Huizhou Chinese

| name = Hui | nativename = 徽語 / 徽语 | states = China | region = Huizhou, southern Anhui, neighbouring portions of Zhejiang and Jiangxi | speakers = 5.4 million | date = 2021 | ref = e26 | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = Sinitic | fam3 = Chinese | dialect_label = Varieties | dia1 = Ji–She | dia2 = Xiu–Yi | dia3 = Qi–De | dia4 = Yanzhou | dia5 = Jing–Zhan | map = Hui in China.png | mapcaption = | iso3 = czh | glotto = huiz1242 | glottorefname = Hui Chinese | lingua = 79-AAA-da | notice = IPA }}

Huizhou Chinese

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Hui Chinese (Chinese: 徽语)[1][2] is one of the ten primary varieties of the Chinese language spoken in the Hui cultural region (Chinese: 徽文化区),[3] including the historical Huizhou Prefecture in Southern Anhui, and part of the historical Yanzhou Prefecture in Zhejiang and part of Raozhou Prefecture [zh; zh; 饶州府] in Jiangxi.

Although the Hui cultural region is small compared to other Chinese dialectal regions, Hui Chinese displays a very high degree of internal variation, and the lect is also situated near many mutually unintelligible varieties, making its classification difficult.[4] It has been previously grouped with Jianghuai Mandarin, Wu, and Gan, and some even believe that it does not even constitute a singular language family.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Region of use
* 2 Classification
* 3 History
* 4 Languages and dialects
* 5 Features
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Region of use

Hui Chinese is the Chinese variety spoken in the Hui cultural region, which not only include the historical Huizhou Prefecture, but also include part of the historical Yanzhou Prefecture and part of the historical Raozhou Prefecture [zh; zh; 饶州府]. The relationship between Huizhou Prefecture and Hui cultural region resembles that of Canton Prefecture and Yue cultural region.

* Huizhou Pefecture (historical administrative division)
* Huangshan City and Jixi County in Anhui Province (nowadays administrative division)
* Wuyuan County in Jiangxi Province (nowadays administrative division)
* Part of Yanzhou Prefecture (historical administrative division)
* Jiande County-level City in Zhejiang Province (nowadays administrative division)
* Part of Raozhou Prefecture [zh; zh; 饶州府] (historical administrative division)
* Fuliang County in Jiangxi Province (nowadays administartive division)

## Classification

Hui Chinese was originally classified as Lower Yangtze Mandarin but it is currently classified separately from it.[6] The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences supported the separation of Huizhou from Lower Yangtze Mandarin in 1987.[7] Its classification is disputed, with some linguists, such as Matisoff classifying it as Wu Chinese, others such as Bradley (2007) as Gan, and still others setting it apart as a primary branch of Chinese.

A reconstruction of Common Huizhou by Coblin has found that the lect group is likely areal, not a "genetically related" group of varieties, and is merely a useful category to collect these hard-to-classify varieties. He notes that they do not belong to any other top-level group due to the lack of shared innovations with any, and that they do not have any shared innovations among themselves. He also notes that the above conclusion would imply that his reconstruction is not a proto-system, but instead an "analytical device or template".[5]

## History

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jianghuai speakers moved into Hui dialect areas.[8]

Some works of literature produced in Yangzhou, such as Qingfengzha, a novel, contain Jianghuai Mandarin. People in Yangzhou identified by the dialect they speak, locals spoke the dialect, as opposed to sojourners, who spoke other varieties like Huizhou or Wu. This led to the formation of identity based on one's dialect. Large numbers of merchants from Huizhou lived in Yangzhou and effectively were responsible for keeping the town afloat.[9] Merchants in the later imperial period also sponsored operas and performances in the Hui dialect.[10]

## Languages and dialects

Zhengzhang Shangfang divided the Hui languages into five subgroups, which are also used in the Language Atlas of China:[11][12]

Ji–She (績歙)
spoken in Jixi, She County, Huizhou, Jingde (Hongchuan area in the west), and Ningguo (Hongmen area in the south), Anhui province, as well as Chun'an (Tangcun in the west, etc.), Zhejiang province.
carries notable Wu influence. Jixihua is the main Ji-She variety.
Xiu–Yi (休黟)
spoken in Tunxi, Taiping (Guocun in the southwest), Xiuning, Yi County, and Qimen (around Fufeng in the southeast), as well as Wuyuan, Jiangxi province.
Tunxihua is the main Xiu-Yi variety.
Qi–De (祁德)
spoken in Qimen and Dongzhi (partially), Anhui province, as well as Fuliang, Dexing, and Wuyuan, Jiangxi province.
greatly influenced by the surrounding Gan languages.
Yanzhou (嚴州)
spoken in Chun'an and Jiande (formerly Yanzhou Prefecture), Zhejiang province.
heavily influenced by Wu.
Jing–Zhan (旌占)
spoken in Jingde, Qimen (in and around Anling, Chengan, and Chiling), Shitai (Zhanda area), Yi County (Meixi, Kecun, and other northern towns), and Ningguo, Anhui province.
forms a thin corridor along the northern edge of the Hui group, carrying influence from Xuanzhou Wu.

Huizhou varieties differ from township to township.[13] People in different townships, towns, etc. (even in one county) often cannot speak with one another.

## Features

Phonologically speaking, Hui is noted for its massive loss of syllable codas, including -i, -u, and nasals:

Character | Meaning | Hui of Tunxi | Wu of Shanghai | Huai (Jianghuai) of Hefei | Standard Mandarin

|
|
|
|
|

燒 | burn | /ɕiɔ/ | /sɔ/ | /ʂɔ/ | /ʂɑu/
柴 | firewood | /sa/ | /za/ | /tʂʰɛ/ | /tʂʰai/
綫 | line | /siːɛ/ | /ɕi/ | /ɕĩ/ | /ɕiɛn/
張 | sheet | /tɕiau/ | /tsɑ̃/ | /tʂɑ̃/ | /tʂɑŋ/
網 | web | /mau/ | /mɑ̃/ | /wɑ̃/ | /wɑŋ/
檻 | threshold | /kʰɔ/ | /kʰɛ/ | /kʰã/ | /kʰan/

Many Hui dialects have diphthongs with a higher lengthened first part. For example, 話 ("speech") is /uːɜ/ in Xiuning County (Standard Chinese /xuɑ/), 園 ("yard") is /yːɛ/ in Xiuning County (Standard Chinese /yɛn/); 結 ("knot") is /tɕiːaʔ/ in Yi County (Standard Chinese /tɕiɛ/), 約 ("agreement") is /iːuʔ/ in Yi County (Standard Chinese /yɛ/). A few areas take this to extremes. For example, Likou in Qimen County has /fũːmɛ̃/ for 飯 ("rice") (Standard Chinese /fan/), with the /m/ appearing directly as a result of the lengthened, nasalized /ũː/.

Because nasal codas have mostly been lost, Hui reuses the 儿 /-r/ ending as a diminutive. For example, in the Tunxi dialect, 索 "rope" appears as /soːn/ from /soʔ/ \+ /-r/.

## References

1. ↑ "Glottolog 5.3 - Hui Chinese". https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/huiz1242.
2. ↑ Hu, Fang; Zhang, Minghui (2019-10-01). "Centering diphthongization in Hui Chinese dialects" (in en). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146 (4_Supplement): 3010–3010. doi:10.1121/1.5137425. ISSN 0001-4966. https://pubs.aip.org/jasa/article/146/4_Supplement/3010/703809/Centering-diphthongization-in-Hui-Chinese-dialects.
3. ↑ "文史记忆丨婺派建筑：儒家传人为自己创造的生存空间_浙江在线". https://jinhua.zjol.com.cn/201902/t20190219_9492992_ext.shtml?mode=m2pc.
4. ↑ Li, Rong (2012), 中國語言地圖集 (2 ed.), The Commercial Press, ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.中國語言地圖集&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rong&rft.au=Li, Rong&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.isbn=978-7-100-07054-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:Huizhou_Chinese">
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Coblin, W. South (2007). "Comparative Phonology of the Huīzhōu Dialects". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 2 (1).
6. ↑ Barbara F. Grimes, ed (2000). Ethnologue, Volume 1 (14th ed.). SIL International. p. 404. ISBN 1-55671-103-4. "Formerly considered to be part of the Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin, but now considered by many to be a separate major variety of Chinese. Dialects are reported to differ greatly from each other. Different from the Huizhou dialect of..."
7. ↑ Facts About China (illustrated ed.). H.W. Wilson. 2003. p. 70. ISBN 0-8242-0961-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=zw4ZAQAAIAAJ. "For this reason, the Chinese Academy of Social Science suggested in 1987 that two new groups, the Jin and the Hui, be separated from the northwestern and the Jiang-Huai Mandarin subgroups. Distinctive Features: Mandarin dialects are..."
8. ↑ Hilary Chappell, ed (2004). Chinese Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-19-927213-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=O9PdjsBqUk4C&pg=PA17. "According to Hirata, however, Hui is composed of many layers: its dialects are spoken in an area originally occupied by the Yue i* tribe, suggestive of a possible substrate, later to be overlaid by migrations from Northern China in the Medieval Nanbeichao period and the Tang and Song dynasties. This was followed by the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects of the migrants who arrived during the Ming and Qing periods, and more recently by Wu dialects in particular, acquired by peripatetic Hui merchants who have represented an active..."
9. ↑ Margaret B. Wan (2009). "Local Fiction of the Yangzhou Region: Qingfengzha". in Lucie B. Olivová. Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou. Issue 44 of NIAS studies in Asian topics, Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier København (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-87-7694-035-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA184. "Some grammatical features of Yangzhou dialect are shared with Jianghuai Mandarin. Others may be of more limited usage but are used in Dingyuan County (the setting of Qingfengzha), which belongs to the same subgroup of Jianghuai."
10. ↑ Guo, Qitao (2005). Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804750327. https://books.google.com/books?id=lJWTY9dIs5oC.
11. ↑ Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
12. ↑ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
13. ↑ 孟庆惠; 安徽省地方志编纂委员会 [Anhui Place Almanac Compilation Committee]. 方志出版社. pp. 412. http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf.安徽省地方志编纂委员会+[Anhui+Place+Almanac+Compilation+Committee]&rft.pages=pp. 412&rft.pub=方志出版社&rft_id=http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Social:Huizhou_Chinese">

## External links

| Huizhou Chinese test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

|

* Classification of Hui Dialects

Template:Sino-Tibetan languages

* v
* t
* e

Languages of China

Official|

* Standard Mandarin

Regional|

| ARs / SARs|

* CantoneseHK/MC
* EnglishHK
* MongolianNM
* PortugueseMC
* TibetanXZ
* UyghurXJ
* ZhuangGX

|

Prefecture|

* Hmong
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* Korean
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* Yi
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Counties/Banners|

numerous

Indigenous|

Sino-Tibetan languages

| Lolo-
Burmese|

| Mondzish|

* Kathu
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* Manga
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* Maza
* Mondzi
* Muangphe

|

Burmish|

* Achang
* Xiandao
* Pela
* Lashi
* Chashan
* Lhao Vo
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Loloish|

| Hanoish|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Amu
* Angluo
* Asuo
* Baihong
* Bisu
* Budu
* Bukong
* Cosao
* Duoni
* Duota
* Enu
* Habei
* Hani
* Honi
* Jino
* Kabie
* Kaduo
* Lami
* Laomian
* Laopin
* Mpi
* Muda
* Nuobi
* Nuomei
* Phana’
* Piyo
* Qidi
* Sadu
* Sangkong
* Suobi
* Tsukong
* Woni
* Yiche

|

Lisoish|

* Eka
* Hlersu
* Kua-nsi
* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Lalo
* Lamu
* Lavu
* Lawu
* Limi
* Lipo
* Lisu
* Lolopo
* Mangdi
* Micha
* Mili
* Sonaga
* Toloza
* Xuzhang
* Yangliu
* Zibusi

Nisoish|

* Alingpo
* Alugu
* Aluo
* Axi
* Azha
* Azhe
* Bokha
* Gepo
* Khlula
* Lope
* Moji
* Muji
* Muzi
* Nasu
* Nisu
* Nuosu
* Phala
* Phola
* Phowa
* Phukha
* Phuma
* Phupa
* Phupha
* Phuza
* Samei
* Sani
* Thopho
* Zokhuo

Other|

* Gokhy
* Katso
* Kucong
* Lahu
* Naruo
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Nusu
* Samu
* Sanie
* Zauzou

Qiangic|

* Baima
* Choyo
* Ersu
* Guiqiong
* Horpa
* Japhug
* Khroskyabs
* Laze
* Lizu
* Na
* Muya
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Pumi
* Northern Qiang
* Southern Qiang
* Shixing
* Situ
* Tshobdun
* Zbu
* Zhaba

Tibetic|

* Amdo
* Baima
* Basum
* Central Tibetan
* Choni
* Dao
* Dongwang
* Drugchu
* Groma
* Gserpa
* Khalong
* Khams
* Kyirong
* Ladakhi
* Tseku
* Zhongu
* Zitsadegu

Other|

* Bai
* Caijia
* Derung
* Jingpho
* Longjia
* Nung
* Tujia
* Waxianghua

Other languages

| Austroasiatic|

* Bit
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* Bolyu
* Bugan
* Bumang
* Hu
* Kuan
* Mang
* Man Met
* Muak Sa-aak
* Palaung
* Riang
* U
* Va
* Wa

|

Hmong-Mien|

| Hmongic|

* A-Hmao
* Bu-Nao
* Gejia
* Guiyang
* Hm Nai
* Hmong
* Hmu
* Huishui
* Kiong Nai
* Luobohe
* Mashan
* Pa-Hng
* Pa Na
* Pingtang
* Qo Xiong
* Raojia
* She
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* Younuo

|

Mienic|

* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Iu Mien
* Kim Mun

Mongolic|

* Bonan
* Buryat
* Daur
* Eastern Yugur
* Kangjia
* Khamnigan
* Monguor
* Oirat
* Ordos
* Santa
* Torgut

Kra-Dai|

| Zhuang|

* Bouyei
* Dai
* Min
* Ningming
* Nong
* Tai Dam
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hongjin
* Tai Lü
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Ya
* Yang
* Yei

|

Other|

* Ai-Cham
* Biao
* Buyang
* Cao Miao
* Chadong
* Cun
* Gelao
* Hlai
* Jiamao
* Kam
* Lakkja
* Mak
* Maonan
* Mulam
* Naxi Yao
* Ong Be
* Paha
* Qabiao
* Sui
* Then

Tungusic|

* Evenki
* Manchu
* Nanai
* Oroqen
* Xibe

Turkic|

* Äynu
* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Ili Turki
* Lop
* Salar
* Western Yugur

Other|

* Sarikoli (Indo-European)
* Tsat (Austronesian)
* Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority|

* Kazakh
* Korean
* Kyrgyz
* Russian
* Tatar
* Tuvan
* Uzbek
* Vietnamese (Kinh)
* Wakhi

Varieties of
Chinese|

* Mandarin
* Southwestern
* Dongbei
* Jiang Huai
* Gan
* Hakka
* Hui
* Jin
* Min
* varieties
* Ping
* Wu
* Wenzhounese
* Xiang
* Yue
* Cantonese

Creole/Mixed|

* E
* Hezhou
* Lingling
* Macanese
* Maojia
* Qoqmončaq
* Sanqiao
* Tangwang
* Wutun

Extinct|

* Ba-Shu
* Jie
* Khitan
* Ruan-ruan
* Saka
* Tangut
* Tocharian
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun
* Xianbei
* Zhang-Zhung

Sign|

* Chinese Sign
* Hong Kong SignHK/MC
* Tibetan SignXZ

* GX = Guangxi
* HK = Hong Kong
* MC = Macau
* NM = Inner Mongolia
* XJ = Xinjiang
* XZ = Tibet

* v
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* e

Chinese language

Major
subdivisions|

| Mandarin|

* Northeastern
* Harbin
* Shenyang
* Taz
* Beijing
* Beijing
* Ji–Lu
* Tianjin
* Jinan
* Jiao–Liao
* Dalian
* Qingdao
* Weihai
* Central Plains
* Gangou
* Guanzhong
* Luoyang
* Xuzhou
* Dungan
* Dongping
* Lan–Yin
* Southwestern
* Sichuanese
* Minjiang
* Kunming
* Wuhan
* Wuming
* Lower Yangtze
* Nanjing
* Xinjiang

|

Wu|

* Taihu
* Shanghainese
* Suzhou
* Wuxi
* Changzhou
* Hangzhou
* Shaoxing
* Ningbo
* Jinxiang
* Jiangyin
* Shadi
* Taizhou Wu
* Taizhou
* Tiantai
* Oujiang
* Wenzhou
* Wuzhou
* Jinhua
* Chu–Qu
* Quzhou
* Jiangshan
* Qingtian
* Xuanzhou

Gan|

* Chang–Du
* Yi–Liu
* Ying–Yi
* Da–Tong

Xiang|

* Changyi
* Changsha
* Loushao
* Shuangfeng
* Xiangxiang
* Ji–Xu
* Yong–Quan
* Qiyang

Min|

| Eastern|

* Fuzhou
* Fuqing
* Fu'an
* Manjiang

|

Southern|

* Hokkien
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Amoy
* Taiwanese
* Philippine Hokkien
* Medan Hokkien
* Penang Hokkien
* Singaporean Hokkien
* Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
* Burmese Hokkien
* Zhenan
* Longyan
* Chaoshan
* Teochew
* Shantou
* Haifeng
* Zhongshan
* Nanlang
* Sanxiang

Other|

* Northern
* Jian'ou
* Jianyang
* Central
* Pu–Xian
* Shao–Jiang
* Leizhou
* Zhanjiang
* Hainan

Hakka|

* Meixian
* Wuhua
* Huizhou
* Tingzhou
* Changting
* Taiwanese Hakka
* Sixian
* Hailu
* Raoping

Yue|

* Yuehai
* Cantonese
* Xiguan
* Jiujiang
* Shiqi
* Weitou
* Dapeng
* Gao–Yang
* Siyi
* Taishan
* Goulou
* Wu–Hua
* Yong–Xun
* Luo–Guang
* Qin–Lian

Proposed|

* Huizhou
* Jin
* Hohhot
* Pinghua

Unclassified|

* Badong Yao
* Danzhou
* Junjiahua
* Mai
* Shaozhou Tuhua
* Shehua
* Waxiang
* Yeheni

Standardised
forms|

* Standard Chinese (Mandarin)
* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Cantonese
* Taiwanese Hokkien

Phonology|

* Historical
* Old
* Old National
* Cantonese
* Mandarin
* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Chinese grammar
* Chinese numerals
* Chinese classifier
* Chinese honorifics
* Chinese Idiom

Set phrase|

* Chengyu (Chinese Four Character Idiom)
* Xiehouyu

Input method|

* Pinyin input method
* Bopomofo
* Cangjie input method
* Four-Corner method
* Boshiamy method
* Wubi method

History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
* Ba–Shu
* Gan

Literary
forms|

| Official|

* Classical
* Adoption
* in Vietnam
* Vernacular

|

Other varieties|

* Written Cantonese
* Written Dungan
* Written Hokkien
* Written Sichuanese

Scripts|

| Standard|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Chinese punctuation
* Stroke order

|

Styles|

* Oracle bone
* Bronze
* Seal
* Clerical
* Semi-cursive
* Cursive

Braille|

* Cantonese Braille
* Mainland Chinese Braille
* Taiwanese Braille
* Two-cell Chinese Braille

Phonetic|

* Cyrillization
* Dungan Cyrillic
* Romanization
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Hanyu Pinyin
* MPS II
* Postal
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale
* Bopomofo
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Hangul
* Xiao'erjing
* Nüshu

List of varieties of Chinese

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