Speculative reason

Short description: The use of theoretical methods of philosophical thought

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Speculative reason, sometimes called theoretical reason or pure reason, is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought, as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought. The distinction between the two goes at least as far back as the ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, who distinguished between theory (theoria, or a wide, bird's eye view of a topic, or clear vision of its structure) and practice (praxis), as well as techne.

Speculative reason is contemplative, detached, and certain, whereas practical reason is engaged, involved, active, and dependent upon the specifics of the situation. Speculative reason provides the universal, necessary principles of logic, such as the principle of non-contradiction, which must apply everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the situation. [citation needed]

On the other hand, practical reason is the use of reason to decide how to act. It contrasts with theoretical reason or speculative reason. Some may try and refer to practical reasoning as moral reason but this kind of reasoning actually falls in line more so with theoretical reasoning as it's a contrast of practical reason. This has little to do with what's practical as practicality involves specific action, decision, and particulars which all have a logical undertone without bias toward an ideology. Moral reason finds itself being more malleable in its spectrum of reasoning and had the possibility of being skewed by faith and belief. This will lead to discrepancies in practicality given the nature of morals being a culture specific outlook, and will reduce the practicality in an outcome as each individual has a separate point of view and can change the outcome of moral reasoning. Yet there are philosophers who have erected systems based on this distinction. Two philosophers who have done so are Thomas Aquinas (who follows Aristotle in many respects) and Immanuel Kant.[1][2]

## References

1. ↑ Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason [1781/1787], trans. Norman Kemp Smith, N.Y.: St. Martins, 1965
2. ↑ Karim Mojtahedi, Kant's Critical Philosophy, Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1999

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Epistemology

Epistemologists|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Augustine of Hippo
* William Alston
* Robert Audi
* A. J. Ayer
* George Berkeley
* Laurence BonJour
* René Descartes
* John Dewey
* Fred Dretske
* Edmund Gettier
* Alvin Goldman
* Nelson Goodman
* Paul Grice
* David Hume
* Immanuel Kant
* Søren Kierkegaard
* Saul Kripke
* David Lewis
* John Locke
* G. E. Moore
* Robert Nozick
* Alvin Plantinga
* Plato
* Duncan Pritchard
* Hilary Putnam
* Thomas Reid
* Gilbert Ryle
* Susanna Siegel
* Socrates
* Ernest Sosa
* P. F. Strawson
* Willard Van Orman Quine
* Bertrand Russell
* Baruch Spinoza
* Timothy Williamson
* Ludwig Wittgenstein
* Nicholas Wolterstorff
* Vienna Circle

Theories|

* Coherentism
* Constructivist epistemology
* Contextualism
* Descriptive knowledge
* Determinism
* Empiricism
* Evolutionary epistemology
* Fallibilism
* Feminist epistemology
* Fideism
* Foundationalism
* Genetic epistemology
* Hierarchical epistemology
* Holism
* Infinitism
* Innatism
* Internalism and externalism
* Naïve realism
* Naturalized epistemology
* Phenomenalism
* Positivism
* Procedural knowledge
* Reductionism
* Reliabilism
* Representative realism
* Rationalism
* Skepticism
* Theory of forms
* Transcendental idealism
* Uniformitarianism

Concepts|

* A priori knowledge
* Analysis
* Analytic–synthetic distinction
* Belief
* Causality
* Common sense
* Exploratory thought
* Gettier problem
* Justification
* Knowledge
* Induction
* Objectivity
* Privileged access
* Problem of induction
* Problem of other minds
* Perception
* Proposition
* Regress argument
* Simplicity
* Speculative reason
* Truth
* more...

Related articles|

* Outline of epistemology
* Alethiology
* Faith and rationality
* Formal epistemology
* Meta-epistemology
* Philosophy of perception
* Philosophy of science
* Social epistemology

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