Synthetic differential geometry

Short description: Formalization in mathematical topos theory

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In mathematics, synthetic differential geometry is a formalization of the theory of differential geometry in the language of topos theory. There are several insights that allow for such a reformulation. The first is that most of the analytic data for describing the class of smooth manifolds can be encoded into certain fibre bundles on manifolds: namely bundles of jets (see also jet bundle). The second insight is that the operation of assigning a bundle of jets to a smooth manifold is functorial in nature. The third insight is that over a certain category, these are representable functors. Furthermore, their representatives are related to the algebras of dual numbers, so that smooth infinitesimal analysis may be used.

Synthetic differential geometry can serve as a platform for formulating certain otherwise obscure or confusing notions from differential geometry. For example, the meaning of what it means to be natural (or invariant) has a particularly simple expression, even though the formulation in classical differential geometry may be quite difficult.

## Further reading

* John Lane Bell, Two Approaches to Modelling the Universe: Synthetic Differential Geometry and Frame-Valued Sets (PDF file)
* F.W. Lawvere, Outline of synthetic differential geometry (PDF file)
* Anders Kock, Synthetic Differential Geometry (PDF file), Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, 2006.
* R. Lavendhomme, Basic Concepts of Synthetic Differential Geometry, Springer-Verlag, 1996.
* Michael Shulman, Synthetic Differential Geometry
* Ryszard Paweł Kostecki, Differential Geometry in Toposes

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Infinitesimals

History|

* Adequality
* Leibniz's notation
* Integral symbol
* Criticism of non-standard analysis
* The Analyst
* The Method of Mechanical Theorems
* Cavalieri's principle
* Method of indivisibles

Related branches|

* Non-standard analysis
* Non-standard calculus
* Internal set theory
* Synthetic differential geometry
* Smooth infinitesimal analysis
* Constructive non-standard analysis
* Infinitesimal strain theory (physics)

Formalizations|

* Differentials
* Hyperreal numbers
* Dual numbers
* Surreal numbers

Individual concepts|

* Standard part function
* Transfer principle
* Hyperinteger
* Increment theorem
* Monad
* Internal set
* Levi-Civita field
* Hyperfinite set
* Law of Continuity
* Overspill
* Microcontinuity
* Transcendental law of homogeneity

Mathematicians|

* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Abraham Robinson
* Pierre de Fermat
* Augustin-Louis Cauchy
* Leonhard Euler

Textbooks|

* Analyse des Infiniment Petits
* Elementary Calculus
* Cours d'Analyse

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