Market trend

Short description: Perceived financial market movement tendency over time

This page is about market trend in finance. For the trend of a market that is used in a company's planning activities, especially regarding inventory decisions, purchasing, facility expansion, and promotional activities, see Market analysis.

A market trend is a perceived tendency of the financial markets to move in a particular direction over time.[1] Analysts classify these trends as secular for long time-frames, primary for medium time-frames, and secondary for short time-frames.[2] Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time.

A future market trend can only be determined in hindsight, since at any time prices in the future are not known. This fact makes market timing inherently a game of educated guessing rather than a certainty. Past trends are identified by drawing lines, known as trendlines, that connect price action making higher highs and higher lows for an uptrend, or lower lows and lower highs for a downtrend.

"Bulls and Bears: The Great Wall St. Game" was a board game published in 1883 Statues of the two symbolic beasts of finance, the bear and the bull, in front of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange

## Contents

* 1 Market terminology
* 2 Secular trends
* 3 Primary trends
* 3.1 Bull market
* 3.1.1 Examples
* 3.2 Bear market
* 3.2.1 Examples
* 3.3 Market top
* 3.3.1 Examples
* 3.4 Market bottom
* 3.4.1 Examples
* 4 Secondary trends
* 4.1 Bear market rally
* 5 Causes of market trends
* 6 Market sentiment
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Market terminology

The terms "bull market" and "bear market" describe upward and downward market trends, respectively,[3] and can be used to describe either the market as a whole or specific sectors and securities.[2] The terms come from London's Exchange Alley in the early 18th century, where traders who engaged in naked short selling were called "bear-skin jobbers" because they sold a bear's skin (the shares) before catching the bear. This was simplified to "bears," while traders who bought shares on credit were called "bulls." The latter term might have originated by analogy to bear-baiting and bull-baiting, two animal fighting sports of the time.[4] Thomas Mortimer recorded both terms in his 1761 book Every Man His Own Broker. He remarked that bulls who bought in excess of present demand might be seen wandering among brokers' offices moaning for a buyer, while bears rushed about devouring any shares they could find to close their short positions. An unrelated folk etymology supposes that the terms refer to a bear clawing downward to attack and a bull bucking upward with its horns.[1][5]

## Secular trends

A secular market trend is a lasting long-term trend that lasts 5 to 25 years and consists of a series of primary trends. A secular bear market consists of smaller bull markets and larger bear markets; a secular bull market consists of larger bull markets and smaller bear markets.

In a secular bull market, the prevailing trend is "bullish" or upward-moving. The United States stock market was described as being in a secular bull market from about 1983 to 2000 (or 2007), with brief upsets including Black Monday and the Stock market downturn of 2002, triggered by the crash of the dot-com bubble. Another example is the 2000s commodities boom.

In a secular bear market, the prevailing trend is "bearish" or downward-moving. An example of a secular bear market occurred in gold from January 1980 to June 1999, culminating with the Brown Bottom. During this period, the market price of gold fell from a high of $850/oz ($30/g) to a low of $253/oz ($9/g).[6] The stock market was also described as being in a secular bear market from 1929 to 1949.

## Primary trends

A primary trend has broad support throughout the entire market, across most sectors, and lasts for a year or more.

### Bull market

A 1901 cartoon depicting financier J. P. Morgan as a bull with eager investors

See also: Bull (stock market speculator)

A bull market is a period of generally rising prices. The start of a bull market is marked by widespread pessimism. This point is when the "crowd" is the most "bearish".[7] The feeling of despondency changes to hope, "optimism", and eventually euphoria as the bull runs its course.[8] This often leads the economic cycle, for example, in a full recession, or earlier.

Generally, bull markets begin when stocks rise 20% from their low and end when stocks experience a 20% drawdown.[9] However, some analysts suggest a bull market cannot happen within a bear market.[10]

An analysis of Morningstar, Inc. stock market data from 1926 to 2014 revealed that, on average, a typical bull market lasted 8.5 years with a cumulative total return averaging 458%. Additionally, annualized gains for bull markets ranged from 14.9% to 34.1%.

#### Examples

India's Bombay Stock Exchange Index, BSE SENSEX, experienced a major bull market trend from April 2003 to January 2008. It increased from 2,900 points to 21,000 points, representing a more than 600% return in 5 years.[11]

Notable bull markets characterized the 1925–1929, 1953–1957, and 1993–1997 periods when the U.S. and many other stock markets experienced significant growth. While the first period ended abruptly with the start of the Great Depression, the end of the later time periods were mostly periods of soft landing, which became large bear markets. (see: Recession of 1960–61 and the dot-com bubble in 2000–2001)

### Bear market

Sculpture of stock market bear outside International Financial Services Centre, Dublin

A bear market is a general decline in the stock market over a period of time.[12] It involves a transition from high investor optimism to widespread investor fear and pessimism. One generally accepted measure of a bear market is a price decline of 20% or more over at least a two-month period.[13]

A decline of 10% to 20% is classified as a correction.

Bear territory always precedes a bear market. Typically, as a market enters bear territory, there are indicators other than a correction. The Cboe Volatility Index (VIX), a key measure of market volatility, increases, indicating heightened investor anxiety. Additionally, consumer sentiment drops, with expectations for unemployment rising and economic outlooks declining.[14] Most recently (as of April 12, 2025), in April 2025, the United States stock market entered bear territory.[15] The S&P 500 Index declined over 20% from its recent peak, meeting the technical definition of entering bear territory. This downturn is primarily attributed to escalating trade tensions and tariff policies under the Trump administration, which have led to significant market volatility and investor uncertainty.[16] Ultimately, when a market enters bear territory, it almost always leads that stock market into a bear market.

Bear markets conclude when stocks recover, reaching new highs.[17] The bear market is then assessed retrospectively from the recent highs to the lowest closing price,[18] and its recovery period spans from the lowest closing price to the attainment of new highs. Another commonly accepted indicator of the end of a bear market is indices gaining 20% or more from their low.[19][20]

From 1926 to 2014, the average duration of a bear market was 13 months, accompanied by an average cumulative loss of 30%. Annualized declines for bear markets ranged from −19.7% to −47%.[21]

#### Examples

Some examples of a bear market include:

* The Wall Street Crash of 1929, which erased 89% (from 386 to 40) of the Dow Jones Industrial Average's market capitalization by July 1932, marking the start of the Great Depression. After regaining nearly 50% of its losses, a longer bear market from 1937 to 1942 occurred in which the market was again cut in half.
* A long-term bear market occurred from about 1973 to 1982, encompassing the 1970s energy crisis and the high unemployment of the early 1980s.
* A bear market occurred in India following the 1992 Indian stock market scam committed by Harshad Mehta.
* The Stock market downturn of 2002.
* Due to the 2008 financial crisis, a bear market occurred between October 2007 and March 2009.
* The 2015 Chinese stock market crash.
* In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused multiple stock market crashes, leading to bear markets across the world.
* In 2022, concerns over an inflation surge and potential rises of the federal funds rate caused a bear market.[22]

### Market top

A market top (or market high) is usually not a dramatic event. The market has simply reached the highest point that it will, for some time. This identification is retrospective, as market participants are generally unaware of it when it occurs. Thus prices subsequently fall, either slowly or more rapidly.

According to William O'Neil, since the 1950s, a market top is characterized by three to five distribution days in a major stock market index occurring within a relatively short period of time. Distribution is identified as a decline in price with higher volume than the preceding session.[23]

#### Examples

The peak of the dot-com bubble, as measured by the NASDAQ-100, occurred on March 24, 2000, when the index closed at 4,704.73. The Nasdaq peaked at 5,132.50 and the S&P 500 Index at 1525.20.

The peak of the U.S. stock market before the 2008 financial crisis occurred on October 9, 2007. The S&P 500 closed at 1,565 and the NASDAQ at 2,861.50.

### Market bottom

A market bottom marks a trend reversal, signifying the end of a market downturn and the commencement of an upward-moving trend (bull market).

Identifying a market bottom, often referred to as 'bottom picking,' is a challenging task, as it's difficult to recognize before it passes. The upturn following a decline may be short-lived, and prices might resume their descent, resulting in a loss for the investor who purchased stocks during a misperceived or 'false' market bottom.

Baron Rothschild is often quoted as advising that the best time to buy is when there is 'blood in the streets'—that is, when the markets have fallen drastically and investor sentiment is extremely negative.[24]

#### Examples

The Battle of the Bulls and Bears (Harper's Weekly, September 10, 1864)

Some more examples of market bottoms, in terms of the closing values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) include:

* The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit a bottom at 1,738.74 on October 19, 1987, following a decline from 2,722.41 on August 25, 1987. This day is commonly referred to as Black Monday (chart[25]).
* A bottom of 7,286.27 was reached on the DJIA on October 9, 2002, following a decline from 11,722.98 on January 14, 2000. This decline included an intermediate bottom of 8,235.81 on September 21, 2001 (a 14% change from September 10), leading to an intermediate top of 10,635.25 on March 19, 2002 (chart[26]). Meanwhile, the "tech-heavy" Nasdaq experienced a more precipitous fall, declining 79% from its peak of 5,132 on March 10, 2000, to its bottom of 1,108 on October 10, 2002.
* A bottom of 6,440.08 (DJIA) on 9 March 2009 was reached after a decline associated with the subprime mortgage crisis starting at 14164.41 on 9 October 2007 (chart[27]).

## Secondary trends

Secondary trends are short-term changes in price direction within a primary trend, typically lasting for a few weeks or a few months.

### Bear market rally

Similarly, a bear market rally, sometimes referred to as a 'sucker's rally' or 'dead cat bounce', is characterized by a price increase of 5% or more before prices fall again.[28] Bear market rallies were observed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average index after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, leading down to the market bottom in 1932, and throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Japanese Nikkei 225 has had several bear-market rallies between the 1980s and 2011, while undergoing an overall long-term downward trend.[29]

## Causes of market trends

The price of assets, such as stocks, is determined by supply and demand. By definition, the market balances buyers and sellers, making it impossible to have 'more buyers than sellers' or vice versa, despite the common use of that expression. During a surge in demand, buyers are willing to pay higher prices, while sellers seek higher prices in return. Conversely, in a surge in supply, the dynamics are reversed.

Supply and demand dynamics vary as investors attempt to reallocate their investments between asset types. For instance, investors may seek to move funds from government bonds to 'tech' stocks, but the success of this shift depends on finding buyers for the government bonds they are selling. Conversely, they might aim to move funds from 'tech' stocks to government bonds at another time. In each case, these actions influence the prices of both asset types.

Ideally, investors aim to use market timing to buy low and sell high, but in practice, they may end up buying high and selling low.[30] Contrarian investors and traders employ a strategy of 'fading' investors' actions—buying when others are selling and selling when others are buying. A period when most investors are selling stocks is known as distribution, while a period when most investors are buying stocks is known as accumulation.

"According to standard theory, a decrease in price typically leads to less supply and more demand, while an increase in price has the opposite effect. While this principle holds true for many assets, it often operates in reverse for stocks due to the common mistake made by investors—buying high in a state of euphoria and selling low in a state of fear or panic, driven by the herding instinct. In cases where an increase in price leads to an increase in demand, or a decrease in price leads to an increase in supply, the expected negative feedback loop is disrupted, resulting in price instability.[31] This phenomenon is evident in bubbles or market crashes.

## Market sentiment

Market sentiment is a contrarian stock market indicator.

When an extremely high proportion of investors express a bearish (negative) sentiment, some analysts consider it to be a strong signal that a market bottom may be near.[32] David Hirshleifer observes a trend phenomenon that follows a path starting with under-reaction and culminating in overreaction by investors and traders.

Indicators that measure investor sentiment may include:[citation needed]

* The Investor Intelligence Sentiment Index evaluates market sentiment through the Bull-Bear spread (% of Bulls − % of Bears). A close-to-historic-low spread may signal a bottom, indicating a potential market turnaround. Conversely, an extreme high in bullish sentiment and an extreme low in bearish sentiment may suggest a market top or an imminent occurrence. This contrarian measure is more reliable for coincidental timing at market lows than at market tops.
* The American Association of Individual Investors (AAII) sentiment indicator is often interpreted to suggest that the majority of the decline has already occurred when it gives a reading of minus 15% or below.
* Other sentiment indicators include the Nova-Ursa ratio, the Short Interest/Total Market Float, and the put/call ratio.

## See also

* Animal spirits
* Black Monday
* Bull-bear line
* Business cycle
* Don't fight the tape
* Economic Cycle Research Institute
* Economic expansion
* Herd mentality
* Market sentiment
* Michael Ewing Purves, developed the "Wolf Market" framework
* Mr. Market
* Real estate trends
* Recession
* Trend following

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fontanills, George; Gentile, Tommy (2001). The Stock Market Course. Wiley. p. 91. ISBN 9780471036708. https://books.google.com/books?id=gtrLvlojNzIC&pg=PA91.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Edwards, Robert D.; McGee, John; Bessetti, W. H. C. (July 24, 2018). Technical Analysis of Stock Trends. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3772-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=cVJmDwAAQBAJ.
3. ↑ Preis, Tobias; Stanley, H. Eugene (2011). "Bubble trouble: Can a Law Describe Bubbles and Crashes in Financial Markets?". Physics World 24: 29–32. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/24/05/34.
4. ↑ Schneider, Daniel B. (November 30, 1997). "F.Y.I.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/30/nyregion/fyi-328278.html.
5. ↑ "Bull Market". Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bullmarket.asp.
6. ↑ "Chart of gold 1968–99". http://www.kitco.com/LFgif/au968-999.gif. Retrieved Mar 17, 2023.
7. ↑ Zweig, Martin (June 27, 2009). Winning on Wall Street. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446561686. https://books.google.com/books?id=MW_FmuvcneEC&pg=PT222.
8. ↑ The 6 Stages Of Bull Markets – And Where We Are Right Now | Markets | Minyanville's Wall Street Minyanville
9. ↑ Chen, James. "Bull Market Definition" (in en). https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bullmarket.asp.
10. ↑ DeCambre, Mark. "Does the Dow's 21% surge in 3 days put it back in a bull market? 'The market doesn't work that way,' says one researcher" (in en-US). https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-dow-just-entered-a-bull-market-by-some-measures-but-it-sure-doesnt-feel-bullish-on-wall-street-2020-03-26.
11. ↑ "Historical Data". https://www.bseindia.com/Indices/IndexArchiveData.html.
12. ↑ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Prentice Hall. p. 290. ISBN 0-13-063085-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=vfxAHAAACAAJ.
13. ↑ "Bear Market". Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bearmarket.asp.
14. ↑ "Economic Threat". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/investors-grapple-with-tariff-driven-economic-threat-market-swings-persist-2025-04-11/.
15. ↑ "Bear Market". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/bear-market-stocks-market-tariffs-trump-sp-500-c5d106a80666c0ff4f0e71624d525158.
16. ↑ "Market Crash". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-market-crash-long-way-to-go-tariffs-consumer-sentiment-2025-4.
17. ↑ DeCambre, Mark (April 6, 2018). "Stop saying the Dow is moving in and out of correction! That is not how stock-market moves work". MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/stop-saying-the-dow-is-moving-in-and-out-of-correction-that-is-not-how-stock-market-moves-work-2018-03-23.
18. ↑ Ro, Sam. "This Is The Best Illustration Of History's Bull And Bear Markets We've Seen Yet". https://www.businessinsider.com/illustration-of-bull-and-bear-markets-2014-12.
19. ↑ Driebusch, Georgi Kantchev and Corrie (2019-02-15). "Nasdaq Exits Bear Market as Stocks Rally" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stocks-waver-after-weak-economic-data-11550220104.
20. ↑ DeCambre, Mark. "The Nasdaq escapes longest bear market — by one measure — in 28 years" (in en-US). https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-nasdaq-is-on-pace-to-end-its-longest-bear-market-in-nearly-30-years-2019-02-13.
21. ↑ Franck, Thomas; Rooney, Kate (October 26, 2018). "The stock market loses 13% in a correction on average, if it doesn't turn into a bear market". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/26/the-stock-market-loses-13percent-in-a-correction-on-average.html.
22. ↑ "The S&P 500 is in a Bear Market; Here's What That Means" (in en). VOA. 13 June 2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/the-s-p-500-is-in-a-bear-market-here-s-what-that-means/6616498.html.
23. ↑ David Saito-Chung (8 November 2016). "Know This Sell Rule: When Distribution Days Pile Up In The Stock Market". Investors.com. https://www.investors.com/how-to-invest/investors-corner/know-this-sell-rule-when-distribution-days-pile-up-in-the-stock-market/.
24. ↑ "Contrarian Investing: Buy When There's Blood in the Streets". Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/contrarian-investing.asp.
25. ↑ "$INDU – Dow Jones Industrial Average". https://stockcharts.com/h-sc/ui?s=$INDU&p=D&st=1987-08-01&en=1987-12-31&id=p95907824619. Retrieved Mar 17, 2023.
26. ↑ "$INDU – Dow Jones Industrial Average". https://stockcharts.com/h-sc/ui?s=$INDU&p=D&st=2000-01-01&en=2002-12-31&id=p94927308656. Retrieved Mar 17, 2023.
27. ↑ "$INDU – SharpCharts Workbench". StockCharts.com. https://stockcharts.com/h-sc/ui?s=$INDU&p=D&st=2007-06-01&en=2009-05-17&id=p70946023540.
28. ↑ "Bear Market Rally Definition". Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bear-market-rally.asp.
29. ↑ Masayuki Tamura. "30 years since Japan's stock market peaked, climb back continues". Asia Nikkei. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/30-years-since-Japan-s-stock-market-peaked-climb-back-continues.
30. ↑ Kinnel, Russel (August 15, 2019). "Mind the Gap 2019". Morningstar, Inc.. https://www.morningstar.com/articles/942396/mind-the-gap-2019.
31. ↑ Wilcox, Jarrod; Fabozzi, Frank J. (2013). Financial advice and investment decisions: a manifesto for change. The Frank J. Fabozzi series. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-41532-0.
32. ↑ Hulbert, Mark (November 12, 2008). "Trying to Plumb a Bottom". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122652105098621685.

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* Romanian property bubble (2002–2007)
* Polish property bubble (2002–2008)
* Canadian property bubble (2003–2008)
* Chinese property bubble (2005–11)
* Lebanese housing bubble (2005–2008)
* Bulgarian property bubble (2006–2008)
* North Dakota oil boom (2006–2008)
* Chinese stock bubble of 2007
* Uranium bubble of 2007

Post–2008|

* North Dakota oil boom (2008–2012)
* 2000s commodities boom (2008–2014)
* Canadian property bubble (2008–2019)
* Lebanese housing bubble (2008–)
* Australian property bubble (2010–)
* Cryptocurrency bubble (2011–)

* AI winter
* Carbon bubble
* Chaotic bubble
* The Green Bubble
* Social media bubble
* Unicorn bubble
* U.S. higher education bubble

* v
* t
* e

Economic history of the United States and Commonwealth of Nations countries

Commercial revolution
(1000–1760)|

* Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)
* Great Slump (1430–1490)
* The Great Debasement (1544–1551)
* Financial Revolution (1690–1800)
* Slump of 1706
* Great Frost of 1709
* South Sea bubble (1713–1720)
* Mississippi bubble (1717–1720)
* Economic impact of the Seven Years' War (1754–1763)

1st Industrial Revolution/
Market Revolution
(1760–1870)|

* Industrial Revolution
* Scotland
* United States
* Wales
* Bengal Bubble of 1769 (1769–1784)
* British credit crisis of 1772–1773
* American Revolutionary War inflation (1775–1783)
* Panic of 1785 (1785–1788)
* Copper Panic of 1789/Panic of 1792 (1789–1793)
* Canal Mania (c. 1790–c. 1810)
* Panic of 1796–1797 (1796–1799)
* 1802–1804 recession
* Carolina gold rush (1802–1825)
* Depression of 1807 (1807–1810)
* 1810s Alabama real estate bubble
* Alabama Fever
* 1812 recession
* Post-Napoleonic Depression (1815–1821)
* 1822–23 recession
* Panic of 1825
* Panic of 1826
* 1828–29 recession
* Georgia Gold Rush (1828–c. 1840)
* 1830s Chicago real estate bubble
* 1833–34 recession
* Panic of 1837 (1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
* U.S. state defaults in the 1840s
* Railway Mania (c. 1840–c. 1850)
* Plank Road Boom (1844–c. 1855)
* 1845–46 recession
* Panic of 1847 (1847–1848)
* California gold rush (1848–1855)
* British Columbia gold rushes
* Queen Charlottes Gold Rush, 1851
* Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, 1858
* Rock Creek Gold Rush, 1859
* Similkameen Gold Rush, 1860
* Stikine Gold Rush, 1861
* Cariboo Gold Rush, 1861–1867
* Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, 1863–1870
* Leechtown Gold Rush, 1864–1865
* Big Bend Gold Rush, c. 1865
* Omineca Gold Rush, 1869
* Victorian gold rush (1851–c. 1870)
* New South Wales gold rush (1851–1880)
* Australian gold rushes (1851–1914)
* 1853–54 recession
* Panic of 1857 (1857–1858)
* Pike's Peak gold rush (1858–1861)
* Pennsylvania oil rush (1859–1891)
* 1860–61 recession
* Colorado River mining boom (1861–1864)
* Otago gold rush (1861–1864)
* U.S. Civil War economy (1861–1865)
* First Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1861–1874)
* West Coast Gold Rush (1864–1867)
* Panic of 1866 (1865–1867)
* Vermilion Lake gold rush (1865–1867)
* Kildonan Gold Rush (1869)
* Black Friday (1869–1870)

Gilded Age/
2nd Industrial Revolution
(1870–1914)|

* Coromandel Gold Rushes (c. 1870–c. 1890)
* Cassiar Gold Rush (c. 1870–c. 1890)
* Long Depression
* 1873–1879; Panic of 1873
* Black Hills gold rush (1874–1880)
* Colorado Silver Boom (1879–1893)
* Western Australian gold rushes (c. 1880–c. 1900)
* Indiana gas boom (c. 1880–1903)
* Ohio oil rush (c. 1880–c. 1930)
* Depression of 1882–1885
* Panic of 1884
* Cayoosh Gold Rush (1884)
* Witwatersrand Gold Rush (1886)
* 1887–88 recession
* Baring crisis (1890–1891)
* Cripple Creek Gold Rush (c. 1890–c. 1910)
* Panic of 1893 (1893–1897)
* Australian banking crisis of 1893
* Black Monday (1894)
* Panic of 1896
* Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899)
* Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1896–1903)
* Kobuk River Stampede (1897–1899)
* Mount Baker gold rush (1897–c. 1925)
* 1899–1900 recession
* Nome Gold Rush (1899–1909)
* Fairbanks Gold Rush (c. 1900–c. 1930)
* Texas oil boom (1901–c. 1950)
* Panic of 1901 (1902–1904)
* Cobalt silver rush (1903–c. 1930)
* Panic of 1907 (1907–1908)
* Porcupine Gold Rush (1909–c. 1960)
* Panic of 1910–11 (1910–1912)
* Financial crisis of 1914 (1913–14)

World War home fronts/
Interwar period
(1914–1945)|

* World War I economy and home fronts
* Australia
* Canada
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Post–World War I recession (1918–1919)
* Recession of 1920–1921
* 1920s Florida land boom (c. 1920–1925)
* Roaring Twenties
* 1923–1924 recession
* 1926–1927 recession
* Great Depression
* 1929–1939; Wall Street crash of 1929
* Panic of 1930
* Great Contraction, 1929–1933
* Recession of 1937–1938
* Australia
* Canada
* India
* South Africa
* United Kingdom
* United States
* 1930s Kakamega Gold Rush
* Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1932–1942)
* World War II home front
* Australia
* Canada
* United Kingdom
* United States

Post–WWII expansion/
1970s stagflation
(1945–1982)|

* Great Compression
* 1945 recession
* Recession of 1949 (1948–1949)
* Hong Kong and Singapore Asian Tiger expansions (1950–1990)
* 1951 Canada recession
* Recession of 1953 (1953–1954)
* Recession of 1958 (1957–1958)
* Recession of 1960–1961
* Kennedy Slide of 1962
* Poseidon bubble (1969–1970)
* Recession of 1969–1970
* 1970s commodities boom
* 1973–1975 recession
* 1973–1974 stock market crash
* Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
* 1970s energy crisis
* 1973–1980; 1973 oil crisis
* 1979 oil crisis
* Steel crisis (1973–1982)
* 1976 sterling crisis
* Silver Thursday (1980)
* Early 1980s recession
* 1980–1982; United States

Computer Age/
Second Gilded Age
(1982–present)|

* Great Moderation (1982–2007)
* 1980s oil glut
* Black Saturday (1983)
* New Zealand property bubble (c. 1985–)
* Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995)
* Black Monday (1987)
* Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989)
* Early 1990s recession
* 1990–1991; Australia
* United States
* 1990 oil price shock
* Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)
* 1991 Indian economic crisis
* 1990s United States boom (1991–2001)
* 1990s India economic boom
* Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe (1991–present)
* Black Wednesday (1992)
* 1994 bond market crisis
* 1994 Papua New Guinea financial crisis
* Dot-com bubble
* 1995–2004; Stock market downturn of 2002
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* October 27, 1997, mini-crash
* Early 2000s recession
* 2001; 9/11 stock market crash
* 2000s commodities boom (2000–2014)
* United States housing bubble (2002–2006)
* Canadian property bubble (2002–)
* 2003 Myanmar banking crisis
* 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)
* North Dakota oil boom (2006–2015)
* Uranium bubble of 2007
* Great Recession
* 2007–2009; Australia and New Zealand
* Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
* British West Indies
* Canada
* South Africa
* United Kingdom
* United States
* 2008 financial crisis
* September
* October
* November
* December
* 2009
* Subprime mortgage crisis
* 2000s U.S. housing market correction
* U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
* 2007–2010 U.S. bank failures
* Corporate debt bubble (2008–)
* Blue Monday Crash 2009
* 2010 flash crash
* Malaysia Tiger Cub expansion (2010s)
* Australian property bubble (2010–)
* August 2011 stock markets fall
* Black Monday
* 2011 Bangladesh share market scam
* Cryptocurrency bubble (2011–)
* Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)
* 2015–2016 stock market selloff
* Brexit stock market crash (2016)
* 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
* Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018)
* Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–2024)
* COVID-19 recession
* 2020–2022; 2020 stock market crash
* financial market impact
* sectoral impacts
* shortages
* Canada
* India
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* United Kingdom
* United States
* 2020s commodities boom
* Global energy crisis
* 2021–2023; 2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis
* regional effects
* 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis
* 2021–2023 inflation surge
* Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)
* 2022 stock market decline
* 2022–2023 global food crises
* 2023 United Kingdom recession
* 2023 United States banking crisis
* 2025 stock market crash

Countries and sectors|

* Australia
* rail transport
* slavery
* whaling/Western Australia
* Canada
* agriculture
* currencies
* early banking system
* list of recessions
* petroleum industry
* rail transport
* slavery
* technological and industrial
* whaling/Pacific Northwest
* Ghana
* India
* agriculture
* Company rule
* maritime
* British Raj
* Deindustrialisation
* salt tax
* slavery
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* whaling
* Nigeria
* slavery
* Pakistan
* maritime
* rail transport
* South Africa
* slavery
* whaling
* Uganda
* United Kingdom
* Agricultural Revolution
* Atlantic slave trade
* banking
* British Empire
* English fiscal system
* Interwar unemployment and poverty
* list of recessions
* maritime/England/Scotland
* Middle Ages England/agriculture
* national debt
* Scotland/agriculture/Middle Ages
* rail transport/pre–1830/1830–1922/1923–1947/1948–1994/1995–present
* slavery
* trade unions
* Victorian era
* Wales
* whaling/Scotland
* United States
* agriculture
* banking/colonial-era credit/cooperatives/investment banking/wildcat banking
* business
* central banking
* coal mining
* indentured servitude
* iron and steel industry
* labor
* list of economic expansions
* list of recessions
* lumber industry
* maritime/colonial-era/1776–1799/1800–1899/1900–1999/2000–present
* monetary policy
* poverty
* petroleum industry/oil shale
* public debt
* rail transportation
* slavery/colonial-era slavery/forced labor/slave trade/slave markets
* tariffs
* taxation
* technological and industrial
* United States dollar
* whaling
* Zimbabwe

Business cycle topics|

* Aggregate demand/Supply
* Effective demand
* General glut
* Model
* Overproduction
* Paradox of thrift
* Price-and-wage stickiness
* Underconsumption
* Inflation and unemployment
* Chronic
* Classical dichotomy
* Debasement
* Debt monetization
* Demand-pull/cost-push/built-in inflation
* Deflation
* Disinflation
* Full employment
* Hyperinflation
* Money supply/demand
* NAIRU
* Natural rate of unemployment
* Neutrality of money
* Phillips curve
* Price level
* Real and nominal value
* Sahm rule
* Velocity of money
* Expansion
* Miracle
* Recovery
* Stagnation
* Interest rate
* Nominal interest rate
* Real interest rate
* Yield curve/Inverted
* Recession
* Balance sheet
* Depression
* Global
* Rolling
* Shapes
* Stagflation
* Shock
* Demand
* Supply

Credit cycle topics|

* Financial bubble
* Commodity booms/diamond rush/gold rush/oil boom
* Real-estate bubble/housing bubble/boomtown/ghost town
* Speculation
* Stock market bubble
* Financial crisis
* Bank run/bank failure
* Commodity price shocks
* Credit crunch
* Currency crisis
* Debt crisis
* Energy crisis
* Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market
* Minsky moment/leverage cycle
* Stock market crash/Flash crash
* Social contagion
* Financial contagion
* Irrational exuberance
* Market trend
* Proposed bubbles
* AI bubble/AI boom/Fourth Industrial Revolution/Imagination Age
* Carbon bubble/Age of Oil/Peak oil
* Everything bubble
* Green bubble
* Social media stock bubble
* Unicorn bubble
* U.S. higher education bubble

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