List of antibiotics

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The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. The development of antibiotics has had a profound effect on the health of people for many years. Also, both people and animals have used antibiotics to treat infections and diseases. In practice, both treat bacterial infections.[1]

## Contents

* 1 By coverage
* 1.1 MRSA
* 1.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* 1.3 VRE
* 2 By class
* 3 Antibiotic candidates
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## By coverage

The following are lists of antibiotics for specific microbial coverage (not an exhaustive list):

### MRSA

Antibiotics that cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):

* Vancomycin[2]
* Teicoplanin[2]
* Linezolid[2]
* Daptomycin[2]
* Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
* Doxycycline
* Ceftobiprole[3] (5th generation)
* Ceftaroline (5th generation)
* Clindamycin
* Dalbavancin
* Delafloxacin
* Fusidic acid
* Mupirocin (topical)
* Omadacycline
* Oritavancin
* Tedizolid
* Telavancin
* Tigecycline (also covers gram negatives)

### Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Antibiotics that cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Certain cephalosporins, cephalosporin-beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, and new siderophore cephalosporins.

* Ceftazidime (3rd generation)
* Cefepime (4th generation)
* Cefepime/sulbactam
* Ceftobiprole (5th generation)
* Ceftolozane/tazobactam
* Ceftazidime/avibactam
* Cefiderocol(siderophore cephalosporin)

Certain penicillins:

* Piperacillin and Piperacillin/tazobactam
* Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid

Certain carbapenems and carbapenem-beta-lactamase-inhibitors combinations:

* Carbapenems: (meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, doripenem - NOT ertapenem)
* Meropenem/vaborbactam
* Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam

Others:

* Fluoroquinolones: particularly levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
* Polymyxins: Colistin, Polymyxin B
* Aztreonam (monobactam)
* Aminoglycosides \- particularly tobramycin and amikacin

### VRE

Antibiotics that usually have activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE):

* Linezolid and Tedizolid
* Streptogramins such as quinupristin-dalfopristin
* Advanced generation tetracyclines: Tigecycline, Omadacycline, Eravacycline
* Daptomycin
* Oritavancin

Antibiotics with less reliable but occasional (depending on isolate and subspecies) activity:

* occasionally penicillins including penicillin, ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulnate, and piperacillin-tazobactam (not all vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates are resistant to penicillin and ampicillin)
* occasionally doxycycline and minocycline
* occasionally fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin

## By class

See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics by class  Generic name | Brand names | Common uses[4] | Possible side effects[4] | Mechanism of action

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|
|
|

Aminoglycosides
Amikacin | Amikin | Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms.  |

* Hearing loss
* Vertigo
* Kidney damage

| Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Gentamicin | Garamycin
Kanamycin | Kantrex
Neomycin | Neo-Fradin[5]
Netilmicin | Netromycin
Tobramycin | Nebcin
Paromomycin | Humatin
Streptomycin |  | Tuberculosis
Spectinomycin(Bs) | Trobicin | Gonorrhea |  |
Ansamycins
Geldanamycin |  | Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics |  | Block DNA transcription, either via inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β-subunit
Herbimycin |
Rifaximin | Xifaxan | Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli |
Carbacephem
Loracarbef | Lorabid | Discontinued |  | Prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Carbapenems
Ertapenem | Invanz | Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. All are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa except ertapenem.)  |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea
* Seizures
* Headache
* Rash and allergic reactions

| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Doripenem | Doribax
Imipenem/Cilastatin | Primaxin
Meropenem | Merrem
Cephalosporins (First generation)
Cefadroxil | Duricef | Good coverage against Gram-positive infections.  |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Cefazolin | Ancef, Kefzol
Cephradine |
Cephapirin |
Cephalothin |
Cefalexin | Keflex
Cephalosporins (Second generation)
Cefaclor | Distaclor, Ceclor, Raniclor | Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
* Hypoprothrombinemia - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
* Allergic reactions

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Cefoxitin |
Cefotetan | Cefotan
Cefamandole |
Cefmetazole |
Cefonicid |
Loracarbef |
Cefprozil | Cefzil
Cefuroxime | Ceftin, Zinacef (UK)
Cephalosporins (Third generation)
Cefixime (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)[6] | Cefspan (Fujisawa), Suprax | Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram-positive cover. But still not cover Mycoplasma and Chlamydia |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Cefdinir | Omnicef, Cefdiel
Cefditoren | Spectracef, Meiact
Cefoperazone [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa], combination Cefoperazone with Sulbactam makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone | Cefobid (discontinued)
Cefotaxime | Claforan
Cefpodoxime | Vantin, Banadoz
Ceftazidime (Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Staphylococci and Streptococci compare to other 3rd generation of cephalosporins) | Fortaz, Ceptaz
Ceftibuten | Cedax
Ceftizoxime |
Moxalactam |
Ceftriaxone (IV and IM, not orally, effective also for syphilis and uncomplicated gonorrhea) | Rocephin
Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)
Cefepime | Maxipime  |

Covers pseudomonal infections.

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Cephalosporins (Fifth generation)
Ceftaroline fosamil | Teflaro | Used to treat MRSA |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergic reaction

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Ceftobiprole | Zeftera | Used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin | Targocid (UK) | Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile colitis |  | Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis.
Vancomycin | Vancocin
Telavancin | Vibativ
Dalbavancin | Dalvance
Oritavancin | Orbactiv
Lincosamides(Bs)
Clindamycin | Cleocin | Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne | Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis | Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.
Lincomycin | Lincocin
Lipopeptide
Daptomycin | Cubicin | Gram-positive organisms, but is inhibited by pulmonary surfactant so less effective against pneumonias |  | Binds to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis.
Macrolides(Bs)
Azithromycin | Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone | Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease |

* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
* Prolonged cardiac QT interval (especially erythromycin)
* Hearing loss (especially at higher doses)
* Jaundice

| Inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.
Clarithromycin | Biaxin
Erythromycin | Erythocin, Erythroped
Roxithromycin |
Telithromycin | Ketek | Pneumonia | Visual disturbance, liver toxicity.[7]
Spiramycin | Rovamycine | Mouth infections |
Fidaxomicin | Dificid | Treatment of Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection.[8] May be more narrow-spectrum than vancomycin, resulting in less bowel microbiota alteration.[9] | Nausea (11%), vomiting, and abdominal pain.[10] | Bactericidal in susceptible organisms such as C. difficile by inhibiting RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.[10]
Monobactams
Aztreonam | Azactam | Gram-negative bacteria |  | Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Nitrofurans
Furazolidone | Furoxone | Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis |  |
Nitrofurantoin(Bs) | Macrodantin, Macrobid | Urinary tract infections |  |
Oxazolidinones(Bs)
Linezolid | Zyvox | VRSA |

* Thrombocytopenia
* Peripheral neuropathy
* Serotonin syndrome

| Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step
Posizolid | Phase II clinical trials |  |
Radezolid | Phase II clinical trials |  |
Tedizolid | Sivextro |  |
Penicillins
Amoxicillin | Novamox, Amoxil | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease |

* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions
* Brain and kidney damage (rare)

| Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Ampicillin | Principen (discontinued)
Azlocillin |
Dicloxacillin | Dynapen (discontinued)
Flucloxacillin | Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group)
Mezlocillin | Mezlin (discontinued)
Methicillin | Staphcillin (discontinued)
Nafcillin | Unipen (discontinued)
Oxacillin | Prostaphlin (discontinued)
Penicillin G | Pentids (discontinued)
Penicillin V | Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued)
Piperacillin | Pipracil (discontinued)
Penicillin G | Pfizerpen
Temocillin | Negaban (UK) (discontinued)
Ticarcillin | Ticar (discontinued) |  |  |
Penicillin combinations
Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Augmentin | Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute otitis media.[11] Amoxicillin/clavulanate is one of the few oral antibiotics effective against skin and soft tissue infections. Can be given to children less than 40 kilograms in weight; for children heavier, the dosage is same as adults, twice daily.[12] |  | The second component reduces the effectiveness of some forms of bacterial resistance to the first component
Ampicillin/sulbactam | Unasyn |
Piperacillin/tazobactam | Zosyn |
Ticarcillin/clavulanate | Timentin |
Polypeptides
Bacitracin |  | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms. | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection)  | Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane[13]
Colistin | Coly-Mycin-S | Interact with the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.
Polymyxin B |
Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin | Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay | Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea | Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare)  | Inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
Enoxacin | Penetrex
Gatifloxacin | Tequin
Gemifloxacin | Factive[14]
Levofloxacin | Levaquin
Lomefloxacin | Maxaquin
Moxifloxacin | Avelox
Nadifloxacin |
Nalidixic acid | NegGram
Norfloxacin | Noroxin
Ofloxacin | Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox |
Trovafloxacin | Trovan | Withdrawn
Grepafloxacin | Raxar | Withdrawn
Sparfloxacin | Zagam | Withdrawn
Temafloxacin | Omniflox | Withdrawn |  |
Sulfonamides(Bs)
Mafenide | Sulfamylon | Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) |

* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
* Allergy (including skin rashes)
* Crystals in urine
* Kidney failure
* Decrease in white blood cell count
* Sensitivity to sunlight

| Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide.
Sulfacetamide | Sulamyd, Bleph-10
Sulfadiazine | Micro-Sulfon
Silver sulfadiazine | Silvadene
Sulfadimethoxine | Di-Methox, Albon
Sulfamethizole | Thiosulfil Forte
Sulfamethoxazole | Gantanol
Sulfanilimide (archaic) |
Sulfasalazine | Azulfidine
Sulfisoxazole | Gantrisin
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) | Bactrim, Septra
Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) | Prontosil
Tetracyclines(Bs)
Demeclocycline | Declomycin | Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, malaria[note 1] |

* Gastrointestinal upset
* Sensitivity to sunlight
* Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
* Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)
* Transient depression of bone growth

| Inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals.
Doxycycline | Vibramycin
Metacycline |
Minocycline | Minocin
Oxytetracycline | Terramycin
Tetracycline | Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin
Pleuromutilin antibiotics
Lefamulin | Xenleta |
Retapamulin | Altabax |
Valnemulin | Econor |
Tiamulin | Dynamutilin |
Drugs against mycobacteria
Clofazimine | Lamprene | Antileprotic |  |
Dapsone | Avlosulfon | Antileprotic |  |
Capreomycin | Capastat | Antituberculosis |  |
Cycloserine | Seromycin | Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections |  |
Ethambutol(Bs) | Myambutol | Antituberculosis |  |
Ethionamide | Trecator | Antituberculosis |  | Inhibits peptide synthesis
Isoniazid | I.N.H. | Antituberculosis |  |
Pyrazinamide | Aldinamide | Antituberculosis |  |
Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) | Rifadin, Rimactane | mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria | Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine | Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription
Rifabutin | Mycobutin | Mycobacterium avium complex | Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms |
Rifapentine | Priftin | Antituberculosis |  |
Streptomycin |  | Antituberculosis | Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity | As other aminoglycosides
Others
Arsphenamine | Salvarsan | Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) |  |
Chloramphenicol(Bs) | Chloromycetin | Meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low-cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes | Rarely: aplastic anemia. | Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
Fosfomycin | Monurol, Monuril | Acute cystitis in women | This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 and up of age | Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis
Fusidic acid | Fucidin |  |  |
Metronidazole | Flagyl | Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis | Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated | Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa.
Mupirocin | Bactroban | Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts |  | Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis
Platensimycin |  |  |  |
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin | Synercid |  |  |
Thiamphenicol |  | Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. Widely used in veterinary medicine. | Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. | A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
Tigecycline(Bs) | Tigacyl | Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and Acinetobacter baumannii), but not effective for Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. | Teeth discoloration and same side effects as tetracycline. Not to be given to children and pregnant or lactating women. | Similar structure with tetracycline, but five times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body
Tinidazole | Tindamax Fasigyn | Protozoal infections | Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness |
Trimethoprim(Bs) | Proloprim, Trimpex | Urinary tract infections |  |
Generic Name | Brand Names | Common Uses[4] | Possible Side Effects[4] | Mechanism of action

Note: (Bs): Bacteriostatic

## Antibiotic candidates

These are antibiotic candidates, and known antibiotics that are not yet mass-produced.

Antibiotic candidates  Generic name | Origin | Susceptible phyla | Stage of development | Mechanism of action

|
|
|
|

Unclassified
Teixobactin | Eleftheria terrae | Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus and M. tuberculosis | No human trials scheduled | Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
Malacidins | Uncultured Bacterium | Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus | No human trials scheduled | Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
Halicin | Anti-diabetic drug  | Clostridiodes difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis | No human trials scheduled  | Disrupts electrochemical gradient

## See also

* Timeline of antibiotics, listed by year of introduction
* Pathogenic bacteria

## Notes

1. ↑ Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

## References

1. ↑ Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999) "Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance", In: Microbiology Concepts and Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York pp. 478-479.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Aoki, Makoto (2015). レジデントのための感染症診療マニュアル. Japan: 医学書院. ISBN 978-4-260-02027-5.
3. ↑ "Ceftobiprole: a review of a broad-spectrum and anti-MRSA cephalosporin". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 9 (4): 245–54. 2008. doi:10.2165/00128071-200809040-00004. PMID 18572975.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
5. ↑ "Neomycin Drug Information". uptodate. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information?source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135.
6. ↑ Berger, Dr. Stephen (2014-04-03). GIDEON Guide to Antimicrobial Agents (2014 ed.). GIDEON Informatics Inc. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61755-839-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=p66RBQAAQBAJ&dq=aeromonas+hydrophila+cefixime&pg=PA221. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
7. ↑ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
8. ↑ "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)". Clinical Infectious Diseases 66 (7): e1–e48. March 2018. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085. PMID 29462280.
9. ↑ "A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin". Microbiology 156 (Pt 11): 3354–9. November 2010. doi:10.1099/mic.0.042010-0. PMID 20724385.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dificid (fidaxomicin) [prescribing information] Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; December 2015.
11. ↑ "Amoxicillin-sulbactam versus amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the treatment of non-recurrent-acute otitis media in Argentinean children". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 69 (9): 1225–33. September 2005. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.03.016. PMID 16061111.
12. ↑ "APO-Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid 500mg/125 mg Tablets". http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcmed.nsf/pages/txcamoxy/$File/txcamoxy.pdf.
13. ↑ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger
14. ↑ "List of Antibiotics". http://www.emedexpert.com/lists/antibiotics.shtml.

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