European Spallation Source

Short description: Multi-disciplinary research facility in Lund, Sweden

Template:Infobox future infrastructure project

Science with neutrons

Foundations

* Neutron temperature
* Flux * Radiation * Transport
* Cross section * Absorption * Activation

Neutron scattering

* Neutron diffraction
* Small-angle neutron scattering
* GISANS
* Reflectometry
* Inelastic neutron scattering
* Triple-axis spectrometer
* Time-of-flight spectrometer
* Backscattering spectrometer
* Spin-echo spectrometer

Other applications

* Neutron tomography
* Activation analysis * Prompt gamma activation analysis
* Fundamental research with neutrons: Ultracold neutrons * Interferometry
* Fast neutron therapy
* Neutron capture therapy

Infrastructure

* Neutron sources: Research reactor * Spallation * Neutron moderator
* Neutron optics: Reflector * Guide * Supermirror * Polarizer
* Detection

Neutron facilities

* America: HFIR * LANSCE * NIST CNR -SNS
* Australia: OPAL
* Asia: J-PARC * HANARO
* Europe: BER II * FRM II * ILL * ISIS Neutron and Muon Source * JINR * LLB * PINS * SINQ
* Historic: IPNS * HFBR
* Under construction: ESS

* v
* t
* e

ESS logo

The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) is a multi-disciplinary research facility currently under construction[1] in Lund, Sweden.[2] Its Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC) is co-located with DTU in Lyngby, Denmark.[3][4][5] Its 13 European contributor countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) are partners in the construction and operation of the ESS.[6] The ESS is scheduled to begin its scientific user program in 2027, when the construction phase is set to be completed.[7] The ESS will assist scientists from the partner countries in the tasks of determining and understanding basic atomic and magnetic structures and the associated dynamic atomic and magnetic properties, which are more challenging to probe with other neutron sources in terms of lengths and time scales.[8] The research facility is located near the MAX IV Laboratory, which conducts complementary synchrotron radiation research. The construction of the ESS facility began in the summer of 2014 and the first science results are planned for 2027.

During operation, the ESS will use nuclear spallation, a process in which neutrons are liberated from heavy elements by high energy protons. This is considered to be a safer process than uranium fission since the reaction requires an external energy supply which can be stopped easily. Furthermore, spallation produces more usable neutrons for a given amount of waste heat than fission. The ESS facility is an example of a "long-pulse" source (milliseconds).[9][10]. By contrast, other large-scale spallation sources ISIS, SNS, China Spallation Neutron Source and J-PARC are examples of "short-pulse" sources. The unique long-pulse nature of the ESS, in combination with the very large peak brilliance of the resulting neutron beam is expected to facilitate experiments that have not been possible at existing sources, e.g. because the signals of interest are too weak, the available sample sizes are too small, or the time-scales of interest are too short. [11]

The ESS facility consists of a linear accelerator, in which protons are accelerated to relativistic speeds and then allowed to collide with a rotating, helium-cooled tungsten target wheel, generating intense pulses of neutrons. Located above the tungsten wheel are baths of cryogenic hydrogen and water at room temperature. High-energy neutrons released from tungsten nuclei in the spallation process lose most of their energy by inelastic collisions inside the hydrogen and water moderators and come into thermal equilibrium at the temperatures of these media. The cold and thermal neutrons emanating from the surface of the moderators feed neutron supermirror guides. The guides operate similarly to optical fibres, directing the beams of neutrons to experimental stations, where research is performed on a range of materials.

Neutron scattering can be applied to a range of scientific explorations in physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and medicine. Neutrons serve as a probe for revealing the structure and function of matter from the microscopic down to the atomic scale, with the potential for development of new materials and processes.[12]

During construction, the ESS became a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, on 1 October 2015.

The European Investment Bank made a €50 million investment in the ESS. This investment is supported by InnovFin-EU Finance for Innovators,[13] an initiative established by the EIB Group in collaboration with the European Commission under Horizon 2020, the EU's research and innovation program.[14][15]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Site selection
* 2 The linear accelerator
* 3 The spallation target and its environmental impact
* 4 Neutron Scattering and Imaging Instruments at ESS
* 5 Roadmap process for future instruments at the ESS
* 6 ESSnuSB
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## History

Building of European Spallation Source, January 2017

When the ISIS neutron source was built in England in 1985, its success in producing indirect images of molecular structures eventually raised the possibility of a far more powerful spallation source. By 1993, the European Neutron Scattering Association began to advocate for the construction of a new spallation source, and the project would eventually become known as the ESS.[16]

Neutron science soon became a critical tool in the development of industrial and consumer products worldwide. So much so that the Organization for Economic Development (OECD), declared in 1999 that a new generation of high-intensity neutron sources should be built, one each in North America, Asia and Europe.[16] Europe's challenge was its diverse collection of national governments, and an active research community numbering in the thousands. In 2001, a European roadmap for developing accelerator driven systems for nuclear waste incineration estimated that the ESS could have the beam ready for users in 2010.[17] A European international task force gathered in Bonn, Germany in 2002 to review the findings and a positive consensus emerged to build the ESS. The stakeholders group met a year later to review the task force's progress, and in 2003 a new design concept was adopted that set the course for beginning operations by 2019.[16]

Over the next five years a selection process chose Lund, Sweden as the site of the ESS; the definitive selection of Lund was announced in Brussels, Belgium, on 28 May 2009.[16] On 1 July 2010, the staff and operations of ESS Scandinavia were transferred from Lund University to 'European Spallation Source ESS AB', a limited liability company set up to design, construct and operate the European Spallation Source in Lund. The company's headquarters are situated in central Lund.[18]

ESS became a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, on 1 October 2015. The Founding Members of the European Spallation Source ERIC are the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[19]

As of 2013, the estimated cost of the facility will be about €1.843 bn. (or $1.958 bn.). Host nations Sweden and Denmark each plan to cover about half of the sum. However, the negotiations about the exact contributions from every partner were still in progress.[20] From 2010 to 30 September 2015, ESS was operated as a Swedish aktiebolag, or AB.[16]

### Site selection

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Originally, three possible sites for the ESS were under consideration: Bilbao (Spain), Debrecen (Hungary) and Lund (Sweden).[21]

On 28 May 2009, seven countries indicated support for placing ESS in Sweden. Furthermore, Switzerland and Italy indicated that they would support the site in majority.[22] On 6 June 2009, Spain withdrew the Bilbao candidacy and signed a collaboration agreement with Sweden, supporting Lund as the main site, but with key component development work being performed in Bilbao. This effectively settled the location of the ESS; detailed economical negotiations between the participating countries then took place.[23] On 18 December 2009, Hungary also chose to tentatively support ESS in Lund, thus withdrawing the candidacy of Debrecen.[21][24]

The facility's construction began in early 2014, with an event held in September of that year. The user programme will start in 2027.[7] The site is accessible via Lund tramway, the first new tram system in Sweden in over a century.

## The linear accelerator

The Accelerator Tunnel (December 2021).

The ESS uses a linear accelerator[25] (linac) to accelerate a beam of protons from the exit of its ion source at 75 keV to 2 GeV. At the entrance of the accelerator, protons are traveling at ~1% of the speed of light and at the end of the accelerator, they reach a velocity of ~95% of the speed of light. The accelerator uses both normal conducting and superconducting cavities.

The normal conducting cavities are radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), working at a frequency of 352.21 MHz, and accelerating the proton beam up to an energy of 3.62 MeV. The next structure is a transport line for the medium energy protons, MEBT which transports the beam from the RFQ to the next structure for further acceleration. In the MEBT, the beam properties are measured, the beam is cleaned from the transverse halo around the beam, and also the head and tail of the beam pulse are cleaned using a transversally deflecting electromagnetic chopper. The Drift Tube Linac, DTL, which is the structure downstream of the MEBT accelerates the beam further to ~90 MeV. At this energy, there is a transition from normal conducting cavities to superconducting cavities.

Three families of superconducting cavities accelerate the beam to its final energy of 2 GeV, firstly a section using double-spoke cavities up to an energy of ~216 Mev, then two families of elliptical cavities which are optimized for medium and high energy proton acceleration at a frequency of 704.42 MHz. Following the elliptical cavities, a transfer-line guides the beam to the target, and just before sending the beam to the target for producing spallation neutrons expands the beam and paints the target to dissipate the generated heat over a larger area.

The linac repetition rate is 14 Hz, and the pulses of protons are 2.86 ms long, making the duty factor of the linac 4%. The beam current within the pulse is 62.5 mA, and the average beam current is 2.5 mA.

Except in the RFQ which uses the same structure and field to accelerate and focus the beam, the transverse focusing of the beam of protons is performed using magnetic lenses. In the low energy beam transport, right after the ion source, magnetic solenoids are used, in the DTL permanent quadrupole magnets are used and the rest of the linac uses electromagnetic quadrupoles.

## The spallation target and its environmental impact

Ongoing installation of the tungsten target wheel, November 2023

* The ESS source will be built around a solid tungsten target, cooled by helium gas.[26][27][28]
* Radioactive substances will be generated by the spallation process, but the solid target makes the handling of these materials easier and safer than if a liquid target had been used.
* ESS, E.on, and Lunds Energi are collaborating in a project aiming to get the facility to be the world's first completely sustainable large-scale research centre through investment in wind power.[29] The ESS project is expected to include an extension of the Nysted Wind Farm.
* Radioactive material storage and transport will be required, but the need is much less than that of a nuclear reactor.
* ESS expects to be CO2-neutral.[30]
* Recent design improvements will decrease energy usage at ESS.[31][32]

## Neutron Scattering and Imaging Instruments at ESS

The instrument LOKI (December 2021)

The target station is surrounded by instrument halls with scientific instruments placed in four sections in the cardinal directions.[33] In the western section, science instruments are located 156 meters from the center of the target station. The distance is between 50 and 80 meters in the southern one, and the science instruments located closest to the target station are in the northern and eastern sections.[33]

Initially, 15 different scientific instruments will be constructed:[34]

Large-scale structures:

* SKADI (General purpose SANS)[34]
* LoKI (Broadband SANS)[34]
* FREIA (Horizontal reflectometer)[34]
* ESTIA (Vertical reflectometer)[34]
* NMX (Macromolecular diffractometer)[34]

Diffraction:

* HEIMDAL (Powder diffractometer)[34]
* DREAM (Powder diffractometer)[34]
* BEER (Engineering diffractometer)[34]
* MAGiC (Magnetism diffractometer)[34]
* ODIN (Imaging)[34]

Spectroscopy:

* CSPEC (Cold chopper spectrometer)[34]
* T-REX (Thermal chopper spectrometer)[34]
* BIFROST (Crystal analyser spectrometer)[34]
* VESPA (Vibrational spectrometer)[34]
* MIRACLES (Backscattering spectrometer)[34]

The LOKI, BIFROST and ODIN instruments were completed in December 2025. DREAM, NMX and ESTIA are expected to follow in the first part of 2026. With the exception of VESPA, the remaining instruments are expected to be completed before the end of 2027.

## Roadmap process for future instruments at the ESS

In February 2025 ESS advertised an invitation for the European Neutron Science community to contribute their input to a roadmap for future instruments at ESS, beyond the original 15 [35]. The call will remain open for on year.

## ESSnuSB

The European Spallation Source neutrino Super-Beam (ESSnuSB) is a proposed accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino experiment in Sweden. If this facility was built, high intensity neutrino beam would be produced aiming at measuring leptonic CP violation at the second neutrino oscillation maximum, offering higher sensitivity than the first maximum. After 10 years of data collection, ESSnuSB would be expected to cover over 70% of the CP-violating phase range with 5σ confidence level, achieving a precision better than 8° for all δCP values. The ESSnuSB+ extension project focuses on measuring neutrino-nucleus cross-sections in the 0.2–0.6 GeV energy range to address systematic uncertainties . This would be accomplished using two new facilities: a Low Energy nuSTORM (LEnuSTORM) and a Low Energy Monitored Neutrino Beam (LEMNB). The project also includes the development of a target station prototype, a common near detector, and studies on gadolinium-doped water Cherenkov detectors.[36][37] This project is not currently funded nor in the plan for future ESS developments.

## See also

* ISIS neutron source – Spallation source located in Didcot, United Kingdom. Operational since 1984.
* Spallation Neutron Source \- Spallation source located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Operational since 2007.
* J-PARC – Spallation source located in Tokai, Japan. Operational since 2008.
* China Spallation Neutron Source \- Spallation source located in Dongguan, China. Operational since 2018.
* MAX IV – Synchrotron x-ray radiation facility in Lund, Sweden.

## References

1. ↑ "European Spallation Source – Homepage". ESS. 2014. http://europeanspallationsource.se/.
2. ↑ European Spallation Source. "Construction Site Weekly Updates". https://europeanspallationsource.se/site-weekly-updates.
3. ↑ "Data Management & Software Centre | ESS". https://europeanspallationsource.se/data-management-and-software.
4. ↑ "ESS DMSC now part of the DTU Lyngby Campus | ESS". https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/2024/05/03/ess-dmsc-now-part-dtu-lyngby-campus.
5. ↑ "ESS' Data Management and Software Centre moves to DTU". https://www.dtu.dk/english/newsarchive/2023/11/ess-data-management-and-software-centre-flytter-til-dtu.
6. ↑ "ESS – Introduction". 2013. https://europeanspallationsource.se/european-spallation-source.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "ESS revises project plan and budget | ESS". https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/2021/12/10/ess-revises-project-plan-and-budget.
8. ↑ European Spallation Source. "Unique Capabilities of ESS". https://europeanspallationsource.se/unique-capabilities-ess.
9. ↑ Mezei, Ferenc (1996). "The raison d'être of long pulse spallation sources". Journal of Neutron Research 6 (1–3): 3–32. doi:10.1080/10238169708200095.
10. ↑ Mezei, Ferenc (1997). "Long pulse spallation sources". Physica B: Condensed Matter 234-236: 1227–1232. doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00271-8. Bibcode: 1997PhyB..234.1227M.
11. ↑ European Spallation Source. "Unique Capabilities of ESS". https://europeanspallationsource.se/unique-capabilities-ess.
12. ↑ "How the humble neutron can help solve some of the universe's deepest mysteries | Research and Innovation" (in en). 29 May 2023. https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/en/horizon-magazine/how-humble-neutron-can-help-solve-some-universes-deepest-mysteries.
13. ↑ "EU Finance for Innovators factsheet". https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/innovfin_eu_finance_for_innovators_en.pdf.
14. ↑ Bank, European Investment (27 January 2022) (in EN). EIB Activity Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5108-8. https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021.
15. ↑ "InnovFin EU Finance for innovators" (in en). https://www.eib.org/en/products/mandates-partnerships/innovfin/index.htm.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "The ESS Story". European Spallation Source. 2013. https://europeanspallationsource.se/ess-story.
17. ↑ A European Roadmap for Developing Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) for Nuclear Waste Incineration pretty layout with bad picturesugly layout with good pictures
18. ↑ "The European Spallation Source | ESS". Europeanspallationsource.se. http://www.europeanspallationsource.se/european-spallation-source.
19. ↑ European Spallation Source ERIC (20 August 2015). "European Commission Establishes ESS as a European Research Infrastructure Consortium". ESS. https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/european-commission-establishes-ess-european-research-infrastructure-consortium.
20. ↑ FAQ Funding and Costs – ESS
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "ESS Magyarország". Esshungary.eu. http://www.esshungary.eu/hirek_eng.html.
22. ↑ "Clear support for ESS in Sweden: A great step for European science" (Press release). Ess-scandinavia.eu. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009.
23. ↑ "Swedish-Spanish agreement on ESS in Lund the beginning of a new collaborative phase" (Press release). Ess-scandinavia.eu. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009.
24. ↑ "Hungary will become the 14th Partner in the European Spallation Source research center. All three of the former site contenders now join forces to build the ESS in Sweden". http://ess-scandinavia.eu/news/320-former-site-contender-hungary-now-support-ess-in-lund.
25. ↑ Garoby, Roland et al. (2018). "The European Spallation Source Design". Physica Scripta 93 (1): 014001. doi:10.1088/1402-4896/aa9bff. Bibcode: 2018PhyS...93a4001G.
26. ↑ Moormann, Rainer; Bongardt, Klaus; Chiriki, Suresh (28 March 2009). "Safety aspects of high power targets for European spallation sources". Forschungszentrum Juelich. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1355177/files/document.pdf.
27. ↑ Moormann, Rainer; Reiche-Begemann, Sigrid (28 March 2009). "Safety and Licensing of the European Spallation Source (ESS)". Forschungszentrum Juelich. http://juwel.fz-juelich.de:8080/dspace/bitstream/2128/290/1/Juel_4136_Moormann.pdf.
28. ↑ Physics World. "Sights firmly set on target". The Institute of Physics. http://live.iop-pp01.agh.sleek.net/physicsworld/reader/#!edition/editions_neutron-2015/article/page-9573.
29. ↑ "Our unique Sustainable Energy Concept". http://ess-scandinavia.eu/ess-and-the-environment/a-unique-sustainable-energy-concept.
30. ↑ Videnskab DK (22 July 2015). "Godt nyt for klimaet: Dansk-svensk forskningsanlæg vil være CO2-neutralt". https://videnskab.dk/teknologi/godt-nyt-klimaet-dansk-svensk-forskningsanlaeg-vil-vaere-co2-neutralt.
31. ↑ European Spallation Source ERIC. "Innovation and Engineering Set ESS on Path to Sustainability". ESS. https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/reduced-energy-consumption-through-better-engineering-sets-ess-path-sustainability.
32. ↑ Parker, T.. "ESS Energy Design Report 2013". ESS. https://europeanspallationsource.se/sites/default/files/20130131_ess_edr.pdf.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Peggs, Steven (2013). "The Reference Instrument Suite" (in English). ESS Technical Design Report. European Spallation Source. pp. 53–55. ISBN 978-91-980173-2-8. https://europeanspallationsource.se/sites/default/files/downloads/2017/09/TDR_online_ver_all.pdf.
34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 Andersen, K.H. et al. (21 March 2020). "The instrument suite of the European Spallation Source" (in English). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 957. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402. Bibcode: 2020NIMPA.95763402A.
35. ↑ European Spallation Source (3 February 2025). "Call for Input to the ESS Instrument Roadmap". https://ess.eu/instrument-roadmap.
36. ↑ "ESSnuSB / ESSnuSB+". https://essnusb.eu/.
37. ↑ Alekou, A.; Baussan, E.; Kraljevic, N. Blaskovic; Blennow, M.; Bogomilov, M.; Bouquerel, E.; Burgman, A.; Carlile, C. J. et al. (December 2021). "Updated physics performance of the ESSnuSB experiment". The European Physical Journal C 81 (12): 1130. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09845-8. ISSN 1434-6044. Bibcode: 2021EPJC...81.1130A.

## Further reading

* S. Peggs et al. ESS Technical Design Report , April 2013.
* European Spallation Source. European Spallation Source Activity Report 2015, April 2015.
* European Spallation Source. Feature Series: The ESS Instrument Suite, 2014–2015.
* Hallonsten, O. 2012. Introduction: In pursuit of a Promise. In O. Hallonsten (ed.) In pursuit of a Promise: Perspectives on the political process to establish the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden (pp. 11–19). Lund: Arkiv Academic Press, 2012, p. 12.
* Prolingheuer, N.; Herbst, M.; Heuel-Fabianek, B.; Moormann, R.; Nabbi, R.; Schlögl, B., Vanderborght, J. 2009: Estimating Dose Rates from Activated Groundwater at Accelerator Sites. Nuclear Technology, Vol. 168, No. 3, December 2009, pp. 924–930.
* Heuel-Fabianek, B. 2014: Partition Coefficients (Kd) for the Modelling of Transport Processes of Radionuclides in Groundwater (PDF; 9,4 MB) JÜL-Berichte, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Nr. 4375, 2014, ISSN 0944-2952.
* T. Parker. ESS Environmental Design Report, January 2013.

## External links

* European Spallation Source website. The most up-to-date source for information on the ESS project.
* Weekly updates of the construction of ESS and live webcams at the construction site.
* essworkshop.org – See how the design of instrumentation for a future ESS-Scandinavia is moving forward.
* BrightnESS, EU grant project in support of ESS.
* SREss, EU grant project in support of ESS.

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