Anarchist law

Short description: Legal theory within anarchist philosophy

Part of the Politics series on

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Anarchism has been characterized as opposed to law and this opposition to the legal order is shared by most anarchists, which is understood by many as a call for systematical obedience to rules decided by body external to the subjects, no matter how immoral or illogical they are.[1][2][3]

According to anarchist scholar Shawn P. Wilbur first self-proclaimed anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon saw necessity as the only law applicable to anarchistic relations. Shawn considers a consistently anarchic society to be alegal, meaning nothing is prohibited or permitted by the legal order.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Consensus-based social contracts
* 2 Enforceability
* 3 Free association
* 4 Non-coercion
* 5 Examples
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Consensus-based social contracts

See also: Social:Consensus democracy

Since the principle of anti-authority makes hierarchical structures unfeasible, anarchist communities must find an alternative basis for setting the rules of engagement within a collective. Accordingly, virtually all anarchist legal models begin with the assumption that whatever rules are set in place must be freely agreed to by the entirety of the community that is to be governed by them in a setting free from coercion or intimidation. Such freely given consent constitutes a social contract, though the exact nature of such contracts is a matter of heated debate.[5]

Historian Robert Graham writes that central to Proudhon’s notion of contract is the idea of self-assumed obligation:[6]

> A person is only obligated to do that which he has freely undertaken to do. The only form of direct democracy compatible with this conception of obligation is one in which it is recognized that a minority which has refused to consent to a majority decision has assumed no obligation to abide by it. Majority decisions are not binding on the minority. Any agreement to the contrary would itself be invalid because it would require the minority to forfeit its autonomy and substantive freedom.

According to another prominent anarchist Peter Kropotkin anarchists desire society to be regulated by mutual agreements and social customs, not by laws or authorities:[7]

> The Anarchists conceive a society in which all the mutual relations of its members are regulated, not by laws, not by authorities, whether self-imposed or elected, but by mutual agreements between the members of that society, and by a sum of social customs and habits — not petrified by law, routine, or superstition, but continually developing and continually readjusted, in accordance with the ever-growing requirements of a free life, stimulated by the progress of science, invention, and the steady growth of higher ideals.

## Enforceability

Enforceability is one of the more controversial areas of anarchist law. Majority of anarchists, including prominent anarchist writers such as Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin[4], Peter Kropotkin[8], William Godwin[9], Leo Tolstoy[10], Errico Malatesta[11] and Josiah Warren[12] argued against law enforcement.

## Free association

Free association (also called voluntary association) also implies the right of individuals to form those exact social contracts. This freedom to not associate means if the terms of a social contract become unacceptable to an individual member or sub-group(s) within a society, the discontented have the right to secede from the contract. They may also form new associations with others that more closely fit their needs.[13]

## Non-coercion

Important maxim of many anarchist tendencies is that no individual has the right to coerce another individual, and that everyone has the right to defend themselves against coercion. Systems typically considered coercive include the state, capitalism, and institutional oppression. This basic principle, like mutual aid, is foundational to much of anarchist law, and indeed much of anarchist theory. Peter Kropotkin, a prominent anarcho-communist, stated it was "best summed up by the maxim 'do unto others as you would have them do unto you.'" In short, anarchist philosophy includes the "ethic of reciprocity," but typically condones violence intended to retaliate against or dismantle systems of oppression (with the exception of pacifist currents of anarchism)[5]

## Examples

## See also

* Voluntary association
* Polycentric law

## References

1. ↑ "The Situationist International Text Library/Against the Law". http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/127.
2. ↑ Wilbur, Shawn P. (2020-01-28). "Archy vs. Anarchy" (in en-US). https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/featured-articles/archy-vs-anarchy-notes/.
3. ↑ "Anarchism and Law: Griffith Law Review: Vol 21 , No 2 - Get Access" (in en). Griffith Law Review: 308, 309. doi:10.1080/10383441.2012.10854742?casa_token=V-x_--wUjHsAAAAA:azFQWK2F9gKdyfYSosv2CgxsI1w08q1fwf9JE3I8V7x_Jg28f6KBvoxH17nkXdQlxy2N3kA-fN5T. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10383441.2012.10854742.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wilbur, Shawn P. (2021-11-28). "Legal Order" (in en-US). https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/glossary/legal-order-2/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tamblyn, Nathan (2019). "The Common Ground of Law and Anarchism". Liverpool Law Review 40: 65–78. doi:10.1007/s10991-019-09223-1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10991-019-09223-1. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
6. ↑ Graham, Robert (2006-01-25). "The General Idea of Proudhon’s Revolution" (in en). Pitzer College. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html.
7. ↑ Kropotkin, Peter (1912). Modern Science And Anarchism. pp. 52/45. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37813.
8. ↑ Eltzbacher, Paul (in en). Anarchism. pp. 87. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-eltzbacher-anarchism.
9. ↑ (in en) Anarchism. pp. 36. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-eltzbacher-anarchism.
10. ↑ (in en) Anarchism. pp. 129, 130. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-eltzbacher-anarchism.
11. ↑ (in en) Anarchy. pp. 10. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-anarchy.
12. ↑ (in en) Equitable Commerce. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/josiah-warren-equitable-commerce.
13. ↑ Sweger-Hollingsworth, Lauren (2019-06-15). "Proudhon, Bakunin and Anarcho-socialism". Portland State University Economics Working Papers 5. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=econ_workingpapers. Retrieved 2025-05-30.

## Further reading

* Holterman, Thom; Henc van Maarseveen (1984). Law and Anarchism. Montréal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-919619-10-X.

## External links

* Anarchist Studies Network Reading List on Anarchism & Law. Archived 22 May 2019.

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