BRICS

BRICS+

Brazil • Russia • India • China • South Africa

Logo of BRICS during India’s 2026 presidency

Map key

BRICS member countries

Named after| First five member states' initials in English
Formation|

* 16 June 2009; 16 years ago (2009-06-16)

Founded at|

* Yekaterinburg, Russia
* (1st BRIC summit)

Type| Intergovernmental organization
Purpose| Economic and political
Fields| International politics

Members

|  Brazil
China
Egypt
Ethiopia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Russia
South Africa
United Arab Emirates

Chairman (current)

| Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India
Website| www.brics2026.gov.in

Formerly called

| BRIC

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries: Brazil, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russia and the United Arab Emirates.[1][2] Its conceptual origins were articulated by Russian foreign minister Yevgeny Primakov in 1998, and can be traced to informal forums and dialogue groups such as RIC (Russia, India, and China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa).[3] BRIC was originally a term coined by British economist Jim O'Neill, and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001, to designate a group of emerging markets.[4][5]

The bloc's inaugural summit was held in 2009 and featured the founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China;[6] they adopted the acronym BRIC and formed an informal diplomatic group where their governments could meet annually at formal summits and coordinate multilateral policies.[7][8] South Africa joined the organization in September 2010, which was then renamed BRICS, and attended the third summit in 2011 as a full member.[9][10] Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states in 2024 in Russia.[11] Indonesia officially joined in early 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian member.[12][13] The term BRICS+ or BRICS Plus has been informally used to reflect new membership since 2024.[11][14][15]

Collectively, BRICS comprises more than a quarter of the global economy and nearly half the world's population.[16] BRICS has implemented initiatives that could reform the global financial system, such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS PAY and the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication.[17][18] BRICS has also advanced de-dollarization to reduce the use of the U.S. dollar as reserve currency.[19] In its first 15 years, BRICS has established almost 60 intragroup institutions and an extensive network including think tanks and dialogues.[20]

Some commentators consider BRICS the alternative to the G7,[14] and a major political force in the global international order.[16] Others describe it as an incoherent affiliation of disparate countries centered on increasing anti-European and anti-American objectives.[21] Nevertheless, all five original members and Indonesia are also part of the G20. BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators and world leaders.[22][23][24][25][26]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Founding
* 1.2 2010 expansion
* 1.3 New Development Bank
* 1.4 Other initiatives
* 1.5 Discussions
* 1.6 2024 expansion
* 1.7 2025 expansion
* 1.8 2026: Caution on further expansion
* 2 Statistics
* 2.1 Comparison of G7 and BRICS countries in GDP (nominal) (1990–2030)
* 3 Rotating BRICS presidency
* 4 Leaders' summits
* 5 Member states
* 6 Financial architecture
* 6.1 New Development Bank
* 6.2 BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* 6.3 BRICS payment system
* 6.4 Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge
* 7 Peace and security
* 8 Environment
* 9 Reception
* 9.1 Belgium
* 9.2 Brazil
* 9.3 Canada
* 9.4 China
* 9.5 France
* 9.6 Germany
* 9.7 India
* 9.8 Iran
* 9.9 Russia
* 9.10 Ukraine
* 9.11 United States
* 9.12 United Kingdom
* 9.13 Global opinions
* 10 Current leaders
* 11 See also
* 12 Notes
* 13 References
* 14 Further reading
* 14.1 Declarations
* 14.2 BRICS academic review
* 15 External links
* 15.1 Journals

## History

### Founding

Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS.[27] The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998.[3] The forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) predated and played an important role in the creation of BRIC and subsequently BRICS.[3]

The New Development Bank, headquartered in Shanghai, China, is the premier institution of BRICS.[28]

The term BRIC, as compared to the alternate term CRIB,[6] was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.[29][30][31] O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".[32][33]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[34] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[35]

The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[36] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[37] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions amid the Great Recession. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future,[36][37] and ways developing countries, such as three-fourths of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[37]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".[38] Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[39]

### 2010 expansion

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[40] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China,[41] and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[40] The group was renamed BRICS to represent the addition of South Africa to the original four BRIC members.[42] At the third BRICS summit in 2011 in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.[43][44][45]

### New Development Bank

New Development Bank's logo South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[46] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[47] They planned to set up this New Development Bank (known at the time as the "BRICS Development Bank") by 2014.[48]

At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia committed $18 billion each; and South Africa committed $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[49] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[50] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[51]

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.[52] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.[53]

### Other initiatives

2024 BRICS Games in Russia

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (Institute of Geography and Statistics (Brazil), Federal State Statistics Service (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics (China), the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[54] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[55] Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.[56]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[57] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[58] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[59]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[60][61] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including the Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[62]

In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them.[20] BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects.[20] These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women's Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum.[7][28] At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.[63]

In 2021, BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this.[64] The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia, and India.[65] In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station.[66]

### Discussions

BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan,[67][68] Gaza, Lebanon,[69] Sudan, Haiti,[70] Syria[71][72] and Ukraine.[73][74] NATO air strikes in Libya were discussed during the third summit.[75] In 2023, South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war.[76] In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS.[77]

### 2024 expansion

Kazan hosted the first plenary session of the 16th BRICS Summit in the Outreach/BRICS+ format

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that six emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[78][79][80]

However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[81] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join BRICS.[82] On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[83]

By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc, making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership.[84] Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter.[85] Though the official website lists Saudi Arabia as having joined the group in January 2025, unnamed sources continued to suggest that it had not decided whether to join.[1][86][87] The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.[88] China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.[89]

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries".[90] The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives.[91] It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.[92]

### 2025 expansion

On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member,[93] making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024.[12] 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRIIC"[94] or "BRICI", given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.[95][96][97][98]

The partnerships that were announced in the previous year went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on 17 January.[99]

### 2026: Caution on further expansion

In May 2026, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that BRICS would not rush further expansion at the current stage, emphasizing the need to streamline the grouping's work following its recent enlargement. Lavrov noted that several countries have expressed interest either in becoming full-fledged members or partner countries, but BRICS members have agreed to proceed cautiously. He added that BRICS continues to attract strong international interest as "a model of the future multipolar world order."[100]

## Statistics

BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population,[101] and 25% of the world's landmass.[102] The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019.[103] In 2022, the BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%.[101] Intra-BRICS trade was US$614.8 billion as of 2022.[104] BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit.[105] BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide.[106] In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%.[107]

A graph illustrating the estimated nominal GDP (nominal) share of the BRICS and G7 countries from 1990 to 2025

Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,[108] with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).[109][non-primary source needed] BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022.[110] The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.[110]

Taking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%.[101] Economically, the group represents $28.5 trillion.[111] BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU.[112] The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%.[113][114] In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.[115]

Percent of share of G7 and BRICS GDP (PPP) in world economy as from 1990 to 2022

In 2024, the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%.[116] BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output.[117] BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products.[103] BRICS countries produce 42% of the world's wheat, 52% of rice, and 46% of soybeans.[118]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045.[117] United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020.[119]

GDP nominal share in percentage (as of 2022)

G7 (43.70%)

BRICS + (28.70%)

Rest of world (27.6%)

Comparison between BRICS and G7 Countries as of 2024

Parameter  | BRICS  | G7
No. of countries  | 5  | 7
Area (km2)  | 39.7 million | 21.7 million
Population | 3.3 billion | 0.8 billion
Population Density (people/km2)  | 83  | 37
HDI | 0.734  | 0.92
GDP Growth Rate  |  4 to 5% |  1.5 to 2%
Nominal GDP (USD)[120] | 26.7 trillion  | 45.3 trillion
GDP PPP (USD)  | 51.6 trillion | 48 trillion
Exports (USD)  | 5.5 trillion  | 6.7 trillion
Imports (USD)  | 4.8 trillion  | 8.5 trillion
Military expenditures (USD)  | 0.48 trillion  | 1.20 trillion

* Bold indicates has higher value compared to other.

### Comparison of G7 and BRICS countries in GDP (nominal) (1990–2030)

* G7 countries
* BRICS countries

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The top 15 largest economies in the world (GDP nominal from 1990 to 2030 in billions USD)[121][122] Country  | 1990  | Country  | 2000  | Country  | 2010  | Country  | 2020  | Country  | 2030

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United States  | 5,963  |  United States  | 10,250  |  United States  | 15,048  |  United States  | 21,354  |  United States  | 37,153
Error creating thumbnail:  Japan  | 3,185  |  Japan  | 4,968  |  China  | 6,138  |  China  | 15,103  |  China  | 25,827
Germany  | 1,604  |  Germany  | 1,967  |  Japan  | 5,759  |  Japan  | 5,054  |  India  | 6,769
File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg France  | 1,260  |  United Kingdom | 1,668  |  Germany  | 3,470  |  Germany  | 3,936  |  Germany  | 5,575
United Kingdom | 1,197  | File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg France  | 1,361  | File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg France  | 2,648  |  United Kingdom | 2,698  |  Japan  | 4,994
Italy  | 1,164  |  China  | 1,220  |  United Kingdom | 2,487  |  India  | 2,674  |  United Kingdom | 4,955
Canada  | 596  |  Italy  | 1,150  |  Brazil  | 2,208  |  France  | 2,645  |  France  | 3,754
Iran  | 581  |  Canada  | 744  |  Italy  | 2,146  |  Italy  | 1,905  |  Canada  | 2,792
Spain  | 536  |  Mexico  | 742  |  India  | 1,675  |  South Korea  | 1,744  |  Italy  | 2,779
Brazil  | 455  |  Brazil  | 655  |  Russia  | 1,633  |  Canada  | 1,655  |  Brazil  | 2,679
China  | 397  |  Spain  | 598  |  Canada  | 1,617  |  Russia  | 1,488  |  Russia  | 2,384
Australia  | 324  |  South Korea  | 597  |  Spain  | 1,429  |  Brazil  | 1,476  |  Spain  | 2,201
Netherlands  | 321  |  India  | 468  |  Australia  | 1,254  |  Australia  | 1,362  |  Australia  | 2,181
India  | 320  |  Netherlands  | 417  |  South Korea  | 1,192  |  Spain  | 1,288  |  Mexico  | 2,151
Mexico  | 307  |  Australia  | 400  |  Mexico  | 1,105  |  Mexico  | 1,121  |  South Korea  | 2,149

## Rotating BRICS presidency

Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis.[123] The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. Several ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers, and energy ministers.[123] Technical level meetings focus on project implementation and technical exchanges, such as the meeting of BRICS heads of national statistics offices.[123] There are working groups on technology, culture, education, health, etc. Specialized forums exist, such as the BRICS Business Forum and the BRICS Think Tank Council.[123] The BRICS has neither a permanent seat nor a secretariat.[124]

In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil.[125] The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime — especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[126] In 2024 BRICS President Pro Tempore was from Russia and their goals were: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[127] India has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2026.[128]

## Leaders' summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via videoconference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

No. | Dates | Host country | Host leader | Location | Notes  | Declaration

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1st | 16 June 2009 |  Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | Yekaterinburg | The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note that at the time, South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.[129] | Joint Statement
2nd | 15 April 2010 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brasília | The second summit continued the conversation on the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states. Guests: Jacob Zuma (former President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority).[129] | Joint Statement
3rd | 14 April 2011 |  China | Hu Jintao | Sanya | First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[129] | Sanya Declaration
4th | 29 March 2012 |  India | Manmohan Singh | New Delhi | The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how it could take advantage of that to help its economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state. The BRICS Cable announced; an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.[130] | Delhi Declaration
5th | 26–27 March 2013 |  South Africa | Jacob Zuma | Durban | The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[130] | eThekwini Declaration and Action Plan
6th | 14–17 July 2014 |  Brazil | Dilma Rousseff | Fortaleza[131] | BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[132] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth.[129] | Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan
7th | 8–9 July 2015 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Ufa[133] | Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[129] | Ufa Declaration
8th | 15–16 October 2016 |  India | Narendra Modi | Benaulim, Goa | Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[129] | Goa Declaration
9th | 3–5 September 2017 |  China | Xi Jinping | Xiamen | Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They also covered and debated international and regional issues with one another.[129] | Xiamen Declaration
10th | 25–27 July 2018 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg | The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.  | Johannesburg Declaration
11th | 13–14 November 2019 |  Brazil | Jair Bolsonaro | Brasília[126] | The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime, both internationally and internally.  | Brasilía Declaration
12th | 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[134]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[135] |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Saint Petersburg[136] | Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural and societal issues.[137] | Moscow Declaration
13th | 9 September 2021 (video conference) |  India | Narendra Modi | New Delhi | Over 150 events and meetings were concluded during the year. These included the Leaders' Summit, the meeting of the Foreign Ministers, the meeting of the National Security Advisers and a total of close to 20 other Ministerial meetings including Finance, Trade, Industry, Agriculture, Energy.[138][139] | New Delhi Declaration
14th | 23 June 2022 (video conference) |  China | Xi Jinping | Beijing | A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket-type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.  | Beijing Declaration
15th | 22–24 August 2023 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg | Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[79][80] On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[83] Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.[140] | Johannesburg II Declaration
16th | 22–24 October 2024 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Kazan | Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated.[141] Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General.[142] Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024.[142][143] It was the first summit that Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates attended as member states.[144][145] | Kazan Declaration
17th | 6–7 July 2025 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Rio de Janeiro | It was the first meeting with Indonesia as a member state.[146][147][148] The summit released a declaration on the importance of artificial intelligence regulation.[149][150] Prior to the leader's meeting, the group released a statement denouncing trade protectionism in the context of the second Trump administration's global tariffs.[151] | Rio Declaration[152]
18th | 12–13 September 2026 |  India | Narendra Modi | TBD |  |

## Member states

Note: The countries are listed in order on BRICS' official website.

This section is an excerpt from Member states of BRICS#Member states[ edit ]

## Financial architecture

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.

The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting for about 70% of the organization's total.[14]

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

### New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[153] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[154][155] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[155] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[156] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[157] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[156][157] As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.[158] By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32 billion for 96 projects.[159]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[160]

### BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.[154][157][161] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[154][161] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[162] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[154] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey.[163] It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

### BRICS payment system

Main article: Finance:BRICS PAY

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[164] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[165]

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[166] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.

### Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[167][168][169] Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.[170]

BRICS Bridge — a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY — makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of its CBDC exchange rate.[171][172][173][174][175]

One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral.[176] A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.[177][178]

In parallel with institutional initiatives, a proposal has been put forward for a supranational currency known as UNIT, designed by the International Reserve and Investment Asset System (IRIAS).[179] Each coin would be backed by a fixed reserve basket of 40% physical gold and 60% fiat currencies, with its value measured in a gold-equivalent standard.[180] The system is designed to be decentralized, allowing qualified nodes (sovereign or private) to mint tokens by depositing the required assets. While not an official BRICS initiative, it has been discussed as a potential mechanism to facilitate cross-border trade and investment, reduce reliance on single-nation reserve currencies, and enhance financial multipolarity.[181]

## Peace and security

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File:Destructions in Kharkiv after Russian attack, 2024-10-30 (11).jpgKharkiv, Ukraine after the Russian attack on 30 October 2024

At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan in October 2024, the Kazan Declaration was issued to encourage adherence to the UN Charter and support diplomatic efforts for a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Ukraine. It expressed deep concern over the humanitarian situation in the Palestinian Territory—particularly the escalation of violence in Gaza and the West Bank, noted alarm over the situation in Southern Lebanon, and called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.[182]

At the BRICS session on Peace and Security during the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil, a resolution was adopted in which BRICS nations "condemned in the strongest terms" the 2025 Pahalgam attack and called for terrorism to be combatted "in all its forms and manifestations, including the cross-border movement of terrorists, terrorism financing and safe havens." While Pakistan was not directly named, the Indian Express reported that the reference to cross-border terrorism was widely interpreted as aimed at Islamabad. The leaders further urged a stance of zero tolerance, stated that BRICS "rejected double standards in countering terrorism", and called for the "expeditious finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN framework", as well as "concerted actions against all UN-designated terrorists and terrorist entities."[183]

During the 12-day war between Israel and Iran in June 2025, the BRICS bloc—then chaired by Brazil—quickly condemned the joint US-Israeli attacks on Iran as a "violation of international law". However, following India's assumption of the BRICS chairmanship in December 2025, critics have noted that New Delhi's foreign policy interests appear to be influencing the alliance’s stance, as India navigates closer ties with the US and Israel.[184]

In January 2026, a joint military exercise Will For Peace 2026 brought together navies from BRICS Plus countries China, Iran, Russia and South Africa, alongside Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia and Indonesia participating as observers.[185][186]

Internal divisions became more apparent within the expanded BRICS bloc when the organization failed to issue a joint statement on the 2026 Iran war. Despite calls from Iran for a unified stance against the U.S.-Israel military campaign, the bloc remained deadlocked, largely due to the direct involvement of both Iran and the United Arab Emirates—who are on opposing sides of the conflict—as members.[187]

## Environment

BRICS is considered a climate-critical group, even though the theme India has chosen for its presidency is “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation, and Sustainability”. This is considered a problem of the absence of climate justice. Global climate finance is $1.9 trillion per year, while $7.4 trillion is needed; very little is going to adaptation. The countries of the global south are struggling to find resources for climate action.

India’s BRICS presidency can be used to build a just climate financial system. It can be done through the New Development Bank and by a unified BRICS position on Carbon Markets. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) entered full effect in 2026, and BRICS condemned it as “unilateral, punitive and discriminatory.” For India alone, it could reduce steel export revenue by $25 million this year, and the cost is set to rise sharply. To address the problem, BRICS can, for example, join Brazil’s Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets as a bloc. The coalition was endorsed by 18 countries, including China, the EU, the U.K., and Canada. It is writing the rules about carbon credits globally. BRICS can join in shaping the rules from the inside instead of objecting from the outside.[188]

## Reception

World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[189][190][191][192] disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,[193] and India and China's disputes[194] over territorial issues.[195] There is scope for multilateralism in space,[196] and collaboration in the space governance sector.[197]

ILO Director-General Guy Ryder has received the joint declarations and statements of the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS with a positive attitude over the years.[198][199][200] These statements cover decent work,[198] social dialogue,[199] green jobs, skills development, and workers' protection.[200]

### Belgium

Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1".[201] He notes how China has pushed for enlargement, while India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the group's exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-Western stance.[201] According to Rieck, although BRICS supports multipolarity and non-alignment, it also does not take an explicitly anti-Western stance.[201] He also argues that BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged, as that will only be counter-productive, and that Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS. [201]

Alicia García-Herrero, who writes for the think tank Bruegel, argued that the West should note the anti-West sentiment developing amongst BRICS, and that the West needs to offer the Global South better economic deals.[202]

Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute wrote in November 2024 that the pivot toward BRICS by several countries in the Global South, especially visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU.[203] To address this, Brender argued that the EU should think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.[203]

### Brazil

In 2014, an opinion poll of 1881 respondents found that only 4% knew what BRICS stood for, while in 2019, only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.[204]

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in November 2019 Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders

### Canada

Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-Western is not likely.[205] The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China –, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance.[205] Further, a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically, but political jointness could be negatively affected.[205]

### China

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[206]

In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order".[123][207]

### France

French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first Western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023.[208] Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.[209]

### Germany

A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.[210] German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner".[211]

A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake-up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined.[212] "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance."[212]

### India

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File:PM Narendra Modi meeting President of China Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS Summit (2024) 01.jpgIndian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, October 2024

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[213]

Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."[214][215]

In 2016, Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures, including "institutionalized cooperation".[216] He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".[216]

The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS.[217][218] In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit.[217] During the 2023 BRICS summit, China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.[219] Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get a "distortionary ideological edge".[220]

In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won't let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers.[221][222] The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.[117][223]

Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western.[224] At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions".[225] Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."[111]

The central bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, Governor Shaktikanta Das, stated in December 2024 that dedollarization for India was only a part of "derisking" Indian trade and reducing dependence on any one currency since that may become "problematic".[226] While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided.[226] He also compared the Euro and stated how nations in Euro countries are located in proximity, while that is not the case with BRICS.[226] This was in response to a question about President-elect Trump's warning about tariffs.[226] Former ambassador D. Bala Venkatesh Varma, in an interview with the think tank India Foundation, states that India's stance in BRICS is "pro-India" and "claiming that BRICS is dominated by China is an exaggeration".[227]

At the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro on 7 July 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that India would give a "new form" to the BRICS grouping during its presidency in 2026. He proposed redefining BRICS as "Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability" and emphasized a people-centric approach, drawing parallels with India's G-20 presidency, where the Global South was prioritized. Modi affirmed that India would advance BRICS with a focus on "humanity first".[228] Modi also called for the urgent reform of global institutions to reflect the realities of the 21st century, emphasized greater representation for the Global South, and criticized organizations like the UN Security Council and the World Trade Organization.[183]

### Iran

Iran's admission as a member in 2023 has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".[229][230] Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as president stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing".[231] Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.[232]

### Russia

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, 23 October 2024

In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective.[233] The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world's financial and trading systems."[233]

In 2024, President Putin speaking at a BRICS forum said "BRICS is one of the key elements of the emerging multipolar world order, which increasingly reflects the interests and aspirations of the states of both the global South and the East ... we are engaged in an active dialogue in the BRICS plus/outreach format, and are working to establish a category of partner states".[234] At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.[177] In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules".[7] New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority".[235] Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.[235] President Putin quoted Prime Minister Narendra Modi in saying that BRICS is not anti-western but non-western.[224]

A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1,500 respondents had never heard about BRICS.[236] Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.[236] In 2025, Victoria Panova, Head of the BRICS Expert Council—Russia, stated that while BRICS aims to make a fairer world order, it "doesn't have an aim of expansion as an aim in itself." The aim isn't to duplicate the UN's General Assembly.[237]

In March 2025, President Putin suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process.[238] According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements.[239] Firstly, prior cooperation and current relationship with the West are major factors in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned.[239] Secondly, the speed of decision-making varies with respect to making changes in economic governance, say when it concerns a new currency or settlement mechanism.[239] Third, bilateral relations between countries such as China and India and Saudi Arabia and Iran have not always been amicable.[239]

### Ukraine

In an October 2024 interview with The Times of India, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that the Kazan summit in Russia was a total failure.[240] President Zelensky also criticized the presence of the UN Secretary General at the summit.[240] The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS's role "in boosting global co-operation".[241]

### United States

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[242]

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[243] According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests.[176] Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.[176]

Michael Kugelman writes in the BBC that "BRICS projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren't viable, because many member states' economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."[244] White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival.[245][159] Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation.[159] Following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, the US National Security Advisor stated that it does not possess a "serious challenge".[211]

In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% U.S. tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar.[246][247] As U.S. president he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term.[248][249] On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS.[250] In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".[251][252] He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat.[253][254]

Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia";[255] the same goes for Iran.[256] Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.[255] Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit, President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".[257]

### United Kingdom

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[25] In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.[32]

### Global opinions

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS, but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%), and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.[258][259]

## Current leaders

Current leading member state representatives:

* Lula da Silva
President of Brazil

* Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

* Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India

* Xi Jinping
President of China[lower-alpha 1]

* Cyril Ramaphosa
President of South Africa

* Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
President of Egypt

* Abiy Ahmed
Prime Minister of Ethiopia

* Prabowo Subianto
President of Indonesia

* Masoud Pezeshkian
President of Iran[lower-alpha 2]

* Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
President of the United Arab Emirates

## See also

* Organization:Belt and Road Initiative
* Finance:Developing country - Nation with a relatively low living standard
* East–West dichotomy - Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
* Finance:List of multilateral free-trade agreements
* Organization:MIKTA
* Organization:G7
* Unsolved:Potential superpowers - Entity speculated to become a superpower
* Organization:ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Finance:BRICS PAY
* Organization:G20
* Organization:Hague Group
* Member states of BRICS
* Organization:OPEC
* List of BRICS summit attendees
* List of country groupings
* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* Finance:Pix (payment system) - Brazilian instant payment ecosystem

## Notes

1. ↑ The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party is the top position in China, which is a one-party communist state.
2. ↑ The Supreme Leader is the top position in Iran, which is a theocratic Islamic republic.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "About Us – BRICS". https://www.brics2026.gov.in/about-us/.
2. ↑ "BRICS Brasil - English". https://brics.br/en.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Patnaik, Ajay K. (2023). "3. Evolution of BRICS. History and Politics". in Raman, G. Venkat. Locating BRICS in the Global Order. Perspectives from the Global South. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-73876-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ.
4. ↑ Foroohar, Rana (10 November 2015). "Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken". TIME. https://time.com/4106094/goldman-sachs-brics/. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
5. ↑ Xie, Ye (8 November 2015). "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-08/goldman-s-bric-era-ends-as-fund-closes-after-years-of-losses.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cooper, Andrew Fenton (2016) (in en). The BRICS: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872339-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=1nrnCwAAQBAJ.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Curtis, John (11 November 2024). "The BRICS group: Overview and recent expansion". https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-10136/CBP-10136.pdf.
8. ↑ Ndzendze, Bhaso (24 August 2023). "Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they're buying into" (in en-US). https://theconversation.com/brics-expansion-six-more-nations-are-set-to-join-what-theyre-buying-into-212200.
9. ↑ "What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?". Reuters. 22 August 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/#:~:text=WHO ARE THE MEMBERS?,grouping became known as BRICS.
10. ↑ Stuenkel, Oliver (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-9321-1.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?". 15 March 2024. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)760368.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Indonesia joins BRICS bloc as full member, Brazil says". Reuters. 7 January 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/indonesia-join-brics-bloc-full-member-brazil-says-2025-01-06/.
13. ↑ "Indonesia joins BRICS group of emerging economies" (in en). Al Jazeera. 7 January 2025. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/7/indonesia-joins-brics-group-of-emerging-economies.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). "BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order" (in en). https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20?lang=en.
15. ↑ Tran, Hung (1 November 2024). "The underestimated implications of the BRICS Summit in Russia" (in en-US). https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/the-underestimated-implications-of-the-brics-summit-in-russia/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ferragamo, Mariel (18 October 2024). "What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding? | Council on Foreign Relations" (in en). https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding.
17. ↑ "BRICS Joint Statistical Publications". https://eng.rosstat.gov.ru/folder/75553.
18. ↑ Petry, Johannes; Nölke, Andreas (17 October 2024). "BRICS and the Global Financial Order: Liberalism Contested?" (in en). Elements in the Economics of Emerging Markets. doi:10.1017/9781009498739. ISBN 978-1-009-49873-9. https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/brics-and-the-global-financial-order/012E5E36D61B671834AF92BCF8122EDA.
19. ↑ Quintana, Francisco J (1 September 2025). "Dollar dominance, de-dollarization, and international law" (in en). Journal of International Economic Law 28 (3): 359–381. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgaf032. ISSN 1369-3034. https://academic.oup.com/jiel/article/28/3/359/8270636.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Kirton, John; Larionova, Marina (2022). "The First Fifteen Years of the BRICS". International Organisations Research Journal 17 (2): 7–30. doi:10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-01. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/113678237/Kirton_20and_20Larionova-libre.pdf?1713882080=&response-content-disposition=inline;+filename=The_First_Fifteen_Years_of_the_BRICS.pdf&Expires=1737638598&Signature=ItrEWzfQyKMGEeyB-Hza8dwZQLgfP3GjSpHgBTyl5xiDy2LXYPZIIesvZRbEHs7fnMntxEyoUTdm5aGMSllQrZSIUOpbRFTCKINQKXod4a8aVNSrUY4d4O0tkfUeoU12HL9GDvMHdIXYIu8MYbrPOveqRNAnS14YsPCmPD6pKMhQ2tWBsYGslkIIbwUkD1SgsQr8fuElZy~9q~V3qqG3jmnj8wC2Rox-XQRaHvcShbmrslEEDuKDXqmtPK790HHxTzq4obIGVLL8XyYWPXnXcC01YrTl0sCI9gN82v170ZFYDgC3AlZMmjLYOubSJ6w~rw44U3bgcg5iYhSYbLh4OQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA.
21. ↑ Johnson, Keith (21 October 2024). "Can BRICS Finally Take On the West?". https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/21/brics-russia-china-kazan-summit-west-dollar/.
22. ↑ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). "BRICS: the powerful global alliance" (in en). https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/brics-the-powerful-global-alliance.
23. ↑ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. http://usinpac.com/blog/admin/brics-india-is-the-biggest-loser/.
24. ↑ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). "BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative". Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/02/bric-nationalism-is-no-alternative.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). "Brics is now a motley crew of failing states" (in en-GB). The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/24/brics-summit-india-china-russia-putin-xi-jinping/.
26. ↑ Gallagher, Adam; Cheatham, Andrew (17 October 2024). "What's Driving a Bigger BRICS and What Does it Mean for the U.S.?" (in en). https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/10/whats-driving-bigger-brics-and-what-does-it-mean-us.
27. ↑ Raman, G. Venkat; Kumar, Rajan (2023). "1. Introduction". in Kumar, Rajan. Locating BRICS in the Global Order. Perspectives from the Global South. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-73876-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "BRICS Architecture – BRICS 2023". https://brics2023.gov.za/brics-architecture/.
29. ↑ Jim O'Neill (30 November 2001)."Building Better Global Economic BRICs" . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
30. ↑ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). "Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction" (in en-US). https://guides.loc.gov/brics/introduction.
31. ↑ "Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management" (Press release). Goldman Sachs. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
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245. ↑ Dasgupta, Saibal (24 October 2024). "BRICS meeting highlights geopolitical aspirations, rivalries with West" (in en). Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/brics-meeting-highlights-geopolitical-aspirations-rivalries-with-west/7836994.html.
246. ↑ Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). "Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics" (in en). CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/30/politics/trump-brics-currency-tariff/index.html.
247. ↑ Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). "Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/dec/01/trump-threat-100-per-cent-tariffs-brics-nations-dollar.
248. ↑ AP (22 January 2025). "Trump threatens 100% tariffs against BRICS countries if they try replacing U.S. dollar" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-threatens-100-tariffs-against-brics-countries-if-they-try-replacing-us-dollar/article69126026.ece.
249. ↑ Khan, Md Zakariya (21 January 2025). "Trump's big warning to India, Brics nations on Day 1 as US President" (in en-US). https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-warning-brics-100-per-cent-tariff-de-dollarisation-125012100838_1.html.
250. ↑ Mishra, Samiran, ed (31 January 2025). ""Go Find Another Sucker Nation": Trump Warns BRICS Against Dollar Move" (in en). NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trump-brics-dollar-seemingly-hostile-countries-donald-trump-threatens-brics-with-100-tariff-7600289.
251. ↑ Gordon, Nicholas (14 February 2025). "Trump threatens a 100% tariff on 'dead' BRICS group if they 'play games with the dollar'" (in en). https://fortune.com/asia/2025/02/14/trump-threatens-brics-tariffs-challenge-us-dollar/.
252. ↑ ""BRICS Is Dead, Will Impose 100% Tariff If Dollar Replaced", Warns Trump" (in en). NDTV. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brics-is-dead-will-impose-100-tariff-if-dollar-replaced-warns-donald-trump-7705864.
253. ↑ Chitre, Manjiri, ed (21 February 2025). ""Not Heard From Them": Trump Claims BRICS "Broke Up" After 150% Tariff Threat" (in en). NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/not-heard-from-them-trump-claims-brics-broke-up-after-150-tariff-threat-7760332.
254. ↑ Siddiqui, Huma (18 February 2025). "Is BRICS Dead? Here's why it's far from over" (in en). https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/is-brics-dead-heres-why-its-far-from-over/3752595/.
255. ↑ 255.0 255.1 Nye Jr, Joseph S. (7 January 2025). "BRICS is hardly a new fulcrum of world politics" (in en-AU). https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/brics-is-hardly-a-new-fulcrum-of-world-politics/.
256. ↑ Dzulhisham, Huzeir Ezekiel (4 December 2024). "Iran's Geopolitical Gamble in Turning to BRICS" (in en-US). https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/irans-geopolitical-gamble-in-turning-to-brics/.
257. ↑ Pistilli, Melissa (6 January 2025). "How Would a New BRICS Currency Affect the US Dollar? (Updated 2025)". https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/how-would-new-brics-currency-affect-us-dollar-updated-2025.
258. ↑ "BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it". 14 March 2024. https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/brics-expansion-less-than-one-in-five-positive-about-it.
259. ↑ "Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research" (in en). http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/stavlennya-do-brics-doslidzhennya-rejtingu-z-gallup-international.html.

## Further reading

Secondary sources

* Rewizorski, Marek (2016). "BRICS in the G20? The Involvement of Rising Powers in the Premier Forum of Global Governance". Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 52 (1): 211–222. doi:10.7366/020909611201611. ISSN 0209-0961. http://www.irjournal.pl/pdf-124586-52677?filename=BRICS in the G20_The.pdf.
* Gavrilenko, Vladimir; Shenshin, Victor (2024). "BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries". BRICS Law Journal 11 (3): 9–53. doi:10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-9-53. https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1087/292.
* Alpher, Yossi (September 2014), Israel and the BRICS, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184175/a99d5052ba4147c043a40a58ba8077e1.pdf
* Abdenur, Adriana Erthal (September 2016). "Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict". Rising Powers Quarterly 1 (1): 109–133. https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/rising-powers-and-international-security-the-brics-and-the-syrian-conflict/.
* Chatterjee, Mihika; and Naka, Ikuno (2 January 2022). "Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land". Oxford Development Studies 50 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191. ISSN 1360-0818. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191.
* Patrick, Stewart; Hogan, Erica; Stuenkel, Oliver; Gabuev, Alexander; Tellis, Ashley J.; Zhao, Tong; Carvalho, Gustavo de; Gruzd, Steven et al. (31 March 2025). "BRICS Expansion and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States, Partners, and Aspirants" (in en). https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/brics-expansion-and-the-future-of-world-order-perspectives-from-member-states-partners-and-aspirants?lang=en.
* Banerjee, Stuti (22 August 2017). "BRICS Summits and Outlook on Terrorism". https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=1743&lid=1501.
* Stuenkel, Oliver (2015). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739193211.

Primary sources

* BRICS Joint Statistical Publication 2024. Archive
* Towards a long-term strategy for BRICS. A proposal by the BRICS Think Tanks Council. Archive
* BRICS Membership Expansion Guiding Principles, Standards, Criteria and Procedures. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2024. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2023. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2021. Archive
* BRICS Cooperation Outcomes 2021. Archive
* BRICS Counter Terrorism Action Plan 2021. Archive

### Declarations

* "Kazan Declaration: Strengthening Multilateralism For Just Global Development And Security". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 23 October 2024. https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/38450/Kazan_Declaration__Strengthening_Multilateralism_For_Just_Global__Development_And_Security.
* "15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration". 24 August 2023. https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Declaration_2408.pdf.
* "XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 23 June 2022. https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration.
* "XIII BRICS Summit- New Delhi Declaration". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 9 September 2021. https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/34236/XIII_BRICS_Summit_New_Delhi_Declaration.
* "XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration". 17 November 2020. http://brics2022.mfa.gov.cn/eng/hywj/ODS/202203/t20220308_10649500.html#:~:text=We reaffirm the principles of,against the territorial integrity or.

### BRICS academic review

* "BRICS 2018. Tapping into Africa's Beating Drum". BRICS Academic Review (1). 2018. https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BRICS_Academic_Review.pdf.
* "BRICS: Economic Recovery, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Multilateralism". BRICS Academic Review (6). 2022. https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/BAR6_Combined-6.pdf.
* "BRICS & Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism". BRICS Academic Review (8). 2024. https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BAR Issue 8.pdf.
* "BRICS & Russia: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security.". BRICS Academic Review (9). 2024. https://bricsthinktankscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BAR-Issue-9.pdf.

## External links

* BRICS information portal, a Joint website of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the BRICS member States
* BRICS Joint Statistical Publication
* BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto

### Journals

* BRICS Law Journal
* Journal of BRICS Studies
* BRICS Journal of Economics

Template:BRICS

Articles related to BRICS

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Americas|

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BRICS|

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BASIC (BRICS less Russia)
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Finance|

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development

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Organizations
and groups

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North–South
divide

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