Venera 14

Venera 14 postage stamp

Mission type| Venus flyby / lander
Operator| Soviet Academy of Sciences
COSPAR ID| 1981-110A
1981-110D
SATCAT no.| 12939
15600
Mission duration| Travel: 4 months and 1 day
Lander: 57 minutes
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type| 4V-1 No. 761
Manufacturer| NPO Lavochkin
Launch mass| 4,394.5 kg (9,688 lb)[1]
Landing mass| 760 kilograms (1,680 lb)
Dry mass| 1,632.71 kilograms (3,599.5 lb)
Dimensions| 2.7 m × 2.3 m × 5.7 m (8.9 ft × 7.5 ft × 18.7 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date| 4 November 1981 (1981-11-04), 05:31:00 UTC[1]
Rocket| Proton-K/D-1
Launch site| Baikonur 200/39
End of mission
Last contact| lander: 5 March 1982 / carrier: 9 April 1983[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Heliocentric
Eccentricity| 0.17
Perihelion altitude| 0.71 Astronomical units
Aphelion altitude| 0.99 Astronomical units
Inclination| 2.3 degrees
Period| 286 days
Flyby of Venus
Spacecraft component| Venera 14 flight platform
Closest approach| March 3, 1982
Distance| 26,050 km (16,190 mi)
Venus lander
Spacecraft component| Venera 14 descent craft
Landing date| March 5, 1982, 07:00:10 UTC
Landing site|  [ ⚑ ] 13°15′S 310°00′E﻿ / ﻿13.25°S 310°E﻿ / -13.25; 310﻿ (Venera 14) (east of Phoebe Regio)

Venera

<- Venera 13

Venera 15 ->

Venera 14 (called Venus 14 in English) was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.

Venera 14 was identical to the Venera 13 spacecraft, built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity. Venera 14 was launched on 4 November 1981 at 05:31:00 UTC, five days after Venera 13 launched on 30 October 1981 at 06:04:00 UTC. Both had an on-orbit dry mass of 760 kg (1,680 lb).

## Contents

* 1 Design
* 1.1 Cruise stage
* 1.2 Descent lander
* 2 Landing
* 3 Post encounter
* 4 Fictional references
* 5 Image processing
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Design

Each mission consisted of a cruise stage and an attached descent craft.

### Cruise stage

As the cruise stage flew by Venus, the bus acted as a data relay for the lander before continuing on to a heliocentric orbit. Venera 14 was equipped with a gamma-ray spectrometer, UV grating monochromator, electron and proton spectrometers, gamma-ray burst detectors, solar wind plasma detectors, and two-frequency transmitters which made measurements before, during, and after the Venus flyby.

### Descent lander

The descent lander was a hermetically sealed pressure vessel that contained most of the instrumentation and electronics. The lander was mounted on a ring-shaped landing platform and topped by an antenna. Designed similar to the earlier Venera 9-12 landers, the Venera 14 lander carried instruments to take chemical and isotopic measurements, monitor the spectrum of scattered sunlight, and record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere. The spacecraft used a camera system, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a screw drill and surface sampler, a dynamic penetrometer, and a seismometer to conduct investigations on the surface.

The list of lander experiments and instruments include:[3]

* Accelerometer, Impact analysis – Bison-M
* Thermometers, Barometers – ITD
* Spectrometer / Directional Photometer – IOAV-2
* Ultraviolet Photometer
* Mass spectrometer – MKh-6411
* Penetrometer / Soil ohmmeter – PrOP-V
* Chemical Redox indicator – Kontrast
* 2 color telephotometer cameras – TFZL-077
* Gas chromatograph – Sigma-2
* Radio / Microphone / Seismometer – Groza-2
* Nephelometer – MNV-78-2
* Hydrometer – VM-3R
* X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Aerosol) – BDRA-1V
* X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Soil) – Arakhis-2
* Soil Drilling Apparatus – GZU VB-02
* Stabilized Oscillator / Doppler Radio
* Small solar batteries – MSB

## Landing

File:Venera 14 surface image.jpgPanoramic view of the surface Venus from the Soviet Venera 14 spacecraft

Venera 14 landed at  [ ⚑ ] 13°15′S 310°00′E﻿ / ﻿13.25°S 310°E﻿ / -13.25; 310, about 950 kilometres (590 mi) southwest of Venera 13, near the eastern flank of Phoebe Regio on a basaltic plain.

After launch and following a four-month cruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and plunged into the Venusian atmosphere on 5 March 1982. A parachute deployed after the lander entered the atmosphere. The parachute released once the lander reached an altitude of about 50 kilometres (31 mi); simple air braking was used in the final descent.

Like its predecessors, Venera 14 was equipped with several systems with which to observe and analyse the Venusian surface and atmosphere.

The quartz camera windows were protected by lens covers that popped off after descent, allowing Venera 14 to capture images of the surface.

The Venera 14 lander was also equipped with a surface soil probe designed to measure the compressibility of the Venusian soil. By unfortunate chance, the lens caps came to rest at the exact point the probe was due to enter and analyse the soil. Thus, instead of the soil, the probe measured the compressibility of the Venera 14 lens cap.

The surface soil composition samples were determined by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and were shown to be similar to oceanic tholeiitic basalts.

Additionally, Venera 14 was equipped with acoustic microphones designed to record atmospheric noise. The recordings were later used to calculate the average wind speed on the Venusian surface. Subsequent analysis determined the average surface wind speed to be between 0.3 and 0.5 metres per second (0.98 and 1.64 ft/s).[4]

The Venera 14 lander functioned for at least 57 minutes (the lander's planned lifespan was 32 minutes) in an environment with a temperature of 465 °C (869 °F) and a pressure of 94 Earth atmospheres (9.5 MPa). Telemetry was maintained by means of the Venera 14 bus in orbit, which carried signals from the lander's uplink antenna and then on to Earth.[5]

## Post encounter

The spacecraft bus ended up in a heliocentric orbit where it continued to make observations in the X-ray and gamma ray spectrum.[6] The bus activated its engine on 14 November 1982 to provide data for later Vega program missions.[6] The last published data for the probe is dated 16 March 1983.[6]

## Fictional references

* Venera 14 is visited by a Russian cosmonaut in BBC's Space Odyssey: Voyage To The Planets.

## Image processing

American researcher Don P. Mitchell has processed the color images from Venera 13 and 14 using the raw original data.[7] The new images are based on a more accurate linearization of the original 9-bit logarithmic pixel encoding.

## See also

* List of missions to Venus

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (second ed.). NASA History Program Office. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf.
2. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016. The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. p. 157. SP2018-4041. ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf.
3. ↑ Mitchell, Don P.. "Drilling into the Surface of Venus". http://mentallandscape.com/V_Venera11.htm.
4. ↑ Ksanfomaliti, L. V.; Goroshkova, N. V.; Naraeva, M. K.; Suvorov, A. P.; Khondryev, V. K.; Yabrova, L. V. (1982-05-17). "Acoustic Measurements of the Wind Velocity at the Venera-13 and Venera-14 Landing Sites". Soviet Astronomy Letters 8: 227–229. Bibcode: 1982SvAL....8..227K.
5. ↑ "Venera 14 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110D.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957-1982. Springer. p. 289. ISBN 9780387493268.
7. ↑ Mitchell, Don. "Soviet Space Image Catalog". http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_Catalog.htm.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Venera programme

Flybys|

* Venera 1
* Venera 2

Orbiters|

* Venera 15
* Venera 16

Descent probes|

* Venera 3
* Venera 4
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7

Landers|

* Venera 8
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Venera 2MV-1 No.1
* Venera 2MV-1 No.2
* Venera 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* Kosmos 96
* Kosmos 167
* Kosmos 359
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 1964A

Future missions|

* Venera-D

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 1981

Kosmos 1237 | Molniya-3 No.25 | Kosmos 1238 | Kosmos 1239 | Kosmos 1240 | Kosmos 1241 | Musson No.11 | Progress 12 | Kosmos 1242 | Molniya 1-49 | Kosmos 1243 | Interkosmos 21 | Kiku 3 | Kosmos 1244 | Kosmos 1245 | Kosmos 1246 | Kosmos 1247 | Hinotori | Comstar D4 | OPS 1166 | Kosmos 1248 | Kosmos 1249 | Kosmos 1250 * Kosmos 1251 * Kosmos 1252 * Kosmos 1253 * Kosmos 1254 * Kosmos 1255 * Kosmos 1256 * Kosmos 1257 | Soyuz T-4 | Kosmos 1258 | OPS 7350 | Kosmos 1259 | Gran' No.18L | Kosmos 1260 | Soyuz 39 | Molniya-3 No.24 | Yantar-2K No.979 | Kosmos 1261 | Kosmos 1262 | Kosmos 1263 | STS-1 | Kosmos 1264 | Kosmos 1265 | Kosmos 1266 | OPS 7225 | Kosmos 1267 | Kosmos 1268 | Kosmos 1269 | Soyuz 40 | Meteor-2 No.8 | Nova-1 | Kosmos 1270 | Kosmos 1271 | Kosmos 1272 | Kosmos 1273 | GOES 5 | Intelsat V F-1 | Rohini RS-D1 | Kosmos 1274 | Kosmos 1275 | Molniya-3 No.30 | Kosmos 1276 | Kosmos 1277 | Meteosat 2 * APPLE * CAT-3 | Kosmos 1278 | NOAA-7 | Molniya 1-50 | Ekran No.21L | Kosmos 1279 | Kosmos 1280 | Kosmos 1281 | Meteor-Priroda 2-4 * Iskra 1 | Kosmos 1282 | Kosmos 1283 | Kosmos 1284 | Gran' No.19L | DE-1 * DE-2 | Kosmos 1285 | Kosmos 1286 | FLTSATCOM 5 | Kosmos 1287 * Kosmos 1288 * Kosmos 1289 * Kosmos 1290 * Kosmos 1291 * Kosmos 1292 * Kosmos 1293 * Kosmos 1294 | Bulgaria 1300 | Himawari 2 | Kosmos 1295 | Kosmos 1296 | Kosmos 1297 | Kosmos 1298 | Kosmos 1299 | Kosmos 1300 | Kosmos 1301 | Kosmos 1302 | OPS 3984 | Kosmos 1303 | Kosmos 1304 | Kosmos 1305 | Kosmos 1306 | Kosmos 1307 | Kosmos 1308 | Kosmos 1309 | Shijian 2 * Shijian 2-01 * Shijian 2-02 | Oreol 3 | Kosmos 1310 | SBS 2 | Kosmos 1311 | Kosmos 1312 | Kosmos 1313 | SME * UoSAT-1 | Kosmos 1314 | Gran' No.20L | Kosmos 1315 | Kosmos 1316 | Molniya-3 No.31 | Venera 13 | OPS 4029 | Kosmos 1317 | Kosmos 1318 | Venera 14 | STS-2 | Kosmos 1319 | Molniya 1-51 | Satcom 3R | Bhaskara 2 | Kosmos 1320 * Kosmos 1321 * Kosmos 1322 * Kosmos 1323 * Kosmos 1324 * Kosmos 1325 * Kosmos 1326 * Kosmos 1327 | Kosmos 1328 | Kosmos 1329 | Intelsat V F-3 | RS-3 * RS-4 * RS-5 * RS-6 * RS-7 * RS-8 | Navstar 7 | Kosmos 1330 | MARECS-1 * CAT-4 | Molniya-1 No.55

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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