Kaithi

Kaithi (𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲, bho), also called Kayathi (𑂍𑂨𑂟𑂲), Kayasthi (𑂍𑂰𑂨𑂮𑂹𑂟𑂲, bho), Kayastani, or Kaite Lipi (𑂍𑂰𑂅𑂞𑂵 𑂪𑂱𑂣𑂱) in Nepali,[1] is a Brahmic script historically used across parts of Northern and Eastern India. It was prevalent in regions corresponding to modern-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand. The script was primarily utilized for legal, administrative, and private records and was adapted for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Angika, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Surjapuri, Maithili, Magahi, and Nagpuri.[2]

This table sets out the handwritten form of the vowels and consonants of the Kaithi script, as of the middle of the 19th century Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Classes
* 3.1 Bhojpuri
* 3.2 Magahi
* 3.3 Tirhuti
* 4 Vowels
* 5 Diacritics
* 6 Consonants
* 6.1 Consonant Ligatures
* 6.1.1 Common Double Consonants
* 6.1.2 Rhotic Ligation
* 7 Vowel diacritics
* 8 Signs and punctuation
* 9 Numerals
* 10 Sample text
* 10.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* 10.1.1 Bhojpuri in Kaithi Script
* 10.1.2 Magadhi in Kaithi Script
* 10.1.3 Maithili in Kaithi Script
* 10.1.4 Angika in Kaithi Script
* 10.1.5 Hindi in Kaithi Script
* 11 Unicode
* 12 Publications
* 13 See also
* 14 References
* 15 Sources

## Etymology

The name Kaithi script is derived from the term Kayastha, a socio-professional group historically linked to writing, record-keeping and administration.[3] This community served in royal courts and later in British colonial administration, maintaining revenue records, legal documents, title deeds, and general correspondence.[4]

”Kayathināgara Ākhara” written in Newar script on Pratap Malla’s Inscription.

The Kaithi script is used in the multilingual stone inscription of King Pratap Malla, dated to 1654 CE. In this inscription, the name “Kayathināgara Ākhara” (Newar:𑐎𑐫𑐠𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐐𑐬 𑐁𑐏𑐬, “Kayathinagari script”) is used to refer to this script in Newar language.[5] This script is also known as Kaite Lipi in Nepali language.[1]

## History

Kaithi script (left side bottom-most line) on the coins of Sher Shah Suri

Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani.[6] Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.[7]

In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education.[8] Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.[9]

## Classes

On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.[10]

Signboard at Purbi Gumti, Arrah, with English (top), Bhojpuri Kaithi (bottom-left), and Urdu (bottom-right)

### Bhojpuri

This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.[10]

### Magahi

Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.[10]

### Tirhuti

It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.[10]

## Vowels

Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:

Vowels  | Trans.  | Shown with ⟨𑂍⟩ | Trans.  | Shown with ⟨𑂍⟩

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Guttural  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Palatal  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Rounded  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Palatoguttural  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Labioguttural  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

## Diacritics

Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:

Diacritic  | Name  | Function

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Template:Letter | chandrabindu  | A chandrabindu denotes nasalisation although it is not normally used with Kaithi.[4]
Template:Letter | anusvara  | An anusvara in Kaithi represents true vowel nasalisation.[4] For example, 𑂍𑂁, kaṃ.
Template:Letter | visarga  | Visarga is a Sanskrit holdover originally representing /h/. For example, 𑂍𑂂 kaḥ.[4]
Template:Letter | halanta  | A virama removes a consonant's inherent a and in some cases forms consonant clusters. Compare 𑂧𑂥 maba with 𑂧𑂹𑂥 mba.[11]
Template:Letter | nuqta  | A nuqta is used to extend letters to represent non-native sounds. For example, 𑂔 ja \+ nuqta = 𑂔𑂺, which represents Arabic zayin.[4]

## Consonants

All Kaithi consonants have an inherent /a/ vowel:

Kaithi Consonants
(𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂝𑂹𑂔𑂢, Vyanjan)  Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Bhojpuri Consonant Inventory[12][13] Stricture →  | Occlusives  | Sonorants

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Articulation →  | Plosives & Affricates  | Nasal  | Approximant  | Rhotic[note 1] | Fricative
Voicing →  | Voiceless  | Voiced  | Voiced  | Voiced  | Voiceless  | Voiced
Aspiration →  | Unaspirated  | Aspirated  | Unaspirated  | Aspirated  | Unaspirated  | Aspirated
Velar  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
(Alveolo-) Palatal  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |  | Template:Letter
Retroflex  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
(Denti-) Alveolar  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Labial  | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter
Glottal  |  | Template:Letter

Notes:

1. ↑ Bhojpuri rhotics are unique because they preserve a high frequency of /ɽʱ/, which has become rare or merged in other Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi. Furthermore, unlike the standard alveolar /ɾ/, Bhojpuri utilises them in distinct morphophonemic patterns, where flaps and taps alternate regularly to signal grammatical changes or emphasis.

### Consonant Ligatures

In the Kaithi script, conjunct consonant ligatures called Sanyuktakshar ( 𑂮𑂁𑂨𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂓𑂩, romanised: Sanyuktachhar ), are generally less complex and standardised than those found in Devanagari, because of the morphology of the languages Kaithi is written in. In spoken Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Awadhi, there is significant simplification of consonant clusters through metathesis. Complex phonemes like /ksha/ (Dev: क्ष / Kthi: 𑂍𑂹𑂭 ) from Sanskrit are instead replaced by simpler phonemes like /cha/ (𑂓).[14]

* Example 1: The word karma (Dev: कर्म) becomes karam (Kthi: 𑂍𑂩𑂧)
* Example 2: The word Sanyuktakshar (Dev: संयुक्ताक्षर) becomes Sanyuktachhar (Kthi: 𑂮𑂁𑂨𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂓𑂩)

The second reason is Kaithi's orthographic nature. Because Kaithi was optimised by removing the shirorekha, to efficiently and rapidly transcribe information through continuous rapid strokes, historically, scribes have often avoided complex conjunct forms. Instead, they preferred to write the consonants sequentially, using an explicit virama (𑂹) to suppress the inherent vowel. However, ligated forms also exist, particularly in the Tirhuti class of Kaithi.[14][15]

Example: The conjunct mba can be rendered as:

* 𑂧 \+ 𑂹 \+ 𑂥 → 𑂧𑂹‌𑂥

the same conjunct mba can be ligated as:

* 𑂧 \+ 𑂹 \+ 𑂥 → 𑂧𑂹𑂥

When ligatures are employed, they typically follow two primary structural patterns:

* Vertical Stacking: The trailing consonant is written directly below the leading consonant. This method is predominantly used for homorganic nasals and geminates.

Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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* Half-Forms: The distinctive right vertical stem of the leading consonant is removed, and the remaining left half is joined horizontally to the subsequent consonant

Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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#### Common Double Consonants

Geminates are among the most frequently encountered ligatures in historical Kaithi manuscripts. They can be ligated or unligated, depending upon the scribe.

Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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#### Rhotic Ligation

Similar to Devanagari, when the consonant /ɾa/ (𑂩) is part of a conjunct, it takes on a specialised reduced shape depending on its position in the consonant cluster.

* Initial consonant (Repha): When /ɾa/ precedes another consonant like in /ɾma/, it is written as a repha (𑂩𑂵𑂤). In Kaithi, the repha is a small, curved stroke placed above and slightly to the right of the following consonant. Because Kaithi was often written rapidly without a shirorekha, the exact placement of the repha could float somewhat loosely above the character it modified.[15]

Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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* Second consonant (Rakar): When /ɾa/ follows another consonant like in /pɾa/, it is written as a rakar (𑂩𑂍𑂰𑂩). For characters with a vertical right stem like /pa/ (𑂣) or /ka/ (𑂍), the rakar is usually a short, diagonal stroke attached to the lower half of that stem. For characters lacking a straight right stem like /ʈa/ (𑂗), the rakar often attaches to the bottom of the letterform.[15]

Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter

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Below is a comprehensive table of all 1225 possible biconsonantal Kaithi conjunct clusters. The derived characters /ɽ/ (𑂚) and /ɽʱ/ (𑂜) have also been included. Some of the ligated conjuncts may not be viable combinations in any language. Template:Sticky table start

All Kaithi Sanyuktakshar (𑂮𑂁𑂨𑂳𑂍𑂹𑂞𑂰𑂓𑂩)[lower-roman 1][15] Consonants  | 𑂍 | 𑂎 | 𑂏 | 𑂐 | 𑂑 | 𑂒 | 𑂓 | 𑂔 | 𑂕 | 𑂖 | 𑂗 | 𑂘 | 𑂙 | 𑂛 | 𑂝 | 𑂞 | 𑂟 | 𑂠 | 𑂡 | 𑂢 | 𑂣 | 𑂤 | 𑂥 | 𑂦 | 𑂧 | 𑂨 | 𑂩[lower-roman 2] | 𑂪 | 𑂫 | 𑂬 | 𑂭 | 𑂮 | 𑂯 | 𑂚 | 𑂜

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𑂍 | 𑂍𑂹𑂍 | 𑂍𑂹𑂎 | 𑂍𑂹𑂏 | 𑂍𑂹𑂐 | 𑂍𑂹𑂑 | 𑂍𑂹𑂒 | 𑂍𑂹𑂓 | 𑂍𑂹𑂔 | 𑂍𑂹𑂕 | 𑂍𑂹𑂖 | 𑂍𑂹𑂗 | 𑂍𑂹𑂘 | 𑂍𑂹𑂙 | 𑂍𑂹𑂛 | 𑂍𑂹𑂝 | 𑂍𑂹𑂞 | 𑂍𑂹𑂟 | 𑂍𑂹𑂠 | 𑂍𑂹𑂡 | 𑂍𑂹𑂢 | 𑂍𑂹𑂣 | 𑂍𑂹𑂤 | 𑂍𑂹𑂥 | 𑂍𑂹𑂦 | 𑂍𑂹𑂧 | 𑂍𑂹𑂨 | 𑂍𑂹𑂩 | 𑂍𑂹𑂪 | 𑂍𑂹𑂫 | 𑂍𑂹𑂬 | 𑂍𑂹𑂭 | 𑂍𑂹𑂮 | 𑂍𑂹𑂯 | 𑂍𑂹𑂚 | 𑂍𑂹𑂜
𑂎 | 𑂎𑂹𑂍 | 𑂎𑂹𑂎 | 𑂎𑂹𑂏 | 𑂎𑂹𑂐 | 𑂎𑂹𑂑 | 𑂎𑂹𑂒 | 𑂎𑂹𑂓 | 𑂎𑂹𑂔 | 𑂎𑂹𑂕 | 𑂎𑂹𑂖 | 𑂎𑂹𑂗 | 𑂎𑂹𑂘 | 𑂎𑂹𑂙 | 𑂎𑂹𑂛 | 𑂎𑂹𑂝 | 𑂎𑂹𑂞 | 𑂎𑂹𑂟 | 𑂎𑂹𑂠 | 𑂎𑂹𑂡 | 𑂎𑂹𑂢 | 𑂎𑂹𑂣 | 𑂎𑂹𑂤 | 𑂎𑂹𑂥 | 𑂎𑂹𑂦 | 𑂎𑂹𑂧 | 𑂎𑂹𑂨 | 𑂎𑂹𑂩 | 𑂎𑂹𑂪 | 𑂎𑂹𑂫 | 𑂎𑂹𑂬 | 𑂎𑂹𑂭 | 𑂎𑂹𑂮 | 𑂎𑂹𑂯 | 𑂎𑂹𑂚 | 𑂎𑂹𑂜
𑂏 | 𑂏𑂹𑂍 | 𑂏𑂹𑂎 | 𑂏𑂹𑂏 | 𑂏𑂹𑂐 | 𑂏𑂹𑂑 | 𑂏𑂹𑂒 | 𑂏𑂹𑂓 | 𑂏𑂹𑂔 | 𑂏𑂹𑂕 | 𑂏𑂹𑂖 | 𑂏𑂹𑂗 | 𑂏𑂹𑂘 | 𑂏𑂹𑂙 | 𑂏𑂹𑂛 | 𑂏𑂹𑂝 | 𑂏𑂹𑂞 | 𑂏𑂹𑂟 | 𑂏𑂹𑂠 | 𑂏𑂹𑂡 | 𑂏𑂹𑂢 | 𑂏𑂹𑂣 | 𑂏𑂹𑂤 | 𑂏𑂹𑂥 | 𑂏𑂹𑂦 | 𑂏𑂹𑂧 | 𑂏𑂹𑂨 | 𑂏𑂹𑂩 | 𑂏𑂹𑂪 | 𑂏𑂹𑂫 | 𑂏𑂹𑂬 | 𑂏𑂹𑂭 | 𑂏𑂹𑂮 | 𑂏𑂹𑂯 | 𑂏𑂹𑂚 | 𑂏𑂹𑂜
𑂐 | 𑂐𑂹𑂍 | 𑂐𑂹𑂎 | 𑂐𑂹𑂏 | 𑂐𑂹𑂐 | 𑂐𑂹𑂑 | 𑂐𑂹𑂒 | 𑂐𑂹𑂓 | 𑂐𑂹𑂔 | 𑂐𑂹𑂕 | 𑂐𑂹𑂖 | 𑂐𑂹𑂗 | 𑂐𑂹𑂘 | 𑂐𑂹𑂙 | 𑂐𑂹𑂛 | 𑂐𑂹𑂝 | 𑂐𑂹𑂞 | 𑂐𑂹𑂟 | 𑂐𑂹𑂠 | 𑂐𑂹𑂡 | 𑂐𑂹𑂢 | 𑂐𑂹𑂣 | 𑂐𑂹𑂤 | 𑂐𑂹𑂥 | 𑂐𑂹𑂦 | 𑂐𑂹𑂧 | 𑂐𑂹𑂨 | 𑂐𑂹𑂩 | 𑂐𑂹𑂪 | 𑂐𑂹𑂫 | 𑂐𑂹𑂬 | 𑂐𑂹𑂭 | 𑂐𑂹𑂮 | 𑂐𑂹𑂯 | 𑂐𑂹𑂚 | 𑂐𑂹𑂜
𑂑 | 𑂑𑂹𑂍 | 𑂑𑂹𑂎 | 𑂑𑂹𑂏 | 𑂑𑂹𑂐 | 𑂑𑂹𑂑 | 𑂑𑂹𑂒 | 𑂑𑂹𑂓 | 𑂑𑂹𑂔 | 𑂑𑂹𑂕 | 𑂑𑂹𑂖 | 𑂑𑂹𑂗 | 𑂑𑂹𑂘 | 𑂑𑂹𑂙 | 𑂑𑂹𑂛 | 𑂑𑂹𑂝 | 𑂑𑂹𑂞 | 𑂑𑂹𑂟 | 𑂑𑂹𑂠 | 𑂑𑂹𑂡 | 𑂑𑂹𑂢 | 𑂑𑂹𑂣 | 𑂑𑂹𑂤 | 𑂑𑂹𑂥 | 𑂑𑂹𑂦 | 𑂑𑂹𑂧 | 𑂑𑂹𑂨 | 𑂑𑂹𑂩 | 𑂑𑂹𑂪 | 𑂑𑂹𑂫 | 𑂑𑂹𑂬 | 𑂑𑂹𑂭 | 𑂑𑂹𑂮 | 𑂑𑂹𑂯 | 𑂑𑂹𑂚 | 𑂑𑂹𑂜
𑂒 | 𑂒𑂹𑂍 | 𑂒𑂹𑂎 | 𑂒𑂹𑂏 | 𑂒𑂹𑂐 | 𑂒𑂹𑂑 | 𑂒𑂹𑂒 | 𑂒𑂹𑂓 | 𑂒𑂹𑂔 | 𑂒𑂹𑂕 | 𑂒𑂹𑂖 | 𑂒𑂹𑂗 | 𑂒𑂹𑂘 | 𑂒𑂹𑂙 | 𑂒𑂹𑂛 | 𑂒𑂹𑂝 | 𑂒𑂹𑂞 | 𑂒𑂹𑂟 | 𑂒𑂹𑂠 | 𑂒𑂹𑂡 | 𑂒𑂹𑂢 | 𑂒𑂹𑂣 | 𑂒𑂹𑂤 | 𑂒𑂹𑂥 | 𑂒𑂹𑂦 | 𑂒𑂹𑂧 | 𑂒𑂹𑂨 | 𑂒𑂹𑂩 | 𑂒𑂹𑂪 | 𑂒𑂹𑂫 | 𑂒𑂹𑂬 | 𑂒𑂹𑂭 | 𑂒𑂹𑂮 | 𑂒𑂹𑂯 | 𑂒𑂹𑂚 | 𑂒𑂹𑂜
𑂓 | 𑂓𑂹𑂍 | 𑂓𑂹𑂎 | 𑂓𑂹𑂏 | 𑂓𑂹𑂐 | 𑂓𑂹𑂑 | 𑂓𑂹𑂒 | 𑂓𑂹𑂓 | 𑂓𑂹𑂔 | 𑂓𑂹𑂕 | 𑂓𑂹𑂖 | 𑂓𑂹𑂗 | 𑂓𑂹𑂘 | 𑂓𑂹𑂙 | 𑂓𑂹𑂛 | 𑂓𑂹𑂝 | 𑂓𑂹𑂞 | 𑂓𑂹𑂟 | 𑂓𑂹𑂠 | 𑂓𑂹𑂡 | 𑂓𑂹𑂢 | 𑂓𑂹𑂣 | 𑂓𑂹𑂤 | 𑂓𑂹𑂥 | 𑂓𑂹𑂦 | 𑂓𑂹𑂧 | 𑂓𑂹𑂨 | 𑂓𑂹𑂩 | 𑂓𑂹𑂪 | 𑂓𑂹𑂫 | 𑂓𑂹𑂬 | 𑂓𑂹𑂭 | 𑂓𑂹𑂮 | 𑂓𑂹𑂯 | 𑂓𑂹𑂚 | 𑂓𑂹𑂜
𑂔 | 𑂔𑂹𑂍 | 𑂔𑂹𑂎 | 𑂔𑂹𑂏 | 𑂔𑂹𑂐 | 𑂔𑂹𑂑 | 𑂔𑂹𑂒 | 𑂔𑂹𑂓 | 𑂔𑂹𑂔 | 𑂔𑂹𑂕 | 𑂔𑂹𑂖 | 𑂔𑂹𑂗 | 𑂔𑂹𑂘 | 𑂔𑂹𑂙 | 𑂔𑂹𑂛 | 𑂔𑂹𑂝 | 𑂔𑂹𑂞 | 𑂔𑂹𑂟 | 𑂔𑂹𑂠 | 𑂔𑂹𑂡 | 𑂔𑂹𑂢 | 𑂔𑂹𑂣 | 𑂔𑂹𑂤 | 𑂔𑂹𑂥 | 𑂔𑂹𑂦 | 𑂔𑂹𑂧 | 𑂔𑂹𑂨 | 𑂔𑂹𑂩 | 𑂔𑂹𑂪 | 𑂔𑂹𑂫 | 𑂔𑂹𑂬 | 𑂔𑂹𑂭 | 𑂔𑂹𑂮 | 𑂔𑂹𑂯 | 𑂔𑂹𑂚 | 𑂔𑂹𑂜
𑂕 [lower-roman 3] | 𑂕𑂹𑂍 | 𑂕𑂹𑂎 | 𑂕𑂹𑂏 | 𑂕𑂹𑂐 | 𑂕𑂹𑂑 | 𑂕𑂹𑂒 | 𑂕𑂹𑂓 | 𑂕𑂹𑂔 | 𑂕𑂹𑂕 | 𑂕𑂹𑂖 | 𑂕𑂹𑂗 | 𑂕𑂹𑂘 | 𑂕𑂹𑂙 | 𑂕𑂹𑂛 | 𑂕𑂹𑂝 | 𑂕𑂹𑂞 | 𑂕𑂹𑂟 | 𑂕𑂹𑂠 | 𑂕𑂹𑂡 | 𑂕𑂹𑂢 | 𑂕𑂹𑂣 | 𑂕𑂹𑂤 | 𑂕𑂹𑂥 | 𑂕𑂹𑂦 | 𑂕𑂹𑂧 | 𑂕𑂹𑂨 | 𑂕𑂹𑂩 | 𑂕𑂹𑂪 | 𑂕𑂹𑂫 | 𑂕𑂹𑂬 | 𑂕𑂹𑂭 | 𑂕𑂹𑂮 | 𑂕𑂹𑂯 | 𑂕𑂹𑂚 | 𑂕𑂹𑂜
𑂖 | 𑂖𑂹𑂍 | 𑂖𑂹𑂎 | 𑂖𑂹𑂏 | 𑂖𑂹𑂐 | 𑂖𑂹𑂑 | 𑂖𑂹𑂒 | 𑂖𑂹𑂓 | 𑂖𑂹𑂔 | 𑂖𑂹𑂕 | 𑂖𑂹𑂖 | 𑂖𑂹𑂗 | 𑂖𑂹𑂘 | 𑂖𑂹𑂙 | 𑂖𑂹𑂛 | 𑂖𑂹𑂝 | 𑂖𑂹𑂞 | 𑂖𑂹𑂟 | 𑂖𑂹𑂠 | 𑂖𑂹𑂡 | 𑂖𑂹𑂢 | 𑂖𑂹𑂣 | 𑂖𑂹𑂤 | 𑂖𑂹𑂥 | 𑂖𑂹𑂦 | 𑂖𑂹𑂧 | 𑂖𑂹𑂨 | 𑂖𑂹𑂩 | 𑂖𑂹𑂪 | 𑂖𑂹𑂫 | 𑂖𑂹𑂬 | 𑂖𑂹𑂭 | 𑂖𑂹𑂮 | 𑂖𑂹𑂯 | 𑂖𑂹𑂚 | 𑂖𑂹𑂜
𑂗 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂗𑂹𑂍 | 𑂗𑂹𑂎 | 𑂗𑂹𑂏 | 𑂗𑂹𑂐 | 𑂗𑂹𑂑 | 𑂗𑂹𑂒 | 𑂗𑂹𑂓 | 𑂗𑂹𑂔 | 𑂗𑂹𑂕 | 𑂗𑂹𑂖 | 𑂗𑂹𑂗 | 𑂗𑂹𑂘 | 𑂗𑂹𑂙 | 𑂗𑂹𑂛 | 𑂗𑂹𑂝 | 𑂗𑂹𑂞 | 𑂗𑂹𑂟 | 𑂗𑂹𑂠 | 𑂗𑂹𑂡 | 𑂗𑂹𑂢 | 𑂗𑂹𑂣 | 𑂗𑂹𑂤 | 𑂗𑂹𑂥 | 𑂗𑂹𑂦 | 𑂗𑂹𑂧 | 𑂗𑂹𑂨 | 𑂗𑂹𑂩 | 𑂗𑂹𑂪 | 𑂗𑂹𑂫 | 𑂗𑂹𑂬 | 𑂗𑂹𑂭 | 𑂗𑂹𑂮 | 𑂗𑂹𑂯 | 𑂗𑂹𑂚 | 𑂗𑂹𑂜
𑂘 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂘𑂹𑂍 | 𑂘𑂹𑂎 | 𑂘𑂹𑂏 | 𑂘𑂹𑂐 | 𑂘𑂹𑂑 | 𑂘𑂹𑂒 | 𑂘𑂹𑂓 | 𑂘𑂹𑂔 | 𑂘𑂹𑂕 | 𑂘𑂹𑂖 | 𑂘𑂹𑂗 | 𑂘𑂹𑂘 | 𑂘𑂹𑂙 | 𑂘𑂹𑂛 | 𑂘𑂹𑂝 | 𑂘𑂹𑂞 | 𑂘𑂹𑂟 | 𑂘𑂹𑂠 | 𑂘𑂹𑂡 | 𑂘𑂹𑂢 | 𑂘𑂹𑂣 | 𑂘𑂹𑂤 | 𑂘𑂹𑂥 | 𑂘𑂹𑂦 | 𑂘𑂹𑂧 | 𑂘𑂹𑂨 | 𑂘𑂹𑂩 | 𑂘𑂹𑂪 | 𑂘𑂹𑂫 | 𑂘𑂹𑂬 | 𑂘𑂹𑂭 | 𑂘𑂹𑂮 | 𑂘𑂹𑂯 | 𑂘𑂹𑂚 | 𑂘𑂹𑂜
𑂙 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂙𑂹𑂍 | 𑂙𑂹𑂎 | 𑂙𑂹𑂏 | 𑂙𑂹𑂐 | 𑂙𑂹𑂑 | 𑂙𑂹𑂒 | 𑂙𑂹𑂓 | 𑂙𑂹𑂔 | 𑂙𑂹𑂕 | 𑂙𑂹𑂖 | 𑂙𑂹𑂗 | 𑂙𑂹𑂘 | 𑂙𑂹𑂙 | 𑂙𑂹𑂛 | 𑂙𑂹𑂝 | 𑂙𑂹𑂞 | 𑂙𑂹𑂟 | 𑂙𑂹𑂠 | 𑂙𑂹𑂡 | 𑂙𑂹𑂢 | 𑂙𑂹𑂣 | 𑂙𑂹𑂤 | 𑂙𑂹𑂥 | 𑂙𑂹𑂦 | 𑂙𑂹𑂧 | 𑂙𑂹𑂨 | 𑂙𑂹𑂩 | 𑂙𑂹𑂪 | 𑂙𑂹𑂫 | 𑂙𑂹𑂬 | 𑂙𑂹𑂭 | 𑂙𑂹𑂮 | 𑂙𑂹𑂯 | 𑂙𑂹𑂚 | 𑂙𑂹𑂜
𑂛 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂛𑂹𑂍 | 𑂛𑂹𑂎 | 𑂛𑂹𑂏 | 𑂛𑂹𑂐 | 𑂛𑂹𑂑 | 𑂛𑂹𑂒 | 𑂛𑂹𑂓 | 𑂛𑂹𑂔 | 𑂛𑂹𑂕 | 𑂛𑂹𑂖 | 𑂛𑂹𑂗 | 𑂛𑂹𑂘 | 𑂛𑂹𑂙 | 𑂛𑂹𑂛 | 𑂛𑂹𑂝 | 𑂛𑂹𑂞 | 𑂛𑂹𑂟 | 𑂛𑂹𑂠 | 𑂛𑂹𑂡 | 𑂛𑂹𑂢 | 𑂛𑂹𑂣 | 𑂛𑂹𑂤 | 𑂛𑂹𑂥 | 𑂛𑂹𑂦 | 𑂛𑂹𑂧 | 𑂛𑂹𑂨 | 𑂛𑂹𑂩 | 𑂛𑂹𑂪 | 𑂛𑂹𑂫 | 𑂛𑂹𑂬 | 𑂛𑂹𑂭 | 𑂛𑂹𑂮 | 𑂛𑂹𑂯 | 𑂛𑂹𑂚 | 𑂛𑂹𑂜
𑂝 | 𑂝𑂹𑂍 | 𑂝𑂹𑂎 | 𑂝𑂹𑂏 | 𑂝𑂹𑂐 | 𑂝𑂹𑂑 | 𑂝𑂹𑂒 | 𑂝𑂹𑂓 | 𑂝𑂹𑂔 | 𑂝𑂹𑂕 | 𑂝𑂹𑂖 | 𑂝𑂹𑂗 | 𑂝𑂹𑂘 | 𑂝𑂹𑂙 | 𑂝𑂹𑂛 | 𑂝𑂹𑂝 | 𑂝𑂹𑂞 | 𑂝𑂹𑂟 | 𑂝𑂹𑂠 | 𑂝𑂹𑂡 | 𑂝𑂹𑂢 | 𑂝𑂹𑂣 | 𑂝𑂹𑂤 | 𑂝𑂹𑂥 | 𑂝𑂹𑂦 | 𑂝𑂹𑂧 | 𑂝𑂹𑂨 | 𑂝𑂹𑂩 | 𑂝𑂹𑂪 | 𑂝𑂹𑂫 | 𑂝𑂹𑂬 | 𑂝𑂹𑂭 | 𑂝𑂹𑂮 | 𑂝𑂹𑂯 | 𑂝𑂹𑂚 | 𑂝𑂹𑂜
𑂞 | 𑂞𑂹𑂍 | 𑂞𑂹𑂎 | 𑂞𑂹𑂏 | 𑂞𑂹𑂐 | 𑂞𑂹𑂑 | 𑂞𑂹𑂒 | 𑂞𑂹𑂓 | 𑂞𑂹𑂔 | 𑂞𑂹𑂕 | 𑂞𑂹𑂖 | 𑂞𑂹𑂗 | 𑂞𑂹𑂘 | 𑂞𑂹𑂙 | 𑂞𑂹𑂛 | 𑂞𑂹𑂝 | 𑂞𑂹𑂞 | 𑂞𑂹𑂟 | 𑂞𑂹𑂠 | 𑂞𑂹𑂡 | 𑂞𑂹𑂢 | 𑂞𑂹𑂣 | 𑂞𑂹𑂤 | 𑂞𑂹𑂥 | 𑂞𑂹𑂦 | 𑂞𑂹𑂧 | 𑂞𑂹𑂨 | 𑂞𑂹𑂩 | 𑂞𑂹𑂪 | 𑂞𑂹𑂫 | 𑂞𑂹𑂬 | 𑂞𑂹𑂭 | 𑂞𑂹𑂮 | 𑂞𑂹𑂯 | 𑂞𑂹𑂚 | 𑂞𑂹𑂜
𑂟 | 𑂟𑂹𑂍 | 𑂟𑂹𑂎 | 𑂟𑂹𑂏 | 𑂟𑂹𑂐 | 𑂟𑂹𑂑 | 𑂟𑂹𑂒 | 𑂟𑂹𑂓 | 𑂟𑂹𑂔 | 𑂟𑂹𑂕 | 𑂟𑂹𑂖 | 𑂟𑂹𑂗 | 𑂟𑂹𑂘 | 𑂟𑂹𑂙 | 𑂟𑂹𑂛 | 𑂟𑂹𑂝 | 𑂟𑂹𑂞 | 𑂟𑂹𑂟 | 𑂟𑂹𑂠 | 𑂟𑂹𑂡 | 𑂟𑂹𑂢 | 𑂟𑂹𑂣 | 𑂟𑂹𑂤 | 𑂟𑂹𑂥 | 𑂟𑂹𑂦 | 𑂟𑂹𑂧 | 𑂟𑂹𑂨 | 𑂟𑂹𑂩 | 𑂟𑂹𑂪 | 𑂟𑂹𑂫 | 𑂟𑂹𑂬 | 𑂟𑂹𑂭 | 𑂟𑂹𑂮 | 𑂟𑂹𑂯 | 𑂟𑂹𑂚 | 𑂟𑂹𑂜
𑂠 [lower-roman 3] | 𑂠𑂹𑂍 | 𑂠𑂹𑂎 | 𑂠𑂹𑂏 | 𑂠𑂹𑂐 | 𑂠𑂹𑂑 | 𑂠𑂹𑂒 | 𑂠𑂹𑂓 | 𑂠𑂹𑂔 | 𑂠𑂹𑂕 | 𑂠𑂹𑂖 | 𑂠𑂹𑂗 | 𑂠𑂹𑂘 | 𑂠𑂹𑂙 | 𑂠𑂹𑂛 | 𑂠𑂹𑂝 | 𑂠𑂹𑂞 | 𑂠𑂹𑂟 | 𑂠𑂹𑂠 | 𑂠𑂹𑂡 | 𑂠𑂹𑂢 | 𑂠𑂹𑂣 | 𑂠𑂹𑂤 | 𑂠𑂹𑂥 | 𑂠𑂹𑂦 | 𑂠𑂹𑂧 | 𑂠𑂹𑂨 | 𑂠𑂹𑂩 | 𑂠𑂹𑂪 | 𑂠𑂹𑂫 | 𑂠𑂹𑂬 | 𑂠𑂹𑂭 | 𑂠𑂹𑂮 | 𑂠𑂹𑂯 | 𑂠𑂹𑂚 | 𑂠𑂹𑂜
𑂡 | 𑂡𑂹𑂍 | 𑂡𑂹𑂎 | 𑂡𑂹𑂏 | 𑂡𑂹𑂐 | 𑂡𑂹𑂑 | 𑂡𑂹𑂒 | 𑂡𑂹𑂓 | 𑂡𑂹𑂔 | 𑂡𑂹𑂕 | 𑂡𑂹𑂖 | 𑂡𑂹𑂗 | 𑂡𑂹𑂘 | 𑂡𑂹𑂙 | 𑂡𑂹𑂛 | 𑂡𑂹𑂝 | 𑂡𑂹𑂞 | 𑂡𑂹𑂟 | 𑂡𑂹𑂠 | 𑂡𑂹𑂡 | 𑂡𑂹𑂢 | 𑂡𑂹𑂣 | 𑂡𑂹𑂤 | 𑂡𑂹𑂥 | 𑂡𑂹𑂦 | 𑂡𑂹𑂧 | 𑂡𑂹𑂨 | 𑂡𑂹𑂩 | 𑂡𑂹𑂪 | 𑂡𑂹𑂫 | 𑂡𑂹𑂬 | 𑂡𑂹𑂭 | 𑂡𑂹𑂮 | 𑂡𑂹𑂯 | 𑂡𑂹𑂚 | 𑂡𑂹𑂜
𑂢 | 𑂢𑂹𑂍 | 𑂢𑂹𑂎 | 𑂢𑂹𑂏 | 𑂢𑂹𑂐 | 𑂢𑂹𑂑 | 𑂢𑂹𑂒 | 𑂢𑂹𑂓 | 𑂢𑂹𑂔 | 𑂢𑂹𑂕 | 𑂢𑂹𑂖 | 𑂢𑂹𑂗 | 𑂢𑂹𑂘 | 𑂢𑂹𑂙 | 𑂢𑂹𑂛 | 𑂢𑂹𑂝 | 𑂢𑂹𑂞 | 𑂢𑂹𑂟 | 𑂢𑂹𑂠 | 𑂢𑂹𑂡 | 𑂢𑂹𑂢 | 𑂢𑂹𑂣 | 𑂢𑂹𑂤 | 𑂢𑂹𑂥 | 𑂢𑂹𑂦 | 𑂢𑂹𑂦 | 𑂢𑂹𑂨 | 𑂢𑂹𑂩 | 𑂢𑂹𑂪 | 𑂢𑂹𑂫 | 𑂢𑂹𑂬 | 𑂢𑂹𑂭 | 𑂢𑂹𑂮 | 𑂢𑂹𑂯 | 𑂢𑂹𑂚 | 𑂢𑂹𑂜
𑂣 | 𑂣𑂹𑂍 | 𑂣𑂹𑂎 | 𑂣𑂹𑂏 | 𑂣𑂹𑂐 | 𑂣𑂹𑂑 | 𑂣𑂹𑂒 | 𑂣𑂹𑂓 | 𑂣𑂹𑂔 | 𑂣𑂹𑂕 | 𑂣𑂹𑂖 | 𑂣𑂹𑂗 | 𑂣𑂹𑂘 | 𑂣𑂹𑂙 | 𑂣𑂹𑂛 | 𑂣𑂹𑂝 | 𑂣𑂹𑂞 | 𑂣𑂹𑂟 | 𑂣𑂹𑂠 | 𑂣𑂹𑂡 | 𑂣𑂹𑂢 | 𑂣𑂹𑂣 | 𑂣𑂹𑂤 | 𑂣𑂹𑂥 | 𑂣𑂹𑂦 | 𑂣𑂹𑂧 | 𑂣𑂹𑂨 | 𑂣𑂹𑂩 | 𑂣𑂹𑂪 | 𑂣𑂹𑂫 | 𑂣𑂹𑂬 | 𑂣𑂹𑂭 | 𑂣𑂹𑂮 | 𑂣𑂹𑂯 | 𑂣𑂹𑂚 | 𑂣𑂹𑂜
𑂤 | 𑂤𑂹𑂍 | 𑂤𑂹𑂎 | 𑂤𑂹𑂏 | 𑂤𑂹𑂐 | 𑂤𑂹𑂑 | 𑂤𑂹𑂒 | 𑂤𑂹𑂓 | 𑂤𑂹𑂔 | 𑂤𑂹𑂕 | 𑂤𑂹𑂖 | 𑂤𑂹𑂗 | 𑂤𑂹𑂘 | 𑂤𑂹𑂙 | 𑂤𑂹𑂛 | 𑂤𑂹𑂝 | 𑂤𑂹𑂞 | 𑂤𑂹𑂟 | 𑂤𑂹𑂠 | 𑂤𑂹𑂡 | 𑂤𑂹𑂢 | 𑂤𑂹𑂣 | 𑂤𑂹𑂤 | 𑂤𑂹𑂥 | 𑂤𑂹𑂦 | 𑂤𑂹𑂧 | 𑂤𑂹𑂨 | 𑂤𑂹𑂩 | 𑂤𑂹𑂪 | 𑂤𑂹𑂫 | 𑂤𑂹𑂬 | 𑂤𑂹𑂭 | 𑂤𑂹𑂮 | 𑂤𑂹𑂯 | 𑂤𑂹𑂚 | 𑂤𑂹𑂜
𑂥 | 𑂥𑂹𑂍 | 𑂥𑂹𑂎 | 𑂥𑂹𑂏 | 𑂥𑂹𑂐 | 𑂥𑂹𑂑 | 𑂥𑂹𑂒 | 𑂥𑂹𑂓 | 𑂥𑂹𑂔 | 𑂥𑂹𑂕 | 𑂥𑂹𑂖 | 𑂥𑂹𑂗 | 𑂥𑂹𑂘 | 𑂥𑂹𑂙 | 𑂥𑂹𑂛 | 𑂥𑂹𑂝 | 𑂥𑂹𑂞 | 𑂥𑂹𑂟 | 𑂥𑂹𑂠 | 𑂥𑂹𑂡 | 𑂥𑂹𑂢 | 𑂥𑂹𑂣 | 𑂥𑂹𑂤 | 𑂥𑂹𑂥 | 𑂥𑂹𑂦 | 𑂥𑂹𑂧 | 𑂥𑂹𑂨 | 𑂥𑂹𑂩 | 𑂥𑂹𑂪 | 𑂥𑂹𑂫 | 𑂥𑂹𑂬 | 𑂥𑂹𑂭 | 𑂥𑂹𑂮 | 𑂥𑂹𑂯 | 𑂥𑂹𑂚 | 𑂥𑂹𑂜
𑂦 | 𑂦𑂹𑂍 | 𑂦𑂹𑂎 | 𑂦𑂹𑂏 | 𑂦𑂹𑂐 | 𑂦𑂹𑂑 | 𑂦𑂹𑂒 | 𑂦𑂹𑂓 | 𑂦𑂹𑂔 | 𑂦𑂹𑂕 | 𑂦𑂹𑂖 | 𑂦𑂹𑂗 | 𑂦𑂹𑂘 | 𑂦𑂹𑂙 | 𑂦𑂹𑂛 | 𑂦𑂹𑂝 | 𑂦𑂹𑂞 | 𑂦𑂹𑂟 | 𑂦𑂹𑂠 | 𑂦𑂹𑂡 | 𑂦𑂹𑂢 | 𑂦𑂹𑂣 | 𑂦𑂹𑂤 | 𑂦𑂹𑂥 | 𑂦𑂹𑂦 | 𑂦𑂹𑂧 | 𑂦𑂹𑂨 | 𑂦𑂹𑂩 | 𑂦𑂹𑂪 | 𑂦𑂹𑂫 | 𑂦𑂹𑂬 | 𑂦𑂹𑂭 | 𑂦𑂹𑂮 | 𑂦𑂹𑂯 | 𑂦𑂹𑂚 | 𑂦𑂹𑂜
𑂧 | 𑂧𑂹𑂍 | 𑂧𑂹𑂎 | 𑂧𑂹𑂏 | 𑂧𑂹𑂐 | 𑂧𑂹𑂑 | 𑂧𑂹𑂒 | 𑂧𑂹𑂓 | 𑂧𑂹𑂔 | 𑂧𑂹𑂕 | 𑂧𑂹𑂖 | 𑂧𑂹𑂗 | 𑂧𑂹𑂘 | 𑂧𑂹𑂙 | 𑂧𑂹𑂛 | 𑂧𑂹𑂝 | 𑂧𑂹𑂞 | 𑂧𑂹𑂟 | 𑂧𑂹𑂠 | 𑂧𑂹𑂡 | 𑂧𑂹𑂢 | 𑂧𑂹𑂣 | 𑂧𑂹𑂤 | 𑂧𑂹𑂥 | 𑂧𑂹𑂦 | 𑂧𑂹𑂧 | 𑂧𑂹𑂨 | 𑂧𑂹𑂩 | 𑂧𑂹𑂪 | 𑂧𑂹𑂫 | 𑂧𑂹𑂬 | 𑂧𑂹𑂭 | 𑂧𑂹𑂮 | 𑂧𑂹𑂯 | 𑂧𑂹𑂚 | 𑂧𑂹𑂜
𑂨 | 𑂨𑂹𑂍 | 𑂨𑂹𑂎 | 𑂨𑂹𑂏 | 𑂨𑂹𑂐 | 𑂨𑂹𑂑 | 𑂨𑂹𑂒 | 𑂨𑂹𑂓 | 𑂨𑂹𑂔 | 𑂨𑂹𑂕 | 𑂨𑂹𑂖 | 𑂨𑂹𑂗 | 𑂨𑂹𑂘 | 𑂨𑂹𑂙 | 𑂨𑂹𑂛 | 𑂨𑂹𑂝 | 𑂨𑂹𑂞 | 𑂨𑂹𑂟 | 𑂨𑂹𑂠 | 𑂨𑂹𑂡 | 𑂨𑂹𑂢 | 𑂨𑂹𑂣 | 𑂨𑂹𑂤 | 𑂨𑂹𑂥 | 𑂨𑂹𑂦 | 𑂨𑂹𑂧 | 𑂨𑂹𑂨 | 𑂨𑂹𑂩 | 𑂨𑂹𑂪 | 𑂨𑂹𑂫 | 𑂨𑂹𑂬 | 𑂨𑂹𑂭 | 𑂨𑂹𑂮 | 𑂨𑂹𑂯 | 𑂨𑂹𑂚 | 𑂨𑂹𑂜
𑂩 [lower-roman 5] | 𑂩𑂹𑂍 | 𑂩𑂹𑂎 | 𑂩𑂹𑂏 | 𑂩𑂹𑂐 | 𑂩𑂹𑂑 | 𑂩𑂹𑂒 | 𑂩𑂹𑂓 | 𑂩𑂹𑂔 | 𑂩𑂹𑂕 | 𑂩𑂹𑂖 | 𑂩𑂹𑂗 | 𑂩𑂹𑂘 | 𑂩𑂹𑂙 | 𑂩𑂹𑂛 | 𑂩𑂹𑂝 | 𑂩𑂹𑂞 | 𑂩𑂹𑂟 | 𑂩𑂹𑂠 | 𑂩𑂹𑂡 | 𑂩𑂹𑂢 | 𑂩𑂹𑂣 | 𑂩𑂹𑂤 | 𑂩𑂹𑂥 | 𑂩𑂹𑂦 | 𑂩𑂹𑂧 | 𑂩𑂹𑂨 | 𑂩𑂹𑂩 | 𑂩𑂹𑂪 | 𑂩𑂹𑂫 | 𑂩𑂹𑂬 | 𑂩𑂹𑂭 | 𑂩𑂹𑂮 | 𑂩𑂹𑂯 | 𑂩𑂹𑂚 | 𑂩𑂹𑂜
𑂪 [lower-roman 6] | 𑂪𑂹𑂍 | 𑂪𑂹𑂎 | 𑂪𑂹𑂏 | 𑂪𑂹𑂐 | 𑂪𑂹𑂑 | 𑂪𑂹𑂒 | 𑂪𑂹𑂓 | 𑂪𑂹𑂔 | 𑂪𑂹𑂕 | 𑂪𑂹𑂖 | 𑂪𑂹𑂗 | 𑂪𑂹𑂘 | 𑂪𑂹𑂙 | 𑂪𑂹𑂛 | 𑂪𑂹𑂝 | 𑂪𑂹𑂞 | 𑂪𑂹𑂟 | 𑂪𑂹𑂠 | 𑂪𑂹𑂡 | 𑂪𑂹𑂢 | 𑂪𑂹𑂣 | 𑂪𑂹𑂤 | 𑂪𑂹𑂥 | 𑂪𑂹𑂦 | 𑂪𑂹𑂧 | 𑂪𑂹𑂨 | 𑂪𑂹𑂩 | 𑂪𑂹𑂪 | 𑂪𑂹𑂫 | 𑂪𑂹𑂬 | 𑂪𑂹𑂭 | 𑂪𑂹𑂮 | 𑂪𑂹𑂯 | 𑂪𑂹𑂚 | 𑂪𑂹𑂜
𑂫 | 𑂫𑂹𑂍 | 𑂫𑂹𑂎 | 𑂫𑂹𑂏 | 𑂫𑂹𑂐 | 𑂫𑂹𑂑 | 𑂫𑂹𑂒 | 𑂫𑂹𑂓 | 𑂫𑂹𑂔 | 𑂫𑂹𑂕 | 𑂫𑂹𑂖 | 𑂫𑂹𑂗 | 𑂫𑂹𑂘 | 𑂫𑂹𑂙 | 𑂫𑂹𑂛 | 𑂫𑂹𑂝 | 𑂫𑂹𑂞 | 𑂫𑂹𑂟 | 𑂫𑂹𑂠 | 𑂫𑂹𑂡 | 𑂫𑂹𑂢 | 𑂫𑂹𑂣 | 𑂫𑂹𑂤 | 𑂫𑂹𑂥 | 𑂫𑂹𑂦 | 𑂫𑂹𑂧 | 𑂫𑂹𑂨 | 𑂫𑂹𑂩 | 𑂫𑂹𑂪 | 𑂫𑂹𑂫 | 𑂫𑂹𑂬 | 𑂫𑂹𑂭 | 𑂫𑂹𑂮 | 𑂫𑂹𑂯 | 𑂫𑂹𑂚 | 𑂫𑂹𑂜
𑂬 | 𑂬𑂹𑂍 | 𑂬𑂹𑂎 | 𑂬𑂹𑂏 | 𑂬𑂹𑂐 | 𑂬𑂹𑂑 | 𑂬𑂹𑂒 | 𑂬𑂹𑂓 | 𑂬𑂹𑂔 | 𑂬𑂹𑂕 | 𑂬𑂹𑂖 | 𑂬𑂹𑂗 | 𑂬𑂹𑂘 | 𑂬𑂹𑂙 | 𑂬𑂹𑂛 | 𑂬𑂹𑂝 | 𑂬𑂹𑂞 | 𑂬𑂹𑂟 | 𑂬𑂹𑂠 | 𑂬𑂹𑂡 | 𑂬𑂹𑂢 | 𑂬𑂹𑂣 | 𑂬𑂹𑂤 | 𑂬𑂹𑂥 | 𑂬𑂹𑂦 | 𑂬𑂹𑂧 | 𑂬𑂹𑂨 | 𑂬𑂹𑂩 | 𑂬𑂹𑂪 | 𑂬𑂹𑂫 | 𑂬𑂹𑂬 | 𑂬𑂹𑂭 | 𑂬𑂹𑂮 | 𑂬𑂹𑂯 | 𑂬𑂹𑂚 | 𑂬𑂹𑂜
𑂭 | 𑂭𑂹𑂍 | 𑂭𑂹𑂎 | 𑂭𑂹𑂏 | 𑂭𑂹𑂐 | 𑂭𑂹𑂑 | 𑂭𑂹𑂒 | 𑂭𑂹𑂓 | 𑂭𑂹𑂔 | 𑂭𑂹𑂕 | 𑂭𑂹𑂖 | 𑂭𑂹𑂗 | 𑂭𑂹𑂘 | 𑂭𑂹𑂙 | 𑂭𑂹𑂛 | 𑂭𑂹𑂝 | 𑂭𑂹𑂞 | 𑂭𑂹𑂟 | 𑂭𑂹𑂠 | 𑂭𑂹𑂡 | 𑂭𑂹𑂢 | 𑂭𑂹𑂣 | 𑂭𑂹𑂤 | 𑂭𑂹𑂥 | 𑂭𑂹𑂦 | 𑂭𑂹𑂧 | 𑂭𑂹𑂨 | 𑂭𑂹𑂩 | 𑂭𑂹𑂪 | 𑂭𑂹𑂫 | 𑂭𑂹𑂬 | 𑂭𑂹𑂭 | 𑂭𑂹𑂮 | 𑂭𑂹𑂯 | 𑂭𑂹𑂚 | 𑂭𑂹𑂜
𑂮 | 𑂮𑂹𑂍 | 𑂮𑂹𑂎 | 𑂮𑂹𑂏 | 𑂮𑂹𑂐 | 𑂮𑂹𑂑 | 𑂮𑂹𑂒 | 𑂮𑂹𑂓 | 𑂮𑂹𑂔 | 𑂮𑂹𑂕 | 𑂮𑂹𑂖 | 𑂮𑂹𑂗 | 𑂮𑂹𑂘 | 𑂮𑂹𑂙 | 𑂮𑂹𑂛 | 𑂮𑂹𑂝 | 𑂮𑂹𑂞 | 𑂮𑂹𑂟 | 𑂮𑂹𑂠 | 𑂮𑂹𑂡 | 𑂮𑂹𑂢 | 𑂮𑂹𑂣 | 𑂮𑂹𑂤 | 𑂮𑂹𑂥 | 𑂮𑂹𑂦 | 𑂮𑂹𑂧 | 𑂮𑂹𑂨 | 𑂮𑂹𑂩 | 𑂮𑂹𑂪 | 𑂮𑂹𑂫 | 𑂮𑂹𑂬 | 𑂮𑂹𑂭 | 𑂮𑂹𑂮 | 𑂮𑂹𑂯 | 𑂮𑂹𑂚 | 𑂮𑂹𑂜
𑂯 | 𑂯𑂹𑂍 | 𑂯𑂹𑂎 | 𑂯𑂹𑂏 | 𑂯𑂹𑂐 | 𑂯𑂹𑂑 | 𑂯𑂹𑂒 | 𑂯𑂹𑂓 | 𑂯𑂹𑂔 | 𑂯𑂹𑂕 | 𑂯𑂹𑂖 | 𑂯𑂹𑂗 | 𑂯𑂹𑂘 | 𑂯𑂹𑂙 | 𑂯𑂹𑂛 | 𑂯𑂹𑂝 | 𑂯𑂹𑂞 | 𑂯𑂹𑂟 | 𑂯𑂹𑂠 | 𑂯𑂹𑂡 | 𑂯𑂹𑂢 | 𑂯𑂹𑂣 | 𑂯𑂹𑂤 | 𑂯𑂹𑂥 | 𑂯𑂹𑂦 | 𑂯𑂹𑂧 | 𑂯𑂹𑂨 | 𑂯𑂹𑂩 | 𑂯𑂹𑂪 | 𑂯𑂹𑂫 | 𑂯𑂹𑂬 | 𑂯𑂹𑂭 | 𑂯𑂹𑂮 | 𑂯𑂹𑂯 | 𑂯𑂹𑂚 | 𑂯𑂹𑂜
𑂚 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂚𑂹𑂍 | 𑂚𑂹𑂎 | 𑂚𑂹𑂏 | 𑂚𑂹𑂐 | 𑂚𑂹𑂑 | 𑂚𑂹𑂒 | 𑂚𑂹𑂓 | 𑂚𑂹𑂔 | 𑂚𑂹𑂕 | 𑂚𑂹𑂖 | 𑂚𑂹𑂗 | 𑂚𑂹𑂘 | 𑂚𑂹𑂙 | 𑂚𑂹𑂛 | 𑂚𑂹𑂝 | 𑂚𑂹𑂞 | 𑂚𑂹𑂟 | 𑂚𑂹𑂠 | 𑂚𑂹𑂡 | 𑂚𑂹𑂢 | 𑂚𑂹𑂣 | 𑂚𑂹𑂤 | 𑂚𑂹𑂥 | 𑂚𑂹𑂦 | 𑂚𑂹𑂧 | 𑂚𑂹𑂨 | 𑂚𑂹𑂩 | 𑂚𑂹𑂪 | 𑂚𑂹𑂫 | 𑂚𑂹𑂬 | 𑂚𑂹𑂭 | 𑂚𑂹𑂮 | 𑂚𑂹𑂯 | 𑂚𑂹𑂚 | 𑂚𑂹𑂜
𑂜 [lower-roman 4] | 𑂜𑂹𑂍 | 𑂜𑂹𑂎 | 𑂜𑂹𑂏 | 𑂜𑂹𑂐 | 𑂜𑂹𑂑 | 𑂜𑂹𑂒 | 𑂜𑂹𑂓 | 𑂜𑂹𑂔 | 𑂜𑂹𑂕 | 𑂜𑂹𑂖 | 𑂜𑂹𑂗 | 𑂜𑂹𑂘 | 𑂜𑂹𑂙 | 𑂜𑂹𑂛 | 𑂜𑂹𑂝 | 𑂜𑂹𑂞 | 𑂜𑂹𑂟 | 𑂜𑂹𑂠 | 𑂜𑂹𑂡 | 𑂜𑂹𑂢 | 𑂜𑂹𑂣 | 𑂜𑂹𑂤 | 𑂜𑂹𑂥 | 𑂜𑂹𑂦 | 𑂜𑂹𑂧 | 𑂜𑂹𑂨 | 𑂜𑂹𑂩 | 𑂜𑂹𑂪 | 𑂜𑂹𑂫 | 𑂜𑂹𑂬 | 𑂜𑂹𑂭 | 𑂜𑂹𑂮 | 𑂜𑂹𑂯 | 𑂜𑂹𑂚 | 𑂜𑂹𑂜
𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂝𑂹𑂔𑂢 | 𑂍 | 𑂎 | 𑂏 | 𑂐 | 𑂑 | 𑂒 | 𑂓 | 𑂔 | 𑂕 | 𑂖 | 𑂗 | 𑂘 | 𑂙 | 𑂛 | 𑂝 | 𑂞 | 𑂟 | 𑂠 | 𑂡 | 𑂢 | 𑂣 | 𑂤 | 𑂥 | 𑂦 | 𑂧 | 𑂨 | 𑂩[lower-roman 7] | 𑂪 | 𑂫 | 𑂬 | 𑂭 | 𑂮 | 𑂯 | 𑂚 | 𑂜

Template:Sticky table end

1. ↑ Grierson classifies in Plate III . into Strong, Weak and Mixed conjuncts. The class of Kaithi is Tirhuta, with more vertically stacked ligatures.
2. ↑ This letter acts as rakar (𑂩𑂍𑂰𑂩) diacritic when it is second in a conjunct.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 This letter lacks ligated forms as the initial consonant in both Unicode and in Grierson's Plate III.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 This retroflex letter lacks ligated forms as the initial consonant in both Unicode and in Grierson's Plate III.
5. ↑ This letter acts as repha (𑂩𑂵𑂤) diacritic when it is first in a conjunct.
6. ↑ This letter lacks ligated forms in Unicode, but has half-stacked ligated forms in Grierson's Plate III.
7. ↑ This letter acts as rakar (𑂩𑂍𑂰𑂩) diacritic when it is second in a conjunct.

## Vowel diacritics

Kaithi diacritics with kha (𑂎)

The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants. The vowel diacritics on consonants are called kakahārā (𑂍𑂍𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰).

् | 𑂃 | 𑂄 | 𑂅 | 𑂆 | 𑂇 | 𑂈 | 𑂉 | 𑂊 | 𑂋 | 𑂌 | 𑂃𑂁 | 𑂃𑂂

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𑂍𑂹  | 𑂍 | 𑂍𑂰 | 𑂍𑂱 | 𑂍𑂲 | 𑂍𑂳 | 𑂍𑂴 | 𑂍𑂵 | 𑂍𑂶 | 𑂍𑂷 | 𑂍𑂸 | 𑂍𑂁 | 𑂍𑂂
𑂎𑂹  | 𑂎 | 𑂎𑂰 | 𑂎𑂱 | 𑂎𑂲 | 𑂎𑂳 | 𑂎𑂴 | 𑂎𑂵 | 𑂎𑂶 | 𑂎𑂷 | 𑂎𑂸 | 𑂎𑂁 | 𑂎𑂂
𑂏𑂹  | 𑂏 | 𑂏𑂰 | 𑂏𑂱 | 𑂏𑂲 | 𑂏𑂳 | 𑂏𑂴 | 𑂏𑂵 | 𑂏𑂶 | 𑂏𑂷 | 𑂏𑂸 | 𑂏𑂁 | 𑂏𑂂
𑂐𑂹  | 𑂐 | 𑂐𑂰 | 𑂐𑂱 | 𑂐𑂲 | 𑂐𑂳 | 𑂐𑂴 | 𑂐𑂵 | 𑂐𑂶 | 𑂐𑂷 | 𑂐𑂸 | 𑂐𑂁 | 𑂐𑂂
𑂑 𑂹  | 𑂑 | 𑂑𑂰 | 𑂑𑂱 | 𑂑𑂲 | 𑂑𑂳 | 𑂑𑂴 | 𑂑𑂵 | 𑂑𑂶 | 𑂑𑂷 | 𑂑𑂸 | 𑂑𑂁 | 𑂑𑂂
𑂒𑂹  | 𑂒 | 𑂒𑂰 | 𑂒𑂱 | 𑂒𑂲 | 𑂒𑂳 | 𑂒𑂴 | 𑂒𑂵 | 𑂒𑂶 | 𑂒𑂷 | 𑂒𑂸 | 𑂒𑂁 | 𑂒𑂂
𑂓𑂹  | 𑂓 | 𑂓𑂰 | 𑂓𑂱 | 𑂓𑂲 | 𑂓𑂳 | 𑂓𑂴 | 𑂓𑂵 | 𑂓𑂶 | 𑂓𑂷 | 𑂓𑂸 | 𑂓𑂁 | 𑂓𑂂
𑂔𑂹  | 𑂔 | 𑂔𑂰 | 𑂔𑂱 | 𑂔𑂲 | 𑂔𑂳 | 𑂔𑂴 | 𑂔𑂵 | 𑂔𑂶 | 𑂔𑂷 | 𑂔𑂸 | 𑂔𑂁 | 𑂔𑂂
𑂕𑂹  | 𑂕 | 𑂕𑂰 | 𑂕𑂱 | 𑂕𑂲 | 𑂕𑂳 | 𑂕𑂴 | 𑂕𑂵 | 𑂕𑂶 | 𑂕𑂷 | 𑂕𑂸 | 𑂕𑂁 | 𑂕𑂂
𑂖𑂹  | 𑂖 | 𑂖𑂰 | 𑂖𑂱 | 𑂖𑂲 | 𑂖𑂳 | 𑂖𑂴 | 𑂖𑂵 | 𑂖𑂶 | 𑂖𑂷 | 𑂖𑂸 | 𑂖𑂁 | 𑂖𑂂
𑂗 𑂹  | 𑂗 | 𑂗𑂰 | 𑂗𑂱 | 𑂗𑂲 | 𑂗𑂳 | 𑂗𑂴 | 𑂗𑂵 | 𑂗𑂶 | 𑂗𑂷 | 𑂗𑂸 | 𑂗𑂁 | 𑂗𑂂
𑂘𑂹  | 𑂘 | 𑂘𑂰 | 𑂘𑂱 | 𑂘𑂲 | 𑂘𑂳 | 𑂘𑂴 | 𑂘𑂵 | 𑂘𑂶 | 𑂘𑂷 | 𑂘𑂸 | 𑂘𑂁 | 𑂘𑂂
𑂙𑂹  | 𑂙 | 𑂙𑂰 | 𑂙𑂱 | 𑂙𑂲 | 𑂙𑂳 | 𑂙𑂴 | 𑂙𑂵 | 𑂙𑂶 | 𑂙𑂷 | 𑂙𑂸 | 𑂙𑂁 | 𑂙𑂂
𑂛𑂹  | 𑂛 | 𑂛𑂰 | 𑂛𑂱 | 𑂛𑂲 | 𑂛𑂳 | 𑂛𑂴 | 𑂛𑂵 | 𑂛𑂶 | 𑂛𑂷 | 𑂛𑂸 | 𑂛𑂁 | 𑂛𑂂
𑂝𑂹  | 𑂝 | 𑂝𑂰 | 𑂝𑂱 | 𑂝𑂲 | 𑂝𑂳 | 𑂝𑂴 | 𑂝𑂵 | 𑂝𑂶 | 𑂝𑂷 | 𑂝𑂸 | 𑂝𑂁 | 𑂝𑂂
𑂞𑂹  | 𑂞 | 𑂞𑂰 | 𑂞𑂱 | 𑂞𑂲 | 𑂞𑂳 | 𑂞𑂴 | 𑂞𑂵 | 𑂞𑂶 | 𑂞𑂷 | 𑂞𑂸 | 𑂞𑂁 | 𑂞𑂂
𑂟𑂹  | 𑂟 | 𑂟𑂰 | 𑂟𑂱 | 𑂟𑂲 | 𑂟𑂳 | 𑂟𑂴 | 𑂟𑂵 | 𑂟𑂶 | 𑂟𑂷 | 𑂟𑂸 | 𑂟𑂁 | 𑂟𑂂
𑂠𑂹  | 𑂠 | 𑂠𑂰 | 𑂠𑂱 | 𑂠𑂲 | 𑂠𑂳 | 𑂠𑂴 | 𑂠𑂵 | 𑂠𑂶 | 𑂠𑂷 | 𑂠𑂸 | 𑂠𑂁 | 𑂠𑂂
𑂡𑂹  | 𑂡 | 𑂡𑂰 | 𑂡𑂱 | 𑂡𑂲 | 𑂡𑂳 | 𑂡𑂴 | 𑂡𑂵 | 𑂡𑂶 | 𑂡𑂷 | 𑂡𑂸 | 𑂡𑂁 | 𑂡𑂂
𑂢𑂹  | 𑂢 | 𑂢𑂰 | 𑂢𑂱 | 𑂢𑂲 | 𑂢𑂳 | 𑂢𑂴 | 𑂢𑂵 | 𑂢𑂶 | 𑂢𑂷 | 𑂢𑂸 | 𑂢𑂁 | 𑂢𑂂
𑂣𑂹  | 𑂣 | 𑂣𑂰 | 𑂣𑂱 | 𑂣𑂲 | 𑂣𑂳 | 𑂣𑂴 | 𑂣𑂵 | 𑂣𑂶 | 𑂣𑂷 | 𑂣𑂸 | 𑂣𑂁 | 𑂣𑂂
𑂤𑂹  | 𑂤 | 𑂤𑂰 | 𑂤𑂱 | 𑂤𑂲 | 𑂤𑂳 | 𑂤𑂴 | 𑂤𑂵 | 𑂤𑂶 | 𑂤𑂷 | 𑂤𑂸 | 𑂤𑂁 | 𑂤𑂂
𑂥𑂹  | 𑂥 | 𑂥𑂰 | 𑂥𑂱 | 𑂥𑂲 | 𑂥𑂳 | 𑂥𑂴 | 𑂥𑂵 | 𑂥𑂶 | 𑂥𑂷 | 𑂥𑂸 | 𑂥𑂁 | 𑂥𑂂
𑂦𑂹  | 𑂦 | 𑂦𑂰 | 𑂦𑂱 | 𑂦𑂲 | 𑂦𑂳 | 𑂦𑂴 | 𑂦𑂵 | 𑂦𑂶 | 𑂦𑂷 | 𑂦𑂸 | 𑂦𑂁 | 𑂦𑂂
𑂧𑂹  | 𑂧 | 𑂧𑂰 | 𑂧𑂱 | 𑂧𑂲 | 𑂧𑂳 | 𑂧𑂴 | 𑂧𑂵 | 𑂧𑂶 | 𑂧𑂷 | 𑂧𑂸 | 𑂧𑂁 | 𑂧𑂂
𑂨𑂹  | 𑂨 | 𑂨𑂰 | 𑂨𑂱 | 𑂨𑂲 | 𑂨𑂳 | 𑂨𑂴 | 𑂨𑂵 | 𑂨𑂶 | 𑂨𑂷 | 𑂨𑂸 | 𑂨𑂁 | 𑂨𑂂
𑂩𑂹  | 𑂩 | 𑂩𑂰 | 𑂩𑂱 | 𑂩𑂲 | 𑂩𑂳 | 𑂩𑂴 | 𑂩𑂵 | 𑂩𑂶 | 𑂩𑂷 | 𑂩𑂸 | 𑂩𑂁 | 𑂩𑂂
𑂪𑂹  | 𑂪 | 𑂪𑂰 | 𑂪𑂱 | 𑂪𑂲 | 𑂪𑂳 | 𑂪𑂴 | 𑂪𑂵 | 𑂪𑂶 | 𑂪𑂷 | 𑂪𑂸 | 𑂪𑂁 | 𑂪𑂂
𑂫𑂹  | 𑂫 | 𑂫𑂰 | 𑂫𑂱 | 𑂫𑂲 | 𑂫𑂳 | 𑂫𑂴 | 𑂫𑂵 | 𑂫𑂶 | 𑂫𑂷 | 𑂫𑂸 | 𑂫𑂁 | 𑂫𑂂
𑂬𑂹  | 𑂬 | 𑂬𑂰 | 𑂬𑂱 | 𑂬𑂲 | 𑂬𑂳 | 𑂬𑂴 | 𑂬𑂵 | 𑂬𑂶 | 𑂬𑂷 | 𑂬𑂸 | 𑂬𑂁 | 𑂬𑂂
𑂭𑂹  | 𑂭 | 𑂭𑂰 | 𑂭𑂱 | 𑂭𑂲 | 𑂭𑂳 | 𑂭𑂴 | 𑂭𑂵 | 𑂭𑂶 | 𑂭𑂷 | 𑂭𑂸 | 𑂭𑂁 | 𑂭𑂂
𑂮𑂹  | 𑂮 | 𑂮𑂰 | 𑂮𑂱 | 𑂮𑂲 | 𑂮𑂳 | 𑂮𑂴 | 𑂮𑂵 | 𑂮𑂶 | 𑂮𑂷 | 𑂮𑂸 | 𑂮𑂁 | 𑂮𑂂
𑂯𑂹  | 𑂯 | 𑂯𑂰 | 𑂯𑂱 | 𑂯𑂲 | 𑂯𑂳 | 𑂯𑂴 | 𑂯𑂵 | 𑂯𑂶 | 𑂯𑂷 | 𑂯𑂸 | 𑂯𑂁 | 𑂯𑂂

## Signs and punctuation

Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:

Sign | Description

|

𑂻 | The abbreviation sign is one method of representing abbreviations in Kaithi.[4] For example, 𑂪𑂱𑂎𑂱𑂞𑂧 can be abbreviated as 𑂪𑂲𑂻.[4]
𑂽 | The number sign is used with digits for enumerated lists and numerical sequences.[4] It can appear above, below, or before a digit or sequence of digits.[4] For example, 𑂽१२३.
𑂼 | The enumeration sign is a spacing version of the number sign.[11] It always appears before a digit or sequence of digits (never above or below).
𑂾 | The section sign indicates the end of a sentence.[11]
𑂿 | The double section sign indicates the end of a larger section of text, such as a paragraph.[11]
𑃀 | Danda is a Kaithi-specific danda, which can mark the end of a sentence or line.
𑃁 | Double danda is a Kaithi-specific double danda.

General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:

* + plus sign can be used to mark phrase boundaries
* ‐ hyphen and - hyphen-minus can be used for hyphenation
* ⸱ word separator middle dot can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)

## Numerals

Kaithi Numbers (0 to 9)

Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devanagari numeral. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.[11]

## Sample text

### Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in various languages using the Kaithi script:

> Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[16]

#### Bhojpuri in Kaithi Script

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵 𑃀 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂢𑂹𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰 𑃁[17]

#### Magadhi in Kaithi Script

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १. - 𑂮𑂥 𑂪𑂷𑂏 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧 𑂪𑂵𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂡𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂢 𑂯𑂆 𑃀 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂨𑂹𑂫𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂐𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂹𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩। 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂍𑂰 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂔𑂰𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂣𑂛𑂹𑂪 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩 𑃁[18]

#### Maithili in Kaithi Script

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂦 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂫 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂞𑂂 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 𑂃𑂓𑂱' 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂏𑂩𑂱𑂧𑂰 𑂄 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂧𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂃𑂓𑂱'𑃀 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂃𑂣𑂢–𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂥𑂳𑂠𑂹𑂡𑂱 𑂄 𑂫𑂱𑂫𑂵𑂍 𑂓𑂶𑂍 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂉𑂍 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰𑂍 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂸𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂠𑂣𑂴𑂩𑂹𑂝 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂥𑂰𑂍 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂲 𑃁[19]

#### Angika in Kaithi Script

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂹𑂦𑂵 𑂧𑂢𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂣 𑂍𑂵 𑂏𑂸𑂩𑂫 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂄𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂩𑂰 𑂮𑂁𑂠𑂩𑂹𑂦 𑂧𑂁 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂔𑂰𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂁𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂰 𑂫 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂞𑂰 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑃀 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂃𑂁𑂞𑂩𑂰𑂞𑂹𑂧𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂠𑂵𑂢 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂣𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂩 𑂥𑂁𑂡𑂳𑂞𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂮𑂁 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂍𑂩𑂢𑂰 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰 𑃁[20]

#### Hindi in Kaithi Script

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १. 𑂮𑂦𑂲 𑂧𑂢𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂨 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂧𑂩𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂠𑂰 𑂌𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂷𑂁 𑂧𑂵𑂁 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂯𑂷𑂞𑂵 𑂯𑂶𑂁𑃀 𑂫𑂵 𑂞𑂩𑂹𑂍 𑂌𑂩 𑂫𑂱𑂫𑂵𑂍 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂣𑂢𑂹𑂢 𑂯𑂶𑂁 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂇𑂢𑂹𑂯𑂵𑂁 𑂦𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂞𑃂𑂞𑂹𑂫 𑂍𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂫𑂢𑂰 𑂮𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂩 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂱 𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂨 𑂍𑂩𑂢𑂰 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂱𑂉 𑃁[21]

## Unicode

Main article: Kaithi (Unicode block)

Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080-U+110CF:

Template:Unicode chart Kaithi

## Publications

The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar Samāchar was published in this script in 1915.[22]

## See also

* Devanagari
* Urdu alphabet

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "'काइते लिपि' पढ्दै 'हातकलमी' बाजे" (in ne). https://ekantipur.com/28/2015/02/08/403422.html.
2. ↑ King, Christopher R. 1995. One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.New York: Oxford University Press.
3. ↑ Grierson 1881, p. 21.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Pandey, Anshuman (6 May 2008). "L2/08-194: Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08194-n3389-kaithi.pdf.
5. ↑ Tamot, Kashinath (2017). "नेपालमा प्रचलित लिपिको परिचय (Nepalma Prachalit Lipiko Parichaya)". https://archive.org/details/NepalmaPrachalitLipikoParichayaAtrticleByKashinathTamot_201712.
6. ↑ Rai, Alok. "Hindi Nationalism", p. 13
7. ↑ General Report on Public Instruction in the Bengal Presidency, p. 103.
8. ↑ Rai, Alok (2007). Hindi Nationalism (Reprint ed.). London: Sangam Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-250-1979-4.
9. ↑ "कहीं पन्नों में दफन न हो जाए कैथी" (in hi). inextlive. 19 March 2012. https://www.inextlive.com/jharkhand/ranchi/kaithi-albhabet-is-in-danger-201203140011.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Grierson 1881, p. 24.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "The Unicode Standard, Chapter 15.2: Kaithi". Unicode Consortium. March 2020. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch15.pdf#G69704.
12. ↑ Thakur, Gopal (2020) (in English). A Grammar of Bhojpuri. pp. 82.
13. ↑ Grierson 1881, p. 27.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 L208194, p. 26-28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFL208194 (help)
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Grierson 1881, p. 29.
16. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf.
17. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bhojpuri" (in bho). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bhj.pdf.
18. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Magadhi" (in mag). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mqm.pdf.
19. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Maithili" (in mai). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mai.pdf.
20. ↑ "Angika language and alphabet". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/angika.htm.
21. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Hindi" (in hi). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 1. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hnd.pdf.
22. ↑ (in en) Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University.. 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZQAQAAMAAJ&q=bagsar+samachar+bhojpuri.

## Sources

* Grierson, George Abraham (1881). A Handbook to the Kayathi Character. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co.. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044025687658&seq=24. Retrieved 22 February 2026.

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Pitman shorthand
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Old North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Psalter Pahlavi
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali
* Bhaikshuki
* Bhujinmol
* Brāhmī
* Devanāgarī
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhī
* Kaithi
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* Khojki
* Khudawadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Mahajani
* Meitei
* Modi
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* Nāgarī
* Nandinagari
* Odia
* ʼPhags-pa
* Pracalit (Newar)
* Ranjana
* Sharada
* Saurashtra
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagari
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tirhuta
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar Square
* Zhang-Zhung
* Drusha
* Marchen
* Marchung
* Pungs-chen
* Pungs-chung

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buhid
* Burmese
* Chakma
* Cham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunuo (Hanunó'o)
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Malayalam
* Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Thaana
* Mon (Old Mon)
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Rejang
* Rencong
* Sinhala
* Sundanese (Old Sundanese)
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Jenticha
* Kayah Li
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Sorang Sompeng
* Pahawh Hmong
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Abkhaz
* Adlam
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Borama
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook writing
* Early Cyrillic
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Etruscan
* Evenki
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Garay
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* IPA
* Kaddare
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Mandaic
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mongolian
* Mru
* Neo-Tifinagh
* New Tai Lue
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Oirat
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Sidetic
* Shavian
* Somali
* Tifinagh
* Vagindra
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms and pictograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbol
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* IConji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Míkmaq
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese Characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze Script
* Seal Script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Idu
* Kanji
* Chữ nôm
* Zhuang

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logo-syllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Yi (Classical)

Logo-consonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Celtiberian
* Northeastern Iberian
* Southeastern Iberian
* Khom

|

Redundant|

* Espanca
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Zhuyin fuhao

Somacheirograms

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe Notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Japanese
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sogana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian Cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi (Modern)
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered scripts
(see for more)|

* Albanian
* Amharic
* Arabic
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Belarusian
* Bharati
* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Urdu
* etc.
* Bulgarian
* Burmese
* Cambodian
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (Mandarin, mainland)
* Czech
* Dutch
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* Estonian
* Faroese
* French
* Georgian
* German
* Ghanaian
* Greek
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hebrew
* Hungarian
* Icelandic
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Maltese
* Mongolian
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Northern Sami
* Persian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Samoan
* Scandinavian
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Tatar
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Thai & Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav

|

Reordered scripts|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based scripts|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent scripts|

* Japanese
* Korean
* Two-Cell Chinese

Eight-dot scripts|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

Persons|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Valentin Haüy
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Electronic writing systems

* Emoticons
* Emoji
* iConji
* Leet
* Unicode

* v
* t
* e

Internet slang dialects

* 3arabizi
* Alay (Indonesia)
* Denglisch
* Doge
* DoggoLingo
* Fingilish (Persian)
* Greeklish
* Gyaru-moji (Japan)
* Jejemon (Philippines)
* Leet ("1337")
* Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh
* Martian language (Chinese)
* Miguxês (Portuguese)
* O RLY?
* Padonkaffsky jargon (Russian)
* Translit
* Volapuk

* See also English internet slang (at Wiktionary)
* SMS language

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