Supremacism

Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to, and should have authority over, all others.[1] The presumed superior group can be defined by various characteristics, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, language, social class, ideology, nationality, culture, generation, or any other human attribute.

## Contents

* 1 National
* 1.1 Indian supremacism
* 1.2 Russian chauvinism
* 1.3 Sinocentrism
* 2 Racial
* 2.1 Arab supremacism
* 2.2 Black supremacism
* 2.2.1 Hutu supremacism
* 2.3 East Asian supremacism
* 2.3.1 Han supremacism
* 2.3.2 Japanese supremacism
* 2.4 White supremacism
* 2.4.1 United States
* 2.4.2 Nazi Germany
* 3 Religious
* 3.1 Christianity
* 3.2 Islam
* 3.3 Judaism
* 4 Sexual
* 4.1 Male supremacism
* 4.2 Female supremacism
* 5 Social cleansing
* 5.1 Political cleansing
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes

## National

See also: Social:Chauvinism, Ethnic nationalism, Racial nationalism, Religious nationalism, and Ultranationalism

### Indian supremacism

In Asia, Indians in Ancient India considered all foreigners barbarians. The Muslim scholar Al-Biruni wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure.[2] A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "Hindus look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcaste) and a European are on the same level."[2]

### Russian chauvinism

See also: Social:Ruscism

This section is an excerpt from Great Russian chauvinism[ edit ]

### Sinocentrism

This section is an excerpt from Sinocentrism[ edit ]

The Chinese also considered Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered them devils. Chinese writers also referred to foreigners as barbarians.[3]

## Racial

### Arab supremacism

In Africa, Southern Sudanese allege that they are being subjected to a racist form of Arab supremacy, which they equate with the historic white supremacy of South Africa's apartheid.[4] The alleged genocide and ethnic cleansing in the ongoing War in Darfur has been described as an example of Arab racism.[5] For example, in their analysis of the sources of the conflict, Julie Flint and Alex de Waal say that Colonel Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, sponsored "Arab supremacism" across the Sahara during the 1970s. Gaddafi supported the "Islamic Legion" and the Sudanese opposition "National Front, including the Muslim Brothers and the Ansar, the Umma Party's military wing." Gaddafi tried to use such forces to annex Chad from 1979 to 1981. Gaddafi supported the Sudanese government's war in the South during the early 1980s, and in return, he was allowed to use the Darfur region as a "back door to Chad". As a result, the first signs of an "Arab racist political platform" appeared in Darfur in the early 1980s.[6]

### Black supremacism

Cornel West, an African-American philosopher, writes that black supremacist religious views arose in America as a part of black Muslim theology in response to white supremacy.[7]

#### Hutu supremacism

This section is an excerpt from Hutu Power[ edit ]

### East Asian supremacism

East Asian supremacism and race-based nationalism appear among the people of China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, and East Asia holds an important stake in the global GDP. It has also influenced far-right white nationalists, such as Anders Behring Breivik.[8][9]

#### Han supremacism

Han supremacy is based on the perception that in China, the culture of the ethnic Han majority is superior to the cultures of the ethnic minorities. The Chinese Communist Party has been accused of practicing settler colonialism[10][11][12] and Han supremacy,[13] which can combine with Chinese ultranationalism.[14][15]

#### Japanese supremacism

Template:Japanese nationalism sidebar Initially, in order to justify Japan's conquest of Asia, Japanese propaganda espoused the ideas of Japanese supremacy by claiming that the Japanese represented a combination of all Asian peoples and cultures, emphasizing the existence of their heterogeneous traits.[16] The Empire of Japan opened human zoos to showcase the supposed inferiority of other Asian peoples and Japanese superiority.[17][18][19] Japanese propaganda started to place an emphasis on the ideas of Japanese supremacy of the Yamato race when the Second Sino-Japanese War intensified.[16] At the end of World War II, the Japanese government continued to adhere to the notion of racial homogeneity and racial supremacy, as well as an overall complex of social hierarchy, with the Yamato race at the top of the racial hierarchy.[20] In modern Japan, the concept related to "Yamato race" remains important, which means that ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there is less immigration despite a contracting population.[9]

### White supremacism

See also: Social:Eurocentrism

Centuries of European colonialism in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania were justified by Eurocentric attitudes and sometimes, they were also justified by white supremacist attitudes.[21]

During the 19th century, "The White Man's Burden", the phrase which refers to the belief that whites have the obligation to make the societies of the other peoples more 'civilized', was widely used to justify colonial policies as a noble enterprise.[22][23] Historian Thomas Carlyle, best known for his historical account of the French Revolution, The French Revolution: A History, argued that western policies were justified on the grounds that they provided the greatest benefit to "inferior" native peoples.[24] However, even at the time of its publication in 1849, Carlyle's main work on the subject, the Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question, was poorly received by his contemporaries.[25]

According to William Nicholls, religious antisemitism can be distinguished from racial antisemitism which is based on racial or ethnic grounds. "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion ... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon baptism." However, with racial antisemitism, "Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism ... . From the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."[26]

One of the first typologies which was used to classify various human races was invented by Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), a theoretician of eugenics, who published L'Aryen et son rôle social (1899 – "The Aryan and his social role") in 1899. In his book, he divides humanity into various, hierarchical races, starting with the highest race which is the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", and ending with the lowest race which is the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, that race is best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants".[27] Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the "Homo europaeus" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the "Homo alpinus" (Auvergnat, Turkish, etc.), and finally the "Homo mediterraneus" (Neapolitan, Andalus, etc.) Jews were brachycephalic just like the Aryans were, according to Lapouge; but he considered them dangerous for this exact reason; they were the only group, he thought, which was threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy.[28] Georges Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirations of Nazi antisemitism and Nazi racist ideology.[29]

#### United States

White Americans who participated in the Atlantic slave trade believed and justified their economic exploitation of African Americans by creating a scientific theory of white superiority and black inferiority.[30] Thomas Jefferson, who was a believer of scientific racism and enslaver of over 600 African Americans (regarded as property under the Articles of Confederation),[31] wrote that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind."[32]

A justification for the conquest of American Indian tribes emanated from their dehumanized perception as the "merciless Indian savages", as described in the United States Declaration of Independence.[33][34]

Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America was founded with a constitution that contained clauses which restricted the government's ability to limit or interfere with the institution of "negro" slavery.[35] In the 1861 Cornerstone Speech, Confederate vice president, Alexander Stephens declared that one of the Confederacy's foundational tenets was White Supremacy over African American slaves.[36] Following the war, a hate group, known as the Ku Klux Klan, was founded in the American South, after the end of the American Civil War. Its purpose has been to maintain White, Protestant supremacy in the US after the Reconstruction period, which it did so through violence and intimidation.[37]

The Anti-Defamation League[38] (ADL) and Southern Poverty Law Center[39] condemn writings about "Jewish Supremacism" by Holocaust-denier, former Grand Wizard of the KKK, and conspiracy theorist David Duke as antisemitic — in particular, his book Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question.[40] Kevin B. MacDonald, known for his theory of Judaism as a "group evolutionary strategy", has also been accused of being "antisemitic" and a "white supremacist" in his writings on the subject by the ADL[41] and his own university psychology department.[42]

#### Nazi Germany

From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany, under the rule of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, promoted the belief in the existence of a superior, Aryan Herrenvolk, or master race. The state's propaganda advocated the belief that Germanic peoples, whom it called "Aryans", were a master race or a Herrenvolk whose members were superior to the Jews, Slavs, and Romani people, so-called "gypsies". Arthur de Gobineau, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the ancien régime in France on racial intermixing, which he believed had destroyed the purity of the Nordic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a large and strong following in Germany, emphasized the belief in the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and Jewish cultures.[43]

## Religious

See also: Social:Clerical fascism, Fundamentalism, Religious discrimination, Religious exclusivism, Religious fanaticism, Religious intolerance, Religious nationalism, Religious persecution, Religious segregation, Religious terrorism, Religious violence, Religious war, Sectarian violence, and State religion

### Christianity

Main articles: Religion:Christian fundamentalism, Christianity and other religions, Christianity and violence, and Christian supremacy

Academics Carol Lansing and Edward D. English argue that Christian supremacism was a motivation for the Crusades in the Holy Land, as well as a motivation for crusades against Muslims and pagans throughout Europe.[44] The blood libel is a widespread European conspiracy theory which led to centuries of pogroms, expulsions and massacres of European Jewish minorities because it alleged that Jews required the pure blood of a Christian child in order to make matzah for Passover. Thomas of Cantimpré wrote the following about the blood curse which the Jews put upon themselves and all of their generations at the court of Pontius Pilate where Jesus was sentenced to death: "A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the (Christian) faith, informs us that one enjoying the reputation of a prophet among them, toward the close of his life, made the following prediction: 'Be assured that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be obtained through Christian blood ("solo sanguine Christiano")."[45] The Atlantic slave trade has also been partially attributed to Christian supremacism.[46] The Ku Klux Klan has been described as a white supremacist Christian organization, along with many other white supremacist groups, such as the Posse Comitatus and organizations which espouse Christian Identity and Positive Christianity.[47][48]

### Islam

Main article: Religion:Islamic extremism

Academics Khaled Abou El Fadl, Ian Lague, and Joshua Cone note that, while the Quran and other Islamic scriptures express tolerant beliefs, such as Al-Baqara 256 "there is no compulsion in religion",[49] there have also been numerous instances of Muslim or Islamic supremacism.[50] Examples of how supremacists have interpreted Islam include the history of slavery in the Muslim world, the history of Caliphates,[51] the history of the Ottoman Empire, especially the early-20th-century form of pan-Islamism which was promoted by Abdul Hamid II,[52] the jizya and the supremacy of Sharia law, such as rules of marriage in Muslim countries being imposed on non-Muslims.[53]

Non-violent proselytism of Islam (Dawah) is not Islamic supremacism, however, forced conversion to Islam is Islamic supremacism.[54][55] Death penalty for apostasy in Islam is a sign of Islamic supremacism.[56]

Numerous massacres and ethnic cleansings of Jews, Christians and other non-Muslims[57]Template:Independent source inline occurred in some Muslim-majority countries including Morocco, Libya, and Algeria, where Jews were eventually forced to live in ghettos.[58]Template:Independent source inline Decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted during the Middle Ages in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.[59]Template:Independent source inline At certain times in the history of Yemen, Morocco, and Baghdad, Jews were forced to convert to Islam and if they refused to convert to Islam, the death penalty would be imposed on them.[60]Template:Independent source inline While there were antisemitic incidents before the 20th century, antisemitism increased after the Arab–Israeli conflict. Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the State of Israel and Israeli victories during the wars of 1956 and 1967 were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents - primarily Egypt, Syria, and Iraq.[61] However, by the mid-1970s the vast majority of Jews had left Muslim-majority countries, moving primarily to Israel, France, and the United States.[62] The reasons for the Jewish exodus are varied and disputed.[62]

### Judaism

Main articles: Religion:Jewish fundamentalism, Jewish supremacy, Jewish views on religious pluralism, and Judaism and violence

Ilan Pappé, an expatriate Israeli historian, writes that the First Aliyah to Israel "established a society based on Jewish supremacy" within "settlement-cooperatives" that were Jewish owned and operated.[63] Joseph Massad, a professor of Arab studies, believes that "Jewish supremacism" has always been a "dominating principle" in religious and secular Zionism.[64][65]

Since the 1990s,[66][67] Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations,[66][67][68] including The Temple Institute,[66][67][68] have set up a modern Noahide movement. These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews in order to convince them to commit to follow the Noahide laws.[66][67][68] However, these religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis that guide the modern Noahide movement, who are often affiliated with the Third Temple movement,[66][67][68] expound a racist and supremacist ideology which consists in the belief that the Jewish people are God's chosen people and racially superior to non-Jews,[66][67][68] and mentor Noahides because they believe that the Messianic era will begin with the rebuilding of the Third Temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem to re-institute the Jewish priesthood along with the practice of ritual sacrifices, and the establishment of a Jewish theocracy in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides.[66][67][68] David Novak, professor of Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of imperialism".[69][70][71]

In 2002, Joseph Massad said that Israel imposes a "Jewish supremacist system of discrimination" on Palestinian citizens of Israel, and he also said that this system of discrimination has been normalized within the discourse on how to end the conflict, with various parties arguing that "it is pragmatic for Palestinians to accept to live in a Jewish supremacist state as third class citizens".[72][73]

In the aftermath of the 2022 Israeli legislative election, the winning right-wing coalition included an alliance known as Religious Zionist Party, which was described by Jewish-American columnist David E. Rosenberg as a political party "driven by Jewish supremacy and anti-Arab racism".[74]

## Sexual

### Male supremacism

Feminist scholars[75] argue that in patriarchy, male supremacism is upheld through a variety of cultural, political, religious, sexual, and interpersonal systems and relations.[75][76] Since the 19th century there have been a number of feminist movements opposed to male supremacism, usually aimed at achieving equal legal rights and protections for women in all cultural, political and interpersonal relations.[77][78][79]

### Female supremacism

Female supremacy relates to the belief that women are more capable in solving political, economic, and social problems than men. A few women first proposed that women are superior in the 1840s, and the idea expanded in 1874, during which Jane Fowler Willing, a staff member at Wesleyan university, Emily Huntington Miller, who worked in Northwestern university, and Martha McClellan Brown, from Alliance, Ohio met together at Fairpoint, New York for a national Sunday school assembly. They believed that they could cure society's ills better than men could, and decided to combat liquor trafficking to prove that they could do it better than men. They then created an assembly and a national organization to promote this female work.[80]

## Social cleansing

This section is an excerpt from Social cleansing[ edit ]

### Political cleansing

This section is an excerpt from Political cleansing of population[ edit ]

## See also

* Autistic supremacism
* Chauvinism
* Colonialism
* Discrimination
* Ethnocentrism
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic violence
* Ethnic cleansing
* List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
* Eugenics
* History of eugenics
* Genocide
* Genocides in history
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Democide
* Gendercide
* List of genocides
* Hate crime
* Hate media
* Hate speech
* Hate studies
* Nativism (politics)
* Oppression
* Persecution
* Rule according to higher law
* Legislative supremacy
* Judicial supremacy
* female supremacy
* Slavery
* Social exclusion
* Xenophobia

## Notes

1. ↑ "Supremacist". Merriam-Webster. November 7, 2023. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supremacist.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ﻿Eraly, Abraham. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. p. 313.
3. ↑ ﻿Thompson, Alvin O.. The Haunting Past: Politics, Economics and Race in Caribbean Life. p. 210.
4. ↑ "Racism in Sudan". February 2011. http://www.theworld.org/2011/02/racism-in-sudan/.
5. ↑ "Welcome To B'nai Brith". Bnaibrith.ca. August 4, 2004. http://www.bnaibrith.ca/prdisplay.php?id=605.
6. ↑ ﻿Flint; de Waal (2008). Darfur: A New History of a Long War (rev. ed.). London and New York: Zed Books. pp. 47–49.
7. ↑ ﻿West, Cornel (1993). Race Matters. Beacon Press. p. 99. https://books.google.com/books?id=p89c2eTJgJgC. "The basic aim of black Muslim theology - with its distinct black supremacist account of the origins of white people - was to counter white supremacy."
8. ↑ "CO25089 | East Asian Supremacy: Race, Religion, and Hybrid Ideologies". S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. 25 April 2025. https://rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/east-asian-supremacy-race-religion-and-hybrid-ideologies/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kelly, Robert E. (24 May 2010). "More on Asian Multiculturalism: 5 Masters Theses to be Written". https://robertedwinkelly.com/2010/05/24/more-on-asian-multiculturalism-5-masters-theses-to-be-written/.
10. ↑ Ramanujan, Shaurir (2022-12-09). "Reclaiming the Land of the Snows: Analyzing Chinese Settler Colonialism in Tibet". The Columbia Journal of Asia 1 (2): 29–36. doi:10.52214/cja.v1i2.10012. ISSN 2832-8558.
11. ↑ Finley, Joanne Smith (2022-09-01). "Tabula rasa: Han settler colonialism and frontier genocide in 're-educated' Xinjiang". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 12 (2): 341–356. doi:10.1086/720902. ISSN 2575-1433.
12. ↑ McGranahan, Carole (2019-12-17). "Chinese Settler Colonialism: Empire and Life in the Tibetan Borderlands". in Gros, Stéphane. Frontier Tibet: Patterns of Change in the Sino-Tibetan Borderlands. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 517–540. doi:10.2307/j.ctvt1sgw7.22. ISBN 978-90-485-4490-5.
13. ↑ "The Left's Deafening Silence on China's Ethnic Cleansing". The New Republic. 7 July 2020. https://newrepublic.com/article/158374/left-deafening-silence-uighur-china. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
14. ↑ "The domestic and international consequences of Xi's political philosophy". 3 September 2021. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-domestic-and-international-consequences-of-xis-political-philosophy/. "To understand the wave of ‘little pink’ ultra-nationalism washing across the People’s Republic of China, it’s instructive to examine ‘Xi Jinping thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era’."
15. ↑ "Olympics highlight dangerous Han supremacy in China: J. Michael Cole for Inside Policy". Macdonald–Laurier Institute. 5 August 2021. https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/olympics-highlight-dangerous-han-supremacy-china-j-michael-cole-inside-policy/. "There are now worrying signs that this ultranationalism, which is now merging with Han supremacism, is out of control, with ramifications for Chinese policy-making that can only be surmised. Jingoism is now rampant on the Internet, with 'little pink' armies assailing not only critics of Chinese behaviour abroad, but anyone within China who fails to remain within the acceptable bounds of the Han-centric superstate."
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Eiji, Oguma (2002). A genealogy of 'Japanese' self-images. Trans Pacific Press. ISBN 978-1-876843-83-0.
17. ↑ Hall, Jeffrey J., ed (2021). Japan's Nationalist Right in the Internet Age: Online Media and Grassroots Conservative Activism. Taylor & Francis. p. 103.
18. ↑ "In the Days of Human Zoos". CNRS News. November 22, 2016. https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/in-the-days-of-human-zoos.
19. ↑ "Japan broadcaster NHK cleared of defamation for using 'human zoo' to describe Taiwan aborigines". The Straits Times. American Foreign Press (Tokyo). January 21, 2016. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-broadcaster-nhk-cleared-of-defamation-for-using-human-zoo-to-describe-taiwan.
20. ↑ Kushner, Barak (2007). The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3208-7.
21. ↑ ﻿Fujitani, Takashi; White, Geoffrey Miles; Yoneyama, Lisa (2001). Perilous memories: the Asia-Pacific War(s). p. 303.
22. ↑ Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5. "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."
23. ↑ Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune (February 4, 1999). "In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea". International Herald Tribune: 6. http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/02/04/edold.t_10.php. : Notes that Rudyard Kipling's new poem, "The White Man's Burden", "is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
24. ↑ ﻿Carlyle, Thomas (February 1849). "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question". Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country (London) XL. http://cruel.org/econthought/texts/carlyle/carlodnq.html. Retrieved 2026-07-06.
25. ↑ ﻿"The Carlyle-Mill 'Negro Question' Debate". http://cruel.org/econthought/texts/carlyle/negroquest.html.
26. ↑ ﻿Nichols, William (1993). Christian Antisemitism, A History of Hate. p. 314.
27. ↑ Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). The end of the soul: scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0231128469. OCLC 53118940.
28. ↑ Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). The end of the soul : scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-0231128469. OCLC 53118940.
29. ↑ See Pierre-André Taguieff, La couleur et le sang – Doctrines racistes à la française ("Colour and Blood – Racist doctrines à la française"), Paris, Mille et une nuits, 2002, 203 pages, and La Force du préjugé – Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles, Tel Gallimard, La Découverte, 1987, 644 pages
30. ↑ Boggs, James (October 1970). "Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States". The Black Scholar (Paradigm Publishers) 2 (2): 2–5. doi:10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000.
31. ↑ Finkelman, Paul (2012). Slavery in the United States. Duke University School of Law. p. 116. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5386&context=faculty_scholarship.
32. ↑ ﻿Finkelman, Paul (2012-11-12). "The Monster of Monticello". https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all.
33. ↑ "Facebook labels declaration of independence as 'hate speech'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/05/facebook-declaration-of-independence-hate-speech.
34. ↑ Out West. University of Nebraska Press. 2000. p. 96.
35. ↑ "Constitution of the Confederate States". March 11, 1861. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csa.asp. : "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed."
36. ↑ Alexander Stephens (March 21, 1861). "'Corner Stone' Speech". http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/cornerstone-speech/. : "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition."
37. ↑ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, Perennial (HarperCollins), 1989, pp. 425–426.
38. ↑ "David Duke: Ideology". Anti-Defamation League. http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/david_duke/ideology.html.
39. ↑ "American Renaissance". Southern Poverty Law Center. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/american-renaissance.
40. ↑ ﻿Duke, David (2007). Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question. Aware Journalism.
41. ↑ "Kevin MacDonald: Ideology". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kevin_macdonald/ideology.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=2&item=kevin_macdonald.
42. ↑ Rider, Tiffany (October 6, 2008). "Academic senate disassociates itself from Professor MacDonald". Daily 49er. http://www.daily49er.com/news/academic-senate-disassociates-itself-from-professor-macdonald-1.773982.
43. ↑ ﻿Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 62.
44. ↑ ﻿Lansing, Carol; English, Edward D. (2009). A companion to the medieval world. 7. John Wiley and Sons. p. 457. ISBN 978-1405109222.
45. ↑ ﻿Ehrman, Albert (Spring 1976). "The Origins of the Ritual Murder Accusation and Blood Libel". Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4: 86.
46. ↑ ﻿Hunt, Mary E.; Neu, Diann L. (2010). New Feminist Christianity: Many Voices, Many Views. SkyLight Paths Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-1594732850.
47. ↑ ﻿Appleby, R. Scott (2000). The ambivalence of the sacred: religion, violence, and reconciliation. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 103. ISBN 978-0847685554. }
48. ↑ "The White Supremacist Movement". http://www.publiceye.org/rightwoo/rwooz9-07.html.
49. ↑ Quran 2:256
50. ↑ ﻿Cohen, Joshua; Lague, Ian; El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2002). The place of tolerance in Islam. Beacon Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0807002292.
51. ↑ Cramer, Frederick H. (1952). "The Arab Empire: A Religious Imperialism". Current History (University of California Press) 22 (130): 340–347. doi:10.1525/curh.1952.22.130.340. ISSN 0011-3530. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45308160. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
52. ↑ ﻿Jenkins, Gareth (2008). Political Islam in Turkey: running west, heading east?. Macmillan. p. 59. ISBN 978-1403968838.
53. ↑ ﻿Ruthven, Malise (1997). Islam: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-19-950469-5.
54. ↑ Dorsey, James M (2024). The Battle for the Soul of Islam. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 1–32. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2807-7_1. ISBN 978-981-972806-0.
55. ↑ Lewis, Bernard (1988). The Political Language of Islam. p. 73.
56. ↑ H. M., Sanjeev Kumar (10 October 2018). "Islam and the Question of Confessional Religious Identity: The Islamic State, Apostasy, and the Making of a Theology of Violence". Contemporary Review of the Middle East (Sage Publications) 5 (4): 327–348. doi:10.1177/2347798918806415. ISSN 2347-7989.
57. ↑ "Historical Timeline". The Forgotten Refugees. September 27, 2008. http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39.
58. ↑ ﻿Roumani, Maurice (1977). The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue. pp. 26–27.
59. ↑ "The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries". Jewish Virtual Library. February 19, 1947. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html.
60. ↑ ﻿Ye'or, Bat (1985). The Dhimmi. p. 61.
61. ↑ ﻿Lewis, Bernard (1986). Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. Norton. p. 204. ISBN 9780393023145.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Shenhav, Yehouda A. (2006). The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804752961. https://books.google.com/books?id=k7FoMi-qY4kC.
63. ↑ Ilan Pappé (1999). The Israel/Palestine question. Psychology Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0415169479. https://books.google.com/books?id=0nUqCwLOW-sC&pg=PA89. "Whereas the First Aliya established a society based on Jewish supremacy, the Second Aliya's method of colonization was separation from Palestinians."
64. ↑ ﻿Hirsch, David (2003). "Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections". Interventions. The Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism Working Paper (Discussion of Joseph Massad's "The Ends of Zionism: Racism and the Palestinian Struggle") 5 (3): 440–451. http://www.yale.edu/yiisa/workingpaper/hirsh/David Hirsh YIISA Working Paper1.pdf.
65. ↑ ﻿Massad, Joseph. "Response to the Ad Hoc Grievance Committee Report". Columbia University. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mealac/faculty/massad/. During a 2002 rally he said, "Israeli Jews will continue to feel threatened if they persist in supporting Jewish supremacy." Massad says others have misquoted him as saying Israel was a "Jewish supremacist and racist state." See for example: ﻿Horowitz, David (2006). The professors: the 101 most dangerous academics in America. Regnery Publishing. https://books.google.com/books?id=CYqZjtVp00AC.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 66.6 Feldman, Rachel Z. (8 October 2017). "The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)". https://wrldrels.org/2017/10/08/the-bnei-noah-children-of-noah/.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 67.6 Feldman, Rachel Z. (August 2018). "The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions (Berkeley: University of California Press) 22 (1): 115–128. doi:10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115. ISSN 1092-6690. OCLC 36349271. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 Ilany, Ofri (12 September 2018). "The Messianic Zionist Religion Whose Believers Worship Judaism (But Can't Practice It)". Haaretz (Tel Aviv). https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2018-09-12/ty-article-opinion/.premium/the-messianic-zionist-religion-that-wants-to-recruit-7-billion-members/0000017f-e1b5-d38f-a57f-e7f797080000.
69. ↑ Kress, Michael (2018). "The Modern Noahide Movement". https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-modern-noahide-movement/.
70. ↑ ToI Staff. "Chief rabbi: Non-Jews shouldn't be allowed to live in Israel". ISSN 0040-7909. http://www.timesofisrael.com/chief-rabbi-non-jews-shouldnt-be-allowed-to-live-in-israel/.
71. ↑ "The Real Reason Intermarriage Is Bad for the Jews". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-04/ty-article/.premium/why-intermarriage-is-bad-for-jews/0000017f-e643-d97e-a37f-f767dc260000.
72. ↑ Massad, Joseph. "On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy". New Politics 8 (4): 89. ProQuest 194900450. https://www.proquest.com/docview/194900450.
73. ↑ Shahadeh, Sami Abou (14 July 2021). "So Long as Israel Enshrines Jewish Supremacy in Law, It Can't Be a Liberal Democracy". Harretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-07-14/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israels-embrace-of-jewish-supremacy-means-it-cant-be-a-liberal-democracy/0000017f-da73-dc0c-afff-db7bea450000.
74. ↑ "What Makes Israel's Far Right Different". Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company). 30 October 2022. ISSN 0015-7228. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/30/religious-zionism-israel-far-right-different/. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Graham, Philip (2017). "Male Sexuality and Pornography". Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–251. doi:10.1017/9781316874998.013. ISBN 978-1107183933. https://books.google.com/books?id=X74pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250. "Patriarchal beliefs assert superiority of men with a right to leadership in family and public life."
76. ↑ Peggy Reeves Sanday, Female power and male dominance: on the origins of sexual inequality, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 6–8, 113–114, 174, 182. ISBN 978-0-521-28075-4
77. ↑ Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus. London: Collins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-00-722405-0.
78. ↑ Humm, Maggie (1992). Modern feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08072-9. https://archive.org/details/modernfeminismsp0000humm.
79. ↑ Cornell, Drucilla (1998). At the heart of freedom: feminism, sex, and equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02896-5.
80. ↑ Mezvinsky, Norton (1961). "An Idea of Female Superiority". Journal of the Central Mississippi Valley American Studies Association 2 (1): 17–26. ISSN 2156-4876. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40640229.

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