Epidemiology of obesity

World obesity prevalence among males.[1]

<5%

5-10%

10-15%

15-20%

20-25%

25-30%

30-35%

35-40%

40-45%

45-50%

50-55%

>55%

World obesity prevalence among females.[1]

<5%

5-10%

10-15%

15-20%

20-25%

25-30%

30-35%

35-40%

40-45%

45-50%

50-55%

>55%

Obesity has been observed throughout human history. Many early depictions of the human form in art and sculpture appear obese.[2] However, it was not until the 20th century that obesity became common — so much so that, in 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) formally recognized obesity as a global epidemic[3] and estimated that the worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975.[4] Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2, and in June 2013 the American Medical Association classified it as a disease.[5]

In countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), one child out of five is overweight or obese.[6] Once considered a problem only of high-income countries, obesity rates are rising worldwide. Globally, there are now more people who are obese than who are underweight, a trend observed in every region over the world except parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.[7] In 2013, an estimated 2.1 billion adults were overweight, as compared with 857 million in 1980.[8] Of adults who are overweight, 31% are obese.[7] Increases in obesity have been seen most in urban settings.[9]

Since body fat can be measured in several ways, statistics on the epidemiology of obesity vary between sources. While BMI is the most basic and commonly used indicator of obesity, other measures include waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, skinfold thicknesses, and bioelectrical impedance.[10] The rate of obesity increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old.[11]

## Contents

* 1 Africa
* 1.1 Egypt
* 2 Asia
* 2.1 China
* 2.2 India
* 2.3 Iran
* 2.4 Japan
* 2.5 Pakistan
* 2.6 Taiwan
* 3 Europe
* 3.1 United Kingdom
* 4 North America
* 4.1 Canada
* 4.2 Mexico
* 4.3 United States
* 5 South America and the Caribbean
* 6 Oceania and the Pacific
* 6.1 Australia
* 6.2 New Zealand
* 6.3 South Pacific
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Africa[edit | edit source]

See also: Obesity in the Middle East and North Africa

Obesity rates in Western Africa are estimated to be 10%. Rates of obesity among women are three times those found in men. In urban West Africa rates of obesity have more than doubled in the last 15 years.[12]

### Egypt[edit | edit source]

In Egypt, according to data from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study, overweight and obesity (as measured by high BMI) was the country's leading risk factor driving the most death and disability combined.[13]

## Asia[edit | edit source]

### China[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in China

China is currently facing challenges of overnutrition.[14] This is believed to be primarily due to the rapid declines in physical activity and changing dietary habits which have occurred between the 1980s and the 2000s. The decline in physical activity is attributed to increasing technology in the workplace and changing leisure activities.[14]

In 1989 65% of Chinese had jobs that required heavy labor. This decreased to 51% in the year 2000.[14] Combined with this has been a change to a diet higher in meat and oil,[14] and an increase in overall available calories.[15] Available calories per person increased from 2,330 kilocalories (9,700 kJ) per day in 1980 to 2,940 kilocalories (12,300 kJ) per day in 2002.[15] Rates of overweight and obese adults increased 12.9% in 1991 to 27.3% in 2004.[16]

Overall rates of obesity are below 5% in China as a whole but are greater than 20% in some cities.[17]

### India[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in India

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in India in the 21st century, with morbid obesity affecting 5% of the country's population.[18] Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and NGOs such as the Indian Heart Association have been raising awareness about this issue.[19] Urbanization and modernization has been associated with obesity.[20] In Northern India obesity was most prevalent in urban populations (male = 5.5%, female = 12.6%), followed by the urban slums (male = 1.9%, female = 7.2%). Obesity rates were the lowest in rural populations (male = 1.6%, female = 3.8%).[20]

Socioeconomic class also had an effect on the rate of obesity. Women of high socioeconomic class had rates of 10.4% as opposed to 0.9% in women of low socioeconomic class.[21] With people moving into urban centers and wealth increasing, concerns about an obesity epidemic in India are growing.

### Iran[edit | edit source]

In Iran the prevalence of obesity was 26.3% in 2008. Prevalence of obesity was more among women (39.5%) than men (14.5%).[22]

### Japan[edit | edit source]

Using the WHO criteria Japan has the lowest rate of obesity among the OECD member countries at 3.2%.[23][24] However, as Asian populations are particularly susceptible to the health risks of excess adipose tissue the Japanese have redefined obesity as any BMI greater than 25.[25] Using this cut off value the prevalence of obesity in Japan would be 20%, a threefold increase from 1962 to 2002.[26] A 2008 report stated that 28.6% of men and 20.6% of women in Japan were considered to be obese.[27]

### Pakistan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in Pakistan

Changing lifestyles, owing to urbanisation, as well as diet issues are the main reasons for obesity in Pakistan. According to a recent study, approximately one out of four Pakistani adults (or 22.2% of individuals) are classified as obese.[28][29]

### Taiwan[edit | edit source]

In 2002, 15% of children from 6 to 12 years of age were overweight; by gender, 15.5% of males and 14.4% of females were overweight. In the same age range, 12% of children were obese; by gender, 14.7% of males and 9.1% of females were categorized as obese. In 2005, 14.9% children from 6 to 12 years of age were overweight; by gender, 15.85% of males and 14.02% of females were overweight. 10.3% were categorized as obese; by gender, 10.92% of males and 9.73% of females were categorized as obese.

Based on these numbers, the trends were inconclusive, although with more than 10% of the age group being obese, obesity does appear to be a problem.[30]

## Europe[edit | edit source]

Rates of obesity in the Netherlands between 1981 and 2006.

Between the 1970s and the 2000s, rates of obesity in most European countries have increased. During the 1990s and 2000s, the 27 countries making up the EU reported rates of obesity from 10–27% in men and from 10–38% in women.[31]

The most recent combined Eurostat statistics, for 2009, show that, among the 19 EU Member States for which data are available, the proportion of obese people in the adult population varied in 2008/9 between 8.0% (Romania) and 23.9% (UK) for women and between 7.6% (Romania) and 24.7% (Malta) for men. Overall the UK had the highest proportions, and Romania the lowest. Men, the elderly and people with lower educations also have significantly higher obesity rates.[32]

### United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in the United Kingdom

In the UK the rate of obesity has increased about fourfold over the last 30 years, reaching levels of 22–24% in 2008/9.[11][32] The United Kingdom now has the highest rate of obesity in Europe.

Year  | Percent males obese  | Percent females obese

|
|

1980  | 6%  | 8%
1993  | 13%  | 16%
2000  | 21%  | 21%
2008/9  | 22%  | 24%

[33]

## North America[edit | edit source]

Obesity rates as a percentage of total population in OECD member countries in the years 1996–2003 (According to BMI).[23]

Epidemiological data show that, among high-income countries, obesity prevalence is highest in the United States and Mexico.[6]

### Canada[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in Canada

The number of Canadians who are obese has risen dramatically in recent years. In 2004, direct measurements of height and weight found 23.1% of Canadians older than 18 had a BMI greater than 30. When broken down into degrees of obesity, 15.2% were class I (BMI 30–34.9), 5.1% were class II (BMI 35–39.9), and 2.7%, class III (BMI > 40). This is in contrast to self-reported data the previous year of 15.2% and in 1978/1979 of 13.8%. The greatest increases occurred among the more severe degrees of obesity; class III obesity increased from 0.9% to 2.7% from 1978/1979 to 2004. Obesity in Canada varies by ethnicity; people of Aboriginal origin have a significantly higher rate of obesity (37.6%) than the national average.[34]

In children obesity has substantially increased between 1989 and 2004 with rates in boys increasing from 2% to 10% and rates among girls increasing from 2% to 9%.[35]

### Mexico[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in Mexico

Mexico has one of the highest rates of obesity among OECD countries, second only to the United States. To combat the epidemic, in 2014 Mexico implemented new taxes levied on food with excessive energy content and on sugar-sweetened beverages.[6]

### United States[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in the United States

The increase in obesity rates in the US as seen from 1985 to 2010 to the point where every state has at least a 20% obesity rate has caused it to become a significant focus of public health in recent years. The percent of people per state with a BMI greater than 30 from 2011.[36]

> 30%

25% to < 30%

20% to < 25%

15% to < 20%

10% to < 15%

< 10%

No Data

Obesity rates in the United States have nearly tripled since the 1960s. In 1962, about 13% of adult Americans were obese,[37] and by 2002, obesity rates reached 33% of the adult population.[38] According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study collected between the 1970s and 2004, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased steadily among all groups of Americans.[39][40] The numbers continue to rise; as of 2007, 33% of men and 36% of women were obese,[41] and by 2015–2016, 39.6% of the total adult population (37.9% of men and 41.1% of women) had obesity.[42] As of 2017-2018, 42.4% of U.S. adults aged 20 and over were obese (43% for men and 41.9% for women).[43]

Obesity rates vary between diverse social groups, with some racial groups and low-income individuals more likely to be obese while other minorities show lower rates. As of 2014 the rates were as low as 12% for non-Hispanic Asian women and as high as 57% among African American women.[44][45]

The incidence of obesity also varies with geography. The American South has been referred to as the "Stroke belt", "Obesity belt", or "Diabetes belt", to reflect the fact that residents of the region have high rates of these three conditions, compared to people of the same race/ethnicity elsewhere in the country.[46]

Based on a study in 2008, estimates of obesity that rely on self-reported data arrive at a rate of 22% among non-Hispanic white females, whereas studies that involve direct measurement show that the rate was closer to 34% at that time.[47]

The prevalence of class III (morbid) obesity (BMI ≥40) has increased the most dramatically, from 1.3% in the late 1970s,[48] to 2.9% in 1988-94, to 4.7% in 2000,[49] to 5.7% in 2008, and to 7.7% in 2014.[50] Among African American women, its prevalence is estimated to be as high as 17%.[51]

The rate of increase in the incidence of obesity began to slow in the 2000s, but as of 2014, obesity, severe obesity, and obesity in children continued to rise.[41][52]

Prevalence of obesity between 1960 and 2004 in the USA.

Obesity is one of the leading health issues in the United States, resulting in about 300,000 excess deaths per year.[53] However, in 2005 using different methodology, research at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced a nationwide estimate of 129,000 excess deaths per year relative to individuals with a BMI of 21 to 25.[54]

## South America and the Caribbean[edit | edit source]

Surveys in different Caribbean countries found that 7-20% of males and 22-48% of females over the age of 15 are obese.[55] Trinidad and Tobago has the highest obesity in the Caribbean, with over 30% of its adult population overweight, ranking the country sixth in the world.[56] The Bahamas have a major obesity epidemic: 48.6% of people between 15 and 64 years old are obese.[57] A female adolescent from the Bahamas is more likely to be overweight than her male counterpart. In Jamaica, 7.2% of men over the age of 20 are obese, while 31.5% of women are obese.[58]

## Oceania and the Pacific[edit | edit source]

According to 2007 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), Australia has the third-highest prevalence of overweight adults in the English-speaking world.[59]

### Australia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in Australia

According to self-reported and measured results of the 2007–2008 National Health Survey, 61% of Australians were overweight (above a 25 BMI), with 24% falling into the "obese" category (above a 30 BMI). Men were more likely to be overweight (67.7%) and obese (25.5%) than women (30.9% and 23.4% respectively).[60]

### New Zealand[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in New Zealand

Obesity in New Zealand has become an important national health concern in recent years, with high numbers of people afflicted in every age and ethnic group.[61] In 2011/12, 28.4% of New Zealand adults were obese,[62] a number only surpassed in the English-speaking world by the United States.[59][61]

### South Pacific[edit | edit source]

Main article: Obesity in the Pacific

See also: Obesity in Nauru

Many of the island nations of the South Pacific have very high rates of obesity. Nauru has the highest rates of obesity in the world (94.5%) followed by Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the American Samoa. Being big has traditionally been associated with health, beauty, and status and many of these beliefs remain prevalent today.[63]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Epidemiology of childhood obesity
* Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
* Obesogen

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "www.worldobesity.org" (PDF). Global prevalence of overweight and obesity. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved Jan 8, 2016.
2. ↑ Haslam D (March 2007). "Obesity: a medical history". Obes Rev. 8 Suppl 1: 31–6. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00314.x. PMID 17316298.
3. ↑ Caballero B (2007). "The global epidemic of obesity: An overview". Epidemiol Rev. 29: 1–5. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm012. PMID 17569676.
4. ↑ "Obesity and overweight". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
5. ↑ "Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Meeting of the House of Delegates". Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "OBESITY Update 2014, Retrieved 25 June 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight. Archived 2018-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Fact sheet, updated June 2016. Geneva. Retrieved 22 Sept 2017.
8. ↑ Ng, M.; Fleming, T.; Robinson, M.; Thomson, B.; Graetz, N.; Margono, C.; Mullany, E. C.; Biryukov, S.; Abbafati, C.; Abera, S. F.; Abraham, J. P.; Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E.; Achoki, T.; Albuhairan, F. S.; Alemu, Z. A.; Alfonso, R.; Ali, M. K.; Ali, R.; Guzman, N. A.; Ammar, W.; Anwari, P.; Banerjee, A.; Barquera, S.; Basu, S.; Bennett, D. A.; Bhutta, Z.; Blore, J.; Cabral, N.; Nonato, I. C.; et al. (29 May 2014). "Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 384 (9945): 766–781. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 4624264. PMID 24880830.
9. ↑ World Health Organization (2000). Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-120894-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
10. ↑ Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Obesity Prevention Source. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Boston. Retrieved 22 Sept 2017.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Peter G. Kopelman; Ian D. Caterson; Michael J. Stock; William H. Dietz (2005). Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children. Blackwell Publishing. p. 493\. ISBN 978-1-4051-1672-5.
12. ↑ Abubakari AR, Lauder W, Agyemang C, Jones M, Kirk A, Bhopal RS (July 2008). "Prevalence and time trends in obesity among adult West African populations: a meta-analysis". Obes Rev. 9 (4): 297–311. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00462.x. PMID 18179616.
13. ↑ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Washington. Retrieved 22 Sept 2017.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "The double burden of malnutrition Case studies from six developing countries". Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "www.fao.org" (PDF). Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14.
16. ↑ Popkin, Barry (August 22, 2007). "The World Is Fat". Scientific American. p. 94\. ISSN 0036-8733. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
17. ↑ "www.who.int" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
18. ↑ "India facing obesity epidemic: experts". The Hindu. 2007-10-12. Archived from the original on 2014-06-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
19. ↑ Indian Heart Association Webpage 30 April 2015. <http://indianheartassociation.org/ Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine>
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Yadav K, Krishnan A (September 2008). "Changing patterns of diet, physical activity and obesity among urban, rural and slum populations in north India". Obes Rev. 9 (5): 400–8. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00505.x. PMID 18627500.
21. ↑ Praween Kumar Agrawal (2002-05-23). "Emerging obesity in northern Indian states: A serious threat for health" (PDF). IUSSP Conference, Bankik, 10 June–12-2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
22. ↑ Rashidy-Pour A, Malek M, Eskandarian R, Ghorbani R (January 2009). "Obesity in the Iranian population". Obes Rev. 10 (1): 2–6. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00536.x. PMID 19021868.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Anon (2005). OECD Factbook: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 978-92-64-01869-3.
24. ↑ Harden, Blaine, "Japanese Women Buck Obesity Trend", Washington Post, March 10, 2010.
25. ↑ Anuurad E; Shiwaku K; Nogi A; et al. (November 2003). "The new BMI criteria for asians by the regional office for the western pacific region of WHO are suitable for screening of overweight to prevent metabolic syndrome in elder Japanese workers". J Occup Health. 45 (6): 335–43. doi:10.1539/joh.45.335. PMID 14676412.
26. ↑ Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S (December 2002). "Criteria and classification of obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 11 Suppl 8: S732–S737. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s8.19.x. PMID 12534701.
27. ↑ Fukue, Natsuko, "TV gets fickle fans flocking to fads to shed fat Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, March 9, 2010, p. 3.
28. ↑ "One in four adults is overweight or clinically obese". Gulf News. December 17, 2006. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
29. ↑ Streib, Lauren (2 August 2007). "World's Fattest Countries". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
30. ↑ Committee for Health and Development Promotion for Children(兒童健康推展委員會) (April 4, 2007). "肥胖防治要從小紮根". Ministry of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Taiwan (R.O.C.).[permanent dead link]
31. ↑ Tim Lobstein; Neville Rigby; Rachel Leach (2005-03-15). EU platform on diet, physical activity and health: International Obesity Task Force EU Platform Briefing Paper (PDF). International Obesity Task Force. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Eurostat – Statistics Explained: Overweight and obesity – BMI_statistics, see 'Source data for tables, figures and maps'". Archived from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
33. ↑ Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Health Committee (May 2004). Obesity – Volume 1 – HCP 23-I, Third Report of session 2003–04. Report, together with formal minutes. London, UK: TSO (The Stationery Office). ISBN 978-0-215-01737-6. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
34. ↑ Tjepkema M (2005-07-06). "Measured Obesity–Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight". Nutrition: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
35. ↑ Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E (April 2007). "2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children summary". CMAJ. 176 (8): S1–13. doi:10.1503/cmaj.061409. PMC 1839777. PMID 17420481.
36. ↑ "Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics: Adult Obesity Facts". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012-08-13. Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
37. ↑ "Archive copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-31.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
38. ↑ Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM (2006). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004". JAMA. 295 (13): 1549–55. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549. PMID 16595758.
39. ↑ National Institutes of Health (1998). "Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report" (PDF). Obesity Research. 6 (Suppl 2): 51S. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-06-21. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
40. ↑ Ogden, CL; Carroll, MD; Curtin, LR; McDowell, MA; Tabak, CJ; Flegal, KM (2006). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004". JAMA. 295 (13): 1549–1555. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549. PMID 16595758.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Bessesen DH (June 2008). "Update on obesity". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (6): 2027–34. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0520. PMID 18539769.
42. ↑ Hales, Craig M.; Carroll, Margaret D.; Fryar, Cheryl D.; Ogden, Cynthia L. (October 2017). "Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015–2016". NCHS Data Brief (288): 1–8. ISSN 1941-4927. PMID 29155689.
43. ↑ Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2020). Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2017–2018 (PDF) (NCHS data brief, no. 360). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2020-11-19 - via www.cdc.gov.
44. ↑ "International Obesity Task Force" (PDF). March 15, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
45. ↑ Flegal, KM; Kruszon-Moran, D; Carroll, MD; Fryar, CD; Ogden, CL (7 June 2016). "Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014". JAMA. 315 (21): 2284–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458. PMID 27272580.
46. ↑ Healy, Melissa (2011-03-08). "Diabetes belt: American South gets more health notoriety". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2011-03-17. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
47. ↑ "Prevalence of obesity among adults, by black/white race or Hispanic ethnicity, census region, and sex – Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys, United States, 2006–2008". Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
48. ↑ Finkelstein EA, Ruhm CJ, Kosa KM (2005). "Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity". Annual Review of Public Health. 26 (1): 239–257. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144628. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 15760288.
49. ↑ Flegal, KM; Carroll, MD; Ogden, CL; Johnson, CL (2002). "Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2000". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 288 (14): 1723–7. doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723. PMID 12365955.
50. ↑ Flegal, KM; Kruszon-Moran, D; Carroll, MD; Fryar, CD; Ogden, CL (7 June 2016). "Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014". JAMA. 315 (21): 2284–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458. PMID 27272580.
51. ↑ Flegal, KM; Kruszon-Moran, D; Carroll, MD; Fryar, CD; Ogden, CL (7 June 2016). "Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014". JAMA. 315 (21): 2284–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458. PMID 27272580.
52. ↑ Flegal, KM; Kruszon-Moran, D; Carroll, MD; Fryar, CD; Ogden, CL (7 June 2016). "Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014". JAMA. 315 (21): 2284–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458. PMID 27272580.
53. ↑ Allison, DB; Fontaine, KR; Manson, JR.; Stevens, J; Vanitallie, TB (1999). "Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States". JAMA. 282 (16): 1530–8. doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1530. PMID 10546692.
54. ↑ Flegal Katherine M.; et al. (2005). "Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity". Journal of the American Medical Association. 293 (15): 1861–67. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861. PMID 15840860.
55. ↑ "Archive copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-12-31.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
56. ↑ "Trinidad tops obesity list in the Caribbean". Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
57. ↑ "The Bahamas." FAO – Nutrition Country Profiles. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/ncp/bhsmap.pdf[permanent dead link]>
58. ↑ "FAO – NUTRITION COUNTRY PROFILES." Jamaica. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1 Aug. 2003. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/aq027e/aq027e.pdf Archived 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Machine>
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Lauren Streib (February 8, 2007). "World's Fattest Countries". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
60. ↑ "Body section (Overweight and Obesity 2007–08)". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Obesity – Social Report 2008". Ministry of Social Development. June 1, 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
62. ↑ Ministry of Health (2012). The Health of New Zealand Adults 2011/12. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
63. ↑ "Obesity in the Pacific Too Big To Ignore" (PDF). Secretariat of the Pacific Community. WHO. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* World Health Organisation Global Database on Body Mass Index Archived 2009-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
* Ogden, Cynthia L.; et al. (2013). Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011–2012. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-12-31.

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in Africa

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini (Swaziland)
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

* Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Mayotte / Réunion (France)
* Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Artsakh
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Book
* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Artsakh
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in North America

Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

Dependencies and
other territories

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* United States Virgin Islands

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in Oceania

Sovereign states|

* Australia
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Associated states
of New Zealand|

* Cook Islands
* Niue

Dependencies
and other territories|

* American Samoa
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Easter Island
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* New Caledonia
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Pitcairn Islands
* Tokelau
* Wallis and Futuna

* v
* t
* e

Obesity in South America

Sovereign states|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

* v
* t
* e

Global epidemiology of medical conditions

Health topic|

* Asthma
* Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
* Autism
* Bed bugs
* Binge drinking
* Cancer
* breast
* Depression
* Diabetes mellitus
* Domestic violence
* Hepatitis C
* Herpes
* HIV/AIDS
* Leprosy
* Malnutrition
* Mental disorders
* child
* Motor vehicle collisions
* Obesity
* childhood
* Periodontal diseases
* Pneumonia
* Risky sexual behavior
* Schizophrenia
* Snakebites
* Suicide
* Syphilis
* Teenage pregnancy
* Tuberculosis

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