Fluoropolymer

A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with multiple carbon–fluorine bonds. It is characterized by a high resistance to solvents, acids, and bases. The best known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene. The trade mark Teflon was coined by the DuPont Company in 1946.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Properties
* 3 Examples of monomers used to prepare fluoropolymers
* 4 Current market and forecast
* 5 Examples of fluoropolymers
* 6 Typical properties
* 7 See also
* 8 References

## History

In 1938, polytetrafluoroethylene (DuPont brand name Teflon) was discovered by accident by a recently hired DuPont Ph.D., Roy J. Plunkett. While working with tetrafluoroethylene gas to develop refrigerants, he noticed that a previously-pressurized cylinder had no pressure remaining. In dissecting the cylinder, he found a mass of white solid in a quantity similar to that of the tetrafluoroethylene gas. It was determined that this material was a new-to-the-world polymer. Tests showed the substance was resistant to corrosion from most acids, bases and solvents and had better high temperature stability than any other plastic. By early 1941, a crash program was making substantial quantities of PTFE for the Manhattan Project.[1][2][3][4]

## Properties

Fluoropolymers share the properties of fluorocarbons in that they are not as susceptible to the van der Waals force as hydrocarbons. This contributes to their non-stick and friction reducing properties. Also, they are stable due to the stability multiple carbon–fluorine bonds add to a chemical compound. Fluoropolymers may be mechanically characterized as thermosets or thermoplastics. Fluoropolymers can be homopolymers or Copolymer.

## Examples of monomers used to prepare fluoropolymers

* Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)
* Ethylene (Ethane) (E)
* Vinyl fluoride (fluoroethylene) (VF1)
* Vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethylene) (VDF or VF2)
* Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
* Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)
* Propylene (P)
* Hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
* Perfluoropropylvinylether (PPVE)
* Perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE)

## Current market and forecast

The global demand on fluoropolymers was estimated at approximately US$7.25 billion in 2011. Driven by new developments of products, applications, and processes, as well as strong demands in new markets, the demand is expected to grow by 5.8% in the following years.[5]

Some of the world's largest manufacturers of fluoropolymers include DuPont, 3M, Solvay Chemicals, BASF and Dyneon.[6]

## Examples of fluoropolymers

Fluoropolymer | Trade names | Monomers | Melting point (°C)

|
|
|

PVF (polyvinylfluoride) | Tedlar[7] | VF1 | 200[8]
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) | Kynar[9] Solef[10] Hylar[11] | VF2 | 175
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) | Sold by AGC under the tradename Fluon PTFE; Sold by Dupont and Chemours Company under the tradename Teflon; sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers under the tradenames Algoflon Hyflon and Polymist; sold by Daikin under the tradename Polyflon | TFE | 327
PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) | Kel-F (3M), Neoflon (Daikin) | CTFE | 220[8]
PFA, MFA[12] (perfluoroalkoxy polymer) | Sold by AGC under the tradename Fluon PFA. Sold by DuPont under the tradename Teflon. Sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers under the tradename Hyflon.[13] Neoflon (Daikin) | PPVE + TFE | 305
FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene) | Sold by DuPont under the tradename Teflon FEP. Also known as Neoflon (Daikin) and Hyflon | HFP + TFE | 260
ETFE (polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene) | Sold by AGC under the trade name of FluonETFE[14] Tefzel,;[15] sold by Daikin under the tradename Neoflon | TFE + E | 265
ECTFE (polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene) | Halar[16] sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers | CTFE + E |
FFPM/FFKM (Perfluorinated Elastomer [Perfluoroelastomer]) | Kalrez.[17] Tecnoflon PFR[18] DAI-EL (Daikin) |  |
FPM/FKM (Fluoroelastomer [Vinylidene Fluoride based copolymers]) | Viton,[19] Tecnoflon FKM, DAI-EL (Daikin), Fluonox (Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited) |  |
FEPM (Fluoroelastomer [Tetrafluoroethylene-Propylene]) | Sold by AGC under the trade name of AFLAS,[20] | TFE + P |
PFPE (Perfluoropolyether) | Sold by DuPont under the tradename Krytox.[21] Sold by Solvay Specialty Polymers S.p.A. as Fomblin and Galden |  |
PFSA (Perfluorosulfonic acid) | Nafion |  |
Perfluoropolyoxetane |  |  |

## Typical properties

[22]

Property | Method No. | Units | PTFE | FEP | PFA | ETFE | ECTFE | PCTFE | PVDF

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Specific gravity | D792 | - | 2.17 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.15 | 1.78
Yield strength | D638 | MPa | 10 | 12 | 15.5 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 46
Yield strength | D638 | PSI | 1,450 | 1,740 | 2,250 | 3,480 | 4,500 | 5,800 | 6,670
Elongation |  | % | 200-500 | 250-350 | 300 | 200-500 | 200-300 | 80-250 | 20-150
Tensile modulus | D638 | MPa | 600 | 500 | 700 | 1500 | 1655 | 1500 | 2400
Tensile modulus | D638 | ksi | 87 | 72.5 | 101.5 | 217.5 | 240 | 218 | 348
Hardness | D2240 | Shore D | 60 | 57 | 62 | 75 | 75 | 90 | 79
HDT, @ 66 PSI | D648 | °F | 250 | 158 | 164 | 219 | 240 | 248 | 300
HDT, @ 264 PSI | D648 | °F | 122 | 129 | 118 | 160 | 169 | - | 239
Limiting oxygen index | D2863 | % | >95 | >95 | >95 | 30-36 |  |  |
Dielectric constant | D150 | 1 MHz | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.6 |  |  |

## See also

* Organofluorine
* Organohalogen
* Fluorosurfactant
* Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA)

## References

1. ↑ Iddon, Brian (1985). The Magic of Chemistry. Eastleigh:BDH. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-9500439-6-6.
2. ↑ Kirsch, Peer (2004). "Fluorine". Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry: Synthesis, reactivity, applications. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-3-527-30691-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ycSf3EK9i2gC&pg=PA5. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
3. ↑ Hounshell, David A.; Smith, John Kenly (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: DuPont R&D, 1902–1980. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147, 156–57, 482–484. ISBN 0-521-32767-9. https://archive.org/details/sciencecorporate0008houn/page/147.
4. ↑ Okazoe, Takashi (2009). "Overview on the history of organofluorine chemistry from the viewpoint of material industry". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 85 (8): 276–89. doi:10.2183/pjab.85.276. PMID 19838009. Bibcode: 2009PJAB...85..276O.
5. ↑ "Market Report: Global Fluoropolymer Market". Acmite Market Intelligence. http://www.acmite.com/market-reports/chemicals/global-fluoropolymer-market-report.html.
6. ↑ "21 Fluoropolymer Facts for Engineers". http://www.fluorotec.com/blog/21-fluoropolymer-facts-for-engineers/.
7. ↑ Tedlar is a registered trademark of DuPont
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Christopher C. Ibeh (2011). THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS Properties, Manufacturing Methods, and Applications. CRC Press. pp. 491–497. ISBN 978-1-4200-9383-4.
9. ↑ Kynar is a registered trademark of Arkema, Inc.
10. ↑ Solef is a registered trademark of Solvay specialty polymers S.p.A.
11. ↑ Hylar is a registered trademark of Solvay specialty polymers S.p.A.
12. ↑ "Typical Properties of Fluropolymers". Fluoropolymer. http://fluorotherm.com/Properties-Physical.asp.
13. ↑ Hyflon is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.
14. ↑ Fluon is a registered trademark of Asahi Glass Company
15. ↑ Tefzel is a registered trademark of DuPont
16. ↑ Halar is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.
17. ↑ Kalrez is a registered trademark of DuPont
18. ↑ Tecnoflon is a registered trademark of Solvay Solexis S.p.A.
19. ↑ Viton is a registered trademark of DuPont
20. ↑ AFLAS is a registered trademark of AGC(Asahi Glass Co, Ltd.)
21. ↑ Krytox is a registered trademark of DuPont
22. ↑ "Typical Properties of Fluoropolymers". Fluorotherm. http://fluorotherm.com/Properties-Physical.asp.

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