Silica fume

Short description: Silicon dioxide nano particles

Not to be confused with fumed silica.

Silica fume particles viewed in a transmission electron microscope

Silica fume, also known as microsilica, (CAS number 69012-64-2, EINECS number 273-761-1) is an amorphous (non-crystalline) polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. The main field of application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.

It is sometimes confused with fumed silica (also known as pyrogenic silica, CAS number 112945-52-5). However, the production process, particle characteristics and fields of application of fumed silica are all different from those of silica fume.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Properties
* 3 Production
* 4 Applications
* 4.1 Concrete
* 4.2 Silicon carbide
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## History

The first testing of silica fume in Portland-cement-based concretes was carried out in 1952. The biggest drawback to exploring the properties of silica fume was a lack of material with which to experiment. Early research used an expensive additive called fumed silica, an amorphous form of silica made by combustion of silicon tetrachloride in a hydrogen-oxygen flame. Silica fume on the other hand, is a very fine pozzolanic, amorphous material, a by-product of the production of elemental silicon or ferrosilicon alloys in electric arc furnaces. Before the late 1960s in Europe and the mid-1970s in the United States, silica fumes were simply vented into the atmosphere.

With the implementation of tougher environmental laws during the mid-1970s, silicon smelters began to collect the silica fume and search for its applications. The early work done in Norway received most of the attention, since it had shown that Portland cement-based-concretes containing silica fumes had very high strengths and low porosities. Since then the research and development of silica fume made it one of the world's most valuable and versatile admixtures for concrete and cementitious products.

## Properties

Template:Components of Cement, Comparison of Chemical and Physical Characteristics Silica fume is an ultrafine material with spherical particles less than 1 μm in diameter, the average being about 0.15 μm. This makes it approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle.[1] The bulk density of silica fume depends on the degree of densification in the silo and varies from 130 (undensified) to 600 kg/m3. The specific gravity of silica fume is generally in the range of 2.2 to 2.3. The specific surface area of silica fume can be measured with the BET method or nitrogen adsorption method. It typically ranges from 15,000 to 30,000 m2/kg.[2]

## Production

Silica fume is a byproduct in the carbothermic reduction of high-purity quartz with carbonaceous materials like coal, coke, wood-chips, in electric arc furnaces in the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys.

## Applications

### Concrete

Because of its extreme fineness and high silica content, silica fume is a very effective pozzolanic material.[3][4] Standard specifications for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures are ASTM C1240,[5] EN 13263.[6]

Silica fume is added to Portland cement concrete to improve its properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. These improvements stem from both the mechanical improvements resulting from addition of a very fine powder to the cement paste mix as well as from the pozzolanic reactions between the silica fume and free calcium hydroxide in the paste.[7]

Addition of silica fume also reduces the permeability of concrete to chloride ions, which protects the reinforcing steel of concrete from corrosion, especially in chloride-rich environments such as coastal regions and those of humid continental roadways and runways (because of the use of deicing salts) and saltwater bridges.[8] Furthermore, Silica Fumes has important uses in oil and gas operations. Silica fume can be used for a primary placement of grout as a hydraulic seal in the well bore, or secondary applications such as remedial operations including leak repairs, splits, and closing of depleted zones. [9]

Prior to the mid-1970s, nearly all silica fume was discharged into the atmosphere. After environmental concerns necessitated the collection and landfilling of silica fume, it became economically viable to use silica fume in various applications, in particular high-performance concrete.[10] Effects of silica fume on different properties of fresh and hardened concrete include:

* Workability: With the addition of silica fume, the slump loss with time is directly proportional to increase in the silica fume content due to the introduction of large surface area in the concrete mix by its addition. Although the slump decreases, the mix remains highly cohesive.
* Segregation and bleeding: Silica fume reduces bleeding significantly because the free water is consumed in wetting of the large surface area of the silica fume and hence the free water left in the mix for bleeding also decreases. Silica fume also blocks the pores in the fresh concrete so water within the concrete is not allowed to come to the surface.

### Silicon carbide

The silica fumes, as byproduct, may be used to produce silicon carbide.

## See also

* Alkali–silica reaction
* Engineered cementitious composite
* Energetically modified cement (EMC)
* Fly ash
* Kaolinite
* Pozzolan
* Rice husk ash
* Metakaolin

## References

1. ↑ "Chapter 3 Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume, and Natural Pozzolans". The University of Memphis. http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/PCA_manual/Chap03.pdf.
2. ↑ "Silica Fume User's Manual". Silica Fume Association. http://www.silicafume.org/pdf/silicafume-users-manual.pdf.
3. ↑ ACI Committee 226. 1987b. "Silica fume in concrete: Preliminary report", ACI Materials Journal March–April: 158–66.
4. ↑ Luther, M. D. 1990. "High-performance silica fume (microsilica)—Modified cementitious repair materials". 69th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, paper no. 890448 (January)
5. ↑ ASTM C1240. Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures, http://astm.org
6. ↑ EN 13263 Silica fume for concrete. http://www.cen.eu
7. ↑ Detwiler, R.J. and Mehta, P.K., Chemical and Physical Effects of Silica Fume on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete, Materials Journal Nov. 1989
8. ↑ "Use of supplementary cementing materials to increase the resistance to chloride ion penetration of concretes cured at elevated temperatures". Materials Journal. January 1994. http://www.concreteinternational.com/pages/featured_article.asp?ID=4451.
9. ↑ "Silica Fume for Oil and Gas | R-E-D Industrial Products" (in en). https://www.redindustrialproducts.com/silica-fume-for-oil-and-gas.
10. ↑ ACI 234R-06. Guide to Silica Fume in Concrete, American Concrete Institute

## Further reading

* U.S. Federal Highway Administration. "Silica Fume". http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/silica.htm.
* Portland Cement Association. "Chapter 3 Fly Ash, Slag, Silica Fume, and Natural Pozzolans". http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/PCA_manual/Chap03.pdf.
* Silica Fume Association. "Silica Fume User's Manual". http://www.silicafume.org/pdf/silicafume-users-manual.pdf.

## External links

* Silica Fume Association

* v
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Concrete

History|

* Roman concrete
* Roman engineering
* Ancient Roman architecture

Composition|

* Cement
* Portland cement
* Water
* Water–cement ratio
* Aggregate
* Reinforcement
* Fly ash
* Ground granulated blast furnace slag
* Silica fume
* Metakaolin

Production|

* Plant
* Concrete mixer
* Volumetric mixer
* Reversing drum mixer
* Slump test
* Flow table test
* Curing
* Concrete cover
* Cover meter
* Rebar

Construction|

* Precast
* Cast in place
* Formwork
* Climbing formwork
* Slip forming
* Screed
* Power screed
* Finisher
* Power trowel
* Pump
* Float
* Sealer

Science|

* Properties
* Degradation
* Environmental impact
* Recycling
* Segregation in concrete
* Alkali–silica reaction

Types|

* Energetically modified cement
* Ronsdale (natural) cement
* Pre-stressed
* Ready-mix
* Reinforced
* Fiber-reinforced
* Roller-compacting
* Self-consolidating
* Self-leveling
* Pervious
* Mass concrete
* Polymer concrete
* Filigree
* Lunarcrete
* Foam
* Polished

Applications|

* Slab (waffle, hollow-core, voided biaxial, slab on grade)
* Concrete masonry unit
* Step barrier
* Roads
* Columns
* Structures

Organizations|

* American Concrete Institute
* Institution of Structural Engineers
* Indian Concrete Institute
* Nanocem
* Portland Cement Association
* International Federation for Structural Concrete

Standards|

* Eurocode 2
* EN 197-1
* EN 206-1
* EN 10080

* Concrete
* Category:Concrete

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