell transplant.[23] Other than this there are four major mainstays of treatment in CML: treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, myelosuppressive or leukopheresis therapy (to counteract the leukocytosis during early treatment), splenectomy and interferon alfa-2b treatment.[23] Due to the high median age of patients with CML it is relatively rare for CML to be seen in pregnant women, despite this, however, chronic myelogenous leukemia can be treated with relative safety at any time during pregnancy with Interferon-alpha hormones.[24]

### Chronic phase[edit | edit source]

In the past, antimetabolites (e.g., cytarabine, hydroxyurea), alkylating agents, interferon alfa 2b, and steroids were used as treatments of CML in the chronic phase, but since the 2000s have been replaced by Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors[25] drugs that specifically target BCR-ABL, the constitutively activated tyrosine kinase fusion protein caused by the Philadelphia chromosome translocation. Despite the move to replacing cytotoxic antineoplastics (standard anticancer drugs) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors sometimes hydroxyurea is still used to counteract the high leukocyte counts encountered during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib; in these situations it may be the preferred myelosuppressive agent due to its relative lack of leukemogenic effects and hence the relative lack of potential for secondary hematologic malignancies to result from treatment.[26] IRIS, an international study that compared interferon/cytarabine combination and the first of these new drugs imatinib, with long-term follow up, demonstrated the clear superiority of tyrosine-kinase-targeted inhibition over existing treatments.[27]

#### Imatinib[edit | edit source]

The first of this new class of drugs was imatinib mesylate (marketed as Gleevec or Glivec), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. Imatinib was found to inhibit the progression of CML in the majority of patients (65–75%) sufficiently to achieve regrowth of their normal bone marrow stem cell population (a cytogenetic response) with stable proportions of maturing white blood cells. Because some leukemic cells (as evaluated by RT-PCR) persist in nearly all patients, the treatment has to be continued indefinitely. Since the advent of imatinib, CML has become the first cancer in which a standard medical treatment may give to the patient a normal life expectancy.[28]

#### Novel agents[edit | edit source]

To overcome imatinib resistance and to increase responsiveness to TK inhibitors, four novel agents were later developed. The first, dasatinib, blocks several further oncogenic proteins, in addition to more potent inhibition of the BCR-ABL protein, and was initially approved in 2007 by the US FDA to treat CML in patients who were either resistant to or intolerant of imatinib. A second new TK inhibitor, nilotinib, was also approved by the FDA for the same indication. In 2010, nilotinib and dasatinib were also approved for first-line therapy, making three drugs in this class available for treatment of newly diagnosed CML. In 2012, Radotinib joined the class of novel agents in the inhibition of the BCR-ABL protein and was approved in South Korea for patients resistant to or intolerant of imatinib. Bosutinib received US FDA and EU European Medicines Agency approval on 4 September 2012 and 27 March 2013 respectively for the treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with resistance, or intolerance to prior therapy.

#### Treatment-resistance[edit | edit source]

While capable of producing improved responses compared with the action of imatinib, neither dasatinib nor nilotinib could overcome drug resistance caused by one particular mutation found to occur in the structure of BCR-ABL1 known as the T315I mutation (in other words, where the 315th amino acid is mutated from a threonine residue to an isoleucine residue). Two approaches were developed to the treatment of CML as a result:

In September 2012, the FDA approved omacetaxine for the treatment of CML in the case of resistance to other chemotherapeutic agents.[29][30]

The drug, ponatinib, gained FDA approval in December 2012 for treatment of patients with resistant or intolerant CML. Just as with second generation TK inhibitors, early approval is being sought to extend the use of ponatinib to newly diagnosed CML also.[citation needed]

## Prognosis[edit | edit source]

Before the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the median survival time for CML patients had been about 3–5 years from time of diagnosis.[6]

With the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, survival rates have improved dramatically. A 2006 followup of 553 patients using imatinib (Gleevec) found an overall survival rate of 89% after five years.[31]

A 2011 followup of 832 people using imatinib who achieved a stable cytogenetic response found an overall survival rate of 95.2% after 8 years, which is similar to the rate in the general population. Fewer than 1% of patients died because of leukemia progression.[28]

## Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

### United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

CML accounts for 8% of all leukaemias in the UK, and around 680 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011.[32]

### United States[edit | edit source]

The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2014, about 5,980 new cases of chronic myeloid leukemia were diagnosed, and about 810 people died of the disease. This means that a little over 10% of all newly diagnosed leukemia cases will be chronic myeloid leukemia. The average risk of a person getting this disease is 1 in 588. The disease is more common in men than women, and more common in whites than African-Americans. The average age at diagnosis is 64 years, and this disease is rarely seen in children.[33]

## Research[edit | edit source]

### Vaccination[edit | edit source]

In 2005, encouraging but mixed results of vaccination were reported with the BCR/ABL1 p210 fusion protein in patients with stable disease, with GM-CSF as an adjuvant.[34]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Eden, RE; Coviello, JM (January 2020). "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia". PMID 30285354. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
3. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
4. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 11 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
7. ↑ Soiffer, Robert J. (2004). Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25\. ISBN 978-1-59259-733-8. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Besa EC, Buehler B, Markman M, Sacher RA (27 December 2013). Krishnan K (ed.). "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Clinical Presentation". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Provan D, Gribben JG (2010). "Chapter 7 Chronic myelogenous leukemia". Molecular Hematology (3rd ed.). Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 76\. ISBN 9781444318548. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
10. ↑ Nowell PC (August 2007). "Discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome: a personal perspective". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (8): 2033–5. doi:10.1172/JCI31771. PMC 1934591. PMID 17671636.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Faderl S, Talpaz M, Estrov Z, Kantarjian HM (August 1999). "Chronic myelogenous leukemia: biology and therapy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 131 (3): 207–19. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00008. PMID 10428738. S2CID 46260906.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hehlmann R, Hochhaus A, Baccarani M (July 2007). "Chronic myeloid leukaemia". Lancet. 370 (9584): 342–50. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61165-9. PMID 17662883. S2CID 1420863.
13. ↑ Rowley JD (June 2013). "Genetics. A story of swapped ends". Science. 340 (6139): 1412–3. Bibcode:2013Sci...340.1412R. doi:10.1126/science.1241318. PMID 23788787. S2CID 206550237.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Tefferi A (2006). "Classification, diagnosis and management of myeloproliferative disorders in the JAK2V617F era". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2006: 240–5. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2006.1.240. PMID 17124067.
15. ↑ Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM (January 1997). "Clinical features at diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia seen at a referral centre over a 16-year period". British Journal of Haematology. 96 (1): 111–6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.d01-1982.x. PMID 9012696. S2CID 41243342.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Tefferi A, Thiele J, Orazi A, Kvasnicka HM, Barbui T, Hanson CA, et al. (August 2007). "Proposals and rationale for revision of the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis: recommendations from an ad hoc international expert panel". Blood. 110 (4): 1092–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-04-083501. PMID 17488875. S2CID 7086172.
17. ↑ Brehme M, Koschmieder S, Montazeri M, Copland M, Oehler VG, Radich JP, et al. (April 2016). "Combined Population Dynamics and Entropy Modelling Supports Patient Stratification in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia". Scientific Reports. 6: 24057. Bibcode:2016NatSR...624057B. doi:10.1038/srep24057. PMC 4822142. PMID 27048866.
18. ↑ Kantarjian HM, Dixon D, Keating MJ, Talpaz M, Walters RS, McCredie KB, Freireich EJ (April 1988). "Characteristics of accelerated disease in chronic myelogenous leukemia". Cancer. 61 (7): 1441–6. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880401)61:7<1441::AID-CNCR2820610727>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID 3162181.
19. ↑ Sokal JE, Baccarani M, Russo D, Tura S (January 1988). "Staging and prognosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia". Seminars in Hematology. 25 (1): 49–61. PMID 3279515.
20. ↑ Vardiman JW, Harris NL, Brunning RD (October 2002). "The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms". Blood. 100 (7): 2292–302. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1199. PMID 12239137. S2CID 9413654.
21. ↑ Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, et al. (May 2016). "The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia". Blood. 127 (20): 2391–405. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544. PMID 27069254. S2CID 18338178.
22. ↑ Karbasian Esfahani M, Morris EL, Dutcher JP, Wiernik PH (May 2006). "Blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia". Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 7 (3): 189–99. doi:10.1007/s11864-006-0012-y. PMID 16615875. S2CID 21092684.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Besa EC, Buehler B, Markman M, Sacher RA (27 December 2013). Krishnan K (ed.). "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Treatment & Management". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
24. ↑ Shapira T, Pereg D, Lishner M (September 2008). "How I treat acute and chronic leukemia in pregnancy". Blood Reviews. 22 (5): 247–59. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.006. PMID 18472198.
25. ↑ Kufe DW; Pollack RE; Weichselbaum RR; et al., eds. (2003). "Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Targeting Considerations". Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (NCBI bookshelf book) (6th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. ISBN 978-1-55009-213-4. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
26. ↑ Besa EC, Buehler B, Markman M, Sacher RA (27 December 2013). Krishnan K (ed.). "Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
27. ↑ DeAngelo DJ, Ritz J (January 2004). "Imatinib therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: are patients living longer?" (PDF). Clinical Cancer Research. 10 (1 Pt 1): 1–3. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-1218-3. PMID 14734443. S2CID 1761631. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Gambacorti-Passerini C, Antolini L, Mahon FX, Guilhot F, Deininger M, Fava C, et al. (April 2011). "Multicenter independent assessment of outcomes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 103 (7): 553–61. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr060. PMID 21422402.
29. ↑ "FDA approves Synribo for chronic myelogenous leukemia" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. October 26, 2012. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
30. ↑ "FDA approves new orphan drug for chronic myelogenous leukemia" (Press release). US Food and Drug Administration. September 4, 2012. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
31. ↑ Druker BJ, Guilhot F, O'Brien SG, Gathmann I, Kantarjian H, Gattermann N, et al. (December 2006). "Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (23): 2408–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062867. PMID 17151364. S2CID 21772851.
32. ↑ "Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) statistics". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
33. ↑ "What are the key statistics about chronic myeloid leukemia?". cancer.org. American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
34. ↑ Bocchia M, Gentili S, Abruzzese E, Fanelli A, Iuliano F, Tabilio A, et al. (2005). "Effect of a p210 multipeptide vaccine associated with imatinib or interferon in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and persistent residual disease: a multicentre observational trial" (PDF). Lancet. 365 (9460): 657–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17945-8. hdl:2108/41872. PMID 15721470. S2CID 26816784. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2019-09-03.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: C92.1
* ICD-9-CM: 205.1
* ICD-O: M9875/3
* MeSH: D015464
* DiseasesDB: 2659

|

External resources|

* MedlinePlus: 000570
* eMedicine: med/371

* Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Archived 2021-03-16 at the Wayback Machine at American Cancer Society
* CML information Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine from The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
* Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML) at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition

* v
* t
* e

Myeloid-related hematological malignancy

CFU-GM/
and other granulocytes|

| CFU-GM|

| Myelocyte|

| AML:|

* Acute myeloblastic leukemia
* M0
* M1
* M2
* APL/M3

|

MP|

* Chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Monocyte|

| AML|

* AMoL/M5
* Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia

|

CML|

* Philadelphia chromosome
* Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

Myelomonocyte|

| AML|

* M4

|

MD-MP|

* Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
* Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Other|

* Histiocytosis

CFU-Baso|

| AML|

* Acute basophilic

|

CFU-Eos|

| AML|

* Acute eosinophilic

|

MP|

* Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome

MEP|

| CFU-Meg|

| MP|

* Essential thrombocythemia

* Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

|

CFU-E|

| AML|

* Erythroleukemia/M6

|

MP|

* Polycythemia vera

MD|

* Refractory anemia
* Refractory anemia with excess of blasts
* Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
* Sideroblastic anemia
* Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
* Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia

CFU-Mast|

| Mastocytoma|

* Mast cell leukemia
* Mast cell sarcoma
* Systemic mastocytosis

|

Mastocytosis:|

* Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
* Erythrodermic mastocytosis
* Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis
* Urticaria pigmentosa
* Mast cell sarcoma
* Solitary mastocytoma

Systemic mastocytosis|

* Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis

Multiple/unknown|

| AML|

* Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis
* Myeloid sarcoma

|

MP|

* Primary myelofibrosis
* Biphenotypic acute leukaemia

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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template