Mace (spray)

Short description: Brand name of an aerosol self-defense spray

MaceType| Self-defense chemical spray

|

Inventor| Alan Lee Litman
Inception| 1960s
Manufacturer| Mace Security International
Available| Available
Website| mace.com

Mace is the brand name of an early type of aerosol self-defense spray invented by Alan Lee Litman in the 1960s. The first commercial product of its type, Litman's design packaged phenacyl chloride (CN) tear gas dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents into a small aerosol spray can,[1] usable in many environments and strong enough to act as a deterrent and incapacitant when sprayed in the face.[citation needed]

A generic trademark, its popularity led to the name "mace" being commonly used for other defense sprays regardless of their composition,[2][3] and for the term "maced" to be used to reference being pepper sprayed.[4] It is unrelated to the spice mace.

## History

The original formulation consisted of 1% chloroacetophenone (CN) in a solvent of 2-butanol, propylene glycol, cyclohexene, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.[5] Chemical Mace was originally developed in the 1960s by Allan Lee Litman and his wife, Doris Litman, after one of Doris's female colleagues was robbed in Pittsburgh.[6] In 1987, Chemical Mace was sold to Smith & Wesson and manufactured by their Lake Erie Chemical division. Smith & Wesson subsequently transferred ownership to Jon E. Goodrich along with the rest of the chemical division in what is now Mace Security International, which also owns federal trademark registrations for the term "mace".[7][8][9][10]

Historically, "chemical mace" was the development of irritant with the active ingredient called phenacyl chloride (CN) to incapacitate others whereas the term "Mace" is a trademarked term for use on personal defense sprays.[11] Though the design has been expanded on, the original chemical mace formula using only CN has since been discontinued. Due to the potentially toxic nature of CN and the generally superior incapacitating qualities of oleoresin capsicum (OC) pepper spray in most situations, the early CN has been mostly supplanted by OC formulas in police use, although Mace Security International still retains a popular "Triple Action" formula combining CN, OC and an ultraviolet marker dye.[1]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Leu, Chelsea (1 July 2017). "What's Inside Triple-Action Mace? Chili Peppers and UV Dye". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/whats-inside-triple-action-mace-chili-peppers-and-uv-dye/. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
2. ↑ Gerhardt, Nick. "27 Trademarked Names That Have Become Commonly Used Terms". https://www.familyhandyman.com/smart-homeowner/27-trademark-names-that-have-become-generic-terms/.
3. ↑ Quirk, Mary Beth (July 19, 2014). "15 Product Trademarks That Have Become Victims Of Genericization". Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/consumerist/15-product-trademarks-that-have-become-victims-of-genericization/.
4. ↑ Clankie, Shawn (1999). "Brand Name Use in Creative Writing: Genericide or Language Right?". in Buranen, Lise; Roy, Alice Myers (in en). Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern World. SUNY Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-7914-4080-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=3OrS-VZ9EcsC&pg=PA260.
5. ↑ Sarosh, Tuba (2021-11-26). "Pepper Spray vs Mace Spray: What's the Difference?" (in en-US). https://techsherlock.com/pepper-spray-vs-mace-difference/.
6. ↑ Gross, Daniel A. (November 4, 2014). "The Forgotten History of Mace, Designed by a 29-Year-Old and Reinvented as a Police Weapon" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/forgotten-history-mace-designed-29-year-old-and-reinvented-police-weapon-180953239/.
7. ↑ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". https://tsdr.uspto.gov/.
8. ↑ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74541060&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch.
9. ↑ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=77689274+&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch.
10. ↑ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=88737833+&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch.
11. ↑ "Mace vs. Pepper Spray – Pepper Spray Store". https://www.pepper-spray-store.com/pages/mace-vs-pepperspray.

## External links

* Official site of manufacturer Mace Security International
* Official Pepper Spray Laws
* "Klages v. General Ordnance Equipment Corporation (04/22/76)". FindACase. http://pa.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac/SAC/PA/1976/19760422_0040898.PA.htm/qx.

* v
* t
* e

* Agents used in chemical warfare
* incapacitation
* riot control

Blood|

* Cyanogen
* Cyanogen bromide
* Cyanogen chloride (CK)
* Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
* Arsine
* Vinyl arsine

Blister|

* Arsenicals
* Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
* Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
* Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
* Lewisite (L)
* Mustard gas (HD H HT HL HQ)
* Nitrogen mustard
* HN1
* HN2
* HN3
* TL-301
* Nitrosocarbamates
* KB-16

Nerve|

| G-agents|

* Tabun (GA)
* Sarin (GB)
* Chlorosarin (GC)
* Soman (GD)
* Ethylsarin (GE)
* Cyclosarin (GF)
* GH
* GJ
* GK
* GL
* GM
* GN
* GO
* GP
* GQ
* GR
* GS
* GT
* GU
* Fluorotabun
* GV
* GV1
* GV2
* GV3
* GV4
* GV5
* GV6
* EA-1356
* EA-3534
* EA-4352
* EA-5414
* EA-5488
* Thiosarin
* Thiosoman
* Thiocyclosarin
* Crotylsarin

|

V-agents|

* EA-2192
* EA-3148
* EA-3317
* VD
* VE
* VF
* VG
* VH
* VJ
* VK
* VL
* VM
* VN
* VO
* VP
* VQ
* VR
* VS
* VT
* VU
* VV
* VW
* VY
* VZ
* VX
* V1
* V2
* V3
* V4
* V5
* V6
* IVX
* IIVx
* Chinese VX
* V-sub x (GD-7)

Novichok agents|

* A-230
* A-232
* A-234
* A-242
* A-262
* C01-A035
* C01-A039
* C01-A042

Carbamates|

* EA-3887
* EA-3887A
* EA-3948
* EA-3966
* EA-3990
* EA-4026
* EA-4038
* EA-4048
* EA-4056
* EA-4057
* EA-4181
* T-1123
* Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

Other|

* EA-2012
* EA-2054
* EA-2098
* EA-2613
* 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
* Neopentylene fluorophosphate

Precursors|

* Chlorosarin
* Chlorosoman
* Cyclohexanol
* 1,8-Dibromooctane
* N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
* Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
* Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
* Isopropyl alcohol
* Methyldichlorophosphine
* Methylphosphonic acid dichloride
* Methylphosphonyl difluoride
* Pinacolone
* Pinacolyl alcohol
* QL
* 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

Neurotoxins|

* Saxitoxin (TZ)
* Botulinum toxin (BTX)
* Tetanospasmin (TeNT)
* Chlorophenylsilatrane
* Tetrodotoxin

Nettle|

* Phosgene oxime (CX)

Pulmonary/Choking agent|

* Chlorine
* Phosgene (CG)
* Perfluoroisobutene
* Chloropicrin (PS)
* Diphosgene (DP)
* Disulfur decafluoride
* Acrolein
* Ethyl bromoacetate
* Perchloromethyl mercaptan

Vomiting agent|

* Adamsite
* Chloropicrin
* Diphenylchlorarsine
* Diphenylcyanoarsine
* Diphenylaminecyanoarsine

Incapacitating|

* Agent 15 (BZ)
* Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
* EA-3167
* EA-3443
* EA-3580
* EA-3834
* Kolokol-1
* LSD-25
* PAVA spray
* Sleeping gas

Riot control|

* Xylyl bromide
* Pepper spray (OC)
* Mace (spray)
* CN
* CS
* CR
* CNS

Other|

* Methyl fluoroacetate
* Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
* Ricin
* Abrin
* Enterotoxin type B
* Depleted uranium
* post-combustion uranium oxides

* List of chemical warfare agents
* CB military symbol

* v
* t
* e

TRP channel modulators

TRPA|

| Activators|

* 4-Hydroxynonenal
* 4-Oxo-2-nonenal
* 4,5-EET
* 12S-HpETE
* 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
* α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Acrolein
* Allicin (garlic)
* Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi)
* AM404
* Bradykinin
* Cannabichromene (cannabis)
* Cannabidiol (cannabis)
* Cannabigerol (cannabis)
* Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
* CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
* CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
* Curcumin (turmeric)
* Dehydroligustilide (celery)
* Diallyl disulfide
* Dicentrine (Lindera spp.)
* Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
* Formalin
* Gingerols (ginger)
* Hepoxilin A3
* Hepoxilin B3
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Icilin
* Isothiocyanate
* Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba)
* Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme)
* Methylglyoxal
* Methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
* N-Methylmaleimide
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* Oleocanthal (olive oil)
* Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
* PF-4840154
* Phenacyl chloride
* Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
* Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Tear gases
* Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
* Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion)
* Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
* WIN 55,212-2

|

Blockers|

* Dehydroligustilide (celery)
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* Ruthenium red

TRPC|

| Activators|

* Adhyperforin (St John's wort)
* Diacyl glycerol
* GSK1702934A
* Hyperforin (St John's wort)
* Substance P

|

Blockers|

* DCDPC
* DHEA-S
* Flufenamic acid
* GSK417651A
* GSK2293017A
* Meclofenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* Niflumic acid
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Progesterone
* Pyr3
* Tolfenamic acid

TRPM|

| Activators|

* ADP-ribose
* BCTC
* Calcium (intracellular)
* Cold
* Coolact P
* Cooling Agent 10
* CPS-369
* Eucalyptol (eucalyptus)
* Frescolat MGA
* Frescolat ML
* Geraniol
* Hydroxycitronellal
* Icilin
* Linalool
* Menthol (mint)
* PMD 38
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana)
* Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly)
* Thio-BCTC
* WS-3
* WS-12
* WS-23

|

Blockers|

* Capsazepine
* Clotrimazole
* DCDPC
* Elismetrep
* Flufenamic acid
* Meclofenamic acid
* Mefenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* Niflumic acid
* Ruthenium red
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Tolfenamic acid
* TPPO

TRPML|

| Activators|

* MK6-83
* PI(3,5)P2
* SF-22

|

TRPP|

| Activators|

* Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii)

|

Blockers|

* Ruthenium red

TRPV|

| Activators|

* 2-APB
* 5',6'-EET
* 9-HODE
* 9-oxoODE
* 12S-HETE
* 12S-HpETE
* 13-HODE
* 13-oxoODE
* 20-HETE
* α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Allicin (garlic)
* AM404
* Anandamide
* Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata)
* Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil)<!--TRPV1 and TRPV3-->
* Cannabidiol (cannabis)
* Cannabidivarin (cannabis)
* Capsaicin (chili pepper)
* Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others)
* DHEA
* Diacyl glycerol
* Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Estradiol
* Eugenol (basil, clove)
* Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa)
* Gingerols (ginger)
* GSK1016790A
* Heat
* Hepoxilin A3
* Hepoxilin B3
* Homocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Incensole (incense)
* Lysophosphatidic acid
* Low pH (acidic conditions)
* Menthol (mint)
* N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
* N-Oleoyldopamine
* N-Oleoylethanolamide
* Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray)
* Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
* Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD)
* Piperine (black pepper, long pepper)
* Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
* Probenecid
* Protons
* RhTx
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
* Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis)
* Thymol (thyme, oregano)
* Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
* Tramadol
* Vanillin (vanilla)
* Zucapsaicin

|

Blockers|

* α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana)
* AMG-517
* Asivatrep
* BCTC
* Cannabigerol (cannabis)
* Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis)
* Cannabigerovarin (cannabis)
* Cannabinol (cannabis)
* Capsazepine
* DCDPC
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Flufenamic acid
* GRC-6211
* HC-067047
* Lanthanum
* Mavatrep
* Meclofenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* NGD-8243
* Niflumic acid
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* RN-1734
* RN-9893
* Ruthenium red
* SB-705498
* Tivanisiran
* Tolfenamic acid

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators

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*[TRP]: Transient receptor potential
*[TRPA]: Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel
*[TRPC]: Transient receptor potential canonical channel
*[TRPM]: Transient receptor potential melastatin channel
*[TRPML]: Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel
*[TRPP]: Transient receptor potential polycystin channel
*[TRPV]: Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel