Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked nation in East Asia, bordered to the north by Russia and to the south by China. It is the world's largest landlocked country. It has a population of 3.3 million people and a land area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), making it the world's most sparsely inhabited sovereign country. Mongolia is the world's biggest landlocked nation that does not share a maritime boundary with a closed sea. Mongolia's landscape is dominated by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south, and majority of its territory is covered by grassy grassland. Ulaanbaatar, the country's capital and biggest city, is home to about half of the country's population, according to official figures.

Many nomadic empires have reigned over the land of modern-day Mongolia, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei Empire, the Rouran Empire, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. The Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. On December 6, 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire, which grew to become the world's greatest continuous land empire. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty, which is still in existence today. With Yuan's fall, the Mongols fled to Mongolia and resumed their old pattern of factional war, with the exception of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan's reigns, which saw a resurgence of factional fighting. Tibetan Buddhism first arrived in Mongolia in the 16th century, and its expansion was aided by the Qing dynasty, which was formed by the Manchus and conquered the nation in the 17th century. By the early twentieth century, Buddhist monks accounted for over one-third of the adult male population. Following the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia claimed independence from the People's Republic of China, which was recognised in 1921 as official independence. Shortly after, the nation was elevated to the status of a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which had assisted it in achieving independence from China. The Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924 as a socialist state with a democratic constitution. Mongolia's peaceful democratic revolution took place in early 1990, after the anti-communist uprisings of 1989 in neighbouring countries. This resulted in the establishment of a multi-party system, the adoption of a new constitution in 1992, and the transition to a market economy.

Nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles are practised by around 30% of the population, and horse culture is still prevalent. Buddhism is the dominant religion in the country, with the nonreligious being the second-largest religious group. Islam is the second most popular religion in the country, with the majority of adherents being ethnic Kazakhs. The majority of the population is made up of ethnic Mongols, with just around 5% of the population consisting of Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities, who are particularly concentrated in the western part of the country. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, the Asia Cooperation Dialogue, the Group of Seventy-Seven, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Non-Aligned Movement, and is a NATO worldwide partner. With Mongolia's accession to the World Trade Organization in 1997, the country is seeking to increase its engagement in regional economic and trade organisations.