Molality

In chemistry, molality is a measure of the amount of solute in a solution relative to a given mass of solvent. This contrasts with the definition of molarity which is based on a given volume of solution.

A commonly used unit for molality is moles of solute per kilogram solvent (mol/kg). A solution of concentration 1 mol/kg is often written as 1 molal (or 1 m).

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Origin
* 3 Unit
* 4 Usage considerations
* 4.1 Advantages
* 4.2 Problem areas
* 5 Relation to other compositional quantities
* 5.1 Mass fraction
* 5.2 Mole fraction
* 5.3 Molar concentration (molarity)
* 5.4 Mass concentration
* 5.5 Equal ratios
* 5.6 Example of conversion
* 5.7 Osmolality
* 6 Relation to apparent (molar) properties
* 6.1 Relation to apparent molar properties and activity coefficients
* 7 Molalities of a ternary or multicomponent solution
* 7.1 From the molalities of the binary solutions
* 8 See also
* 9 References

## Definition

The molality (b), of a solution is defined as the amount of substance (in moles) of solute, nsolute, divided by the mass (in kg) of the solvent, msolvent:[1]

b=nsolutemsolvent.

In the case of solutions with more than one solvent, molality can be defined for the mixed solvent considered as a pure pseudo-solvent. Instead of mole solute per kilogram solvent as in the binary case, units are defined as mole solute per kilogram mixed solvent.[2]

## Origin

The term molality is formed in analogy to molarity which is the molar concentration of a solution. The earliest known use of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal, appears to have been published by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in the 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances.[3] Though the two terms are subject to being confused with one another, the molality and molarity of a dilute aqueous solution are nearly the same, as one kilogram of water (solvent) occupies the volume of 1 liter at room temperature and a small amount of solute has little effect on the volume.

## Unit

The SI unit for molality is moles per kilogram of solvent.

A solution with a molality of 3 mol/kg is often described as "3 molal", "3 m" or "3 m". However, following the SI system of units, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the United States authority on measurement, considers the term "molal" and the unit symbol "m" to be obsolete, and suggests mol/kg or a related unit of the SI.[4]

## Usage considerations

### Advantages

The primary advantage of using molality as a measure of concentration is that molality only depends on the masses of solute and solvent, which are unaffected by variations in temperature and pressure. In contrast, solutions prepared volumetrically (e.g. molar concentration or mass concentration) are likely to change as temperature and pressure change. In many applications, this is a significant advantage because the mass, or the amount, of a substance is often more important than its volume (e.g. in a limiting reagent problem).

Another advantage of molality is the fact that the molality of one solute in a solution is independent of the presence or absence of other solutes.

### Problem areas

Unlike all the other compositional properties listed in "Relation" section (below), molality depends on the choice of the substance to be called “solvent” in an arbitrary mixture. If there is only one pure liquid substance in a mixture, the choice is clear, but not all solutions are this clear-cut: in an alcohol–water solution, either one could be called the solvent; in an alloy, or solid solution, there is no clear choice and all constituents may be treated alike. In such situations, mass or mole fraction is the preferred compositional specification.

## Relation to other compositional quantities

In what follows, the solvent may be given the same treatment as the other constituents of the solution, such that the molality of the solvent of an n-solute solution, say b0, is found to be nothing more than the reciprocal of its molar mass, M0 (expressed in the unit kg/mol):

b0=n0n0M0=1M0.

For the solutes the expression of molalities is similar:

bi=nin0M0=xix0M0=cic0M0.

The expressions linking molalities to mass fractions and mass concentrations contain the molar masses of the solutes Mi:

bi=nin0M0=wiw0Mi=ρiρ0Mi.

Similarly the equalities below are obtained from the definitions of the molalities and of the other compositional quantities.

The mole fraction of solvent can be obtained from the definition by dividing the numerator and denominator to the amount of solvent n0:

x0=n0n0+n1+n2+∑j=3nnj=11+n1n0+n2n0+∑j=3nnjn0.

Then the sum of ratios of the other mole amounts to the amount of solvent is substituted with expressions from below containing molalities:

nin0=biM0

∑innin0=M0∑inbi

giving the result

x0=11+M0b1+M0b2+M0∑i=3nbi=11+M0∑i=1nbi.

### Mass fraction

The conversions to and from the mass fraction, w1, of the solute in a single-solute solution are

w1=11+1b1M1,b1=w1(1−w1)M1,

where b1 is the molality and M1 is the molar mass of the solute.

More generally, for an n-solute/one-solvent solution, letting bi and wi be, respectively, the molality and mass fraction of the i-th solute,

wi=w0biMi,bi=wiw0Mi,

where Mi is the molar mass of the ith solute, and w0 is the mass fraction of the solvent, which is expressible both as a function of the molalities as well as a function of the other mass fractions,

w0=11+∑j=1nbjMj=1−∑j=1nwj.

Substitution gives:

wi=biMi1+∑j=1nbjMj,bi=wi(1−∑j=1nwj)Mi.

### Mole fraction

The conversions to and from the mole fraction, x1 mole fraction of the solute in a single-solute solution are

x1=11+1M0b1,b1=x1M0(1−x1),

where M0 is the molar mass of the solvent.

More generally, for an n-solute/one-solvent solution, letting xi be the mole fraction of the ith solute,

xi=x0M0bi,bi=b0xix0=xiM0x0,

where x0 is the mole fraction of the solvent, expressible both as a function of the molalities as well as a function of the other mole fractions:

x0=11+M0∑i=1nbi=1−∑i=1nxi.

Substitution gives:

xi=M0bi1+M0∑j=1nbj,bi=xiM0(1−∑j=1nxj).

### Molar concentration (molarity)

The conversions to and from the molar concentration, c1, for one-solute solutions are

c1=ρb11+b1M1,b1=c1ρ−c1M1,

where ρ is the mass density of the solution, b1 is the molality, and M1 is the molar mass (in kg/mol) of the solute.

For solutions with n solutes, the conversions are

ci=c0M0bi,bi=b0cic0,

where the molar concentration of the solvent c0 is expressible both as a function of the molalities as well as a function of the other molarities:

c0=ρb01+∑j=1nbjMj=ρ−∑j=1nciMiM0.

Substitution gives:

ci=ρbi1+∑j=1nbjMj,bi=ciρ−∑j=1ncjMj,

### Mass concentration

The conversions to and from the mass concentration, ρsolute, of a single-solute solution are

ρsolute=ρbM1+bM,b=ρsoluteM(ρ−ρsolute),

ρ1=ρb1M11+b1M1,b1=ρ1M1(ρ−ρ1),

where ρ is the mass density of the solution, b1 is the molality, and M1 is the molar mass of the solute.

For the general n-solute solution, the mass concentration of the ith solute, ρi, is related to its molality, bi, as follows:

ρi=ρ0biMi,bi=ρiρ0Mi,

where the mass concentration of the solvent, ρ0, is expressible both as a function of the molalities as well as a function of the other mass concentrations:

ρ0=ρ1+∑j=1nbjMj=ρ−∑i=1nρi.

Substitution gives:

ρi=ρbiMi1+∑j=1nbjMjbi=ρiMi(ρ−∑j=1nρj).

### Equal ratios

Alternatively, one may use just the last two equations given for the compositional property of the solvent in each of the preceding sections, together with the relationships given below, to derive the remainder of properties in that set:

bibj=xixj=cicj=ρiMjρjMi=wiMjwjMi,

where i and j are subscripts representing all the constituents, the n solutes plus the solvent.

### Example of conversion

An acid mixture consists of 0.76, 0.04, and 0.20 mass fractions of 70% HNO3, 49% HF, and H2O, where the percentages refer to mass fractions of the bottled acids carrying a balance of H2O. The first step is determining the mass fractions of the constituents:

wHNO3=0.70×0.76=0.532wHF=0.49×0.04=0.0196wH2O=1−wHNO3−wHF=0.448.

The approximate molar masses in kg/mol are

MHNO3=0.063 kg/mol,MHF=0.020 kg/mol, MH2O=0.018 kg/mol.

First derive the molality of the solvent, in mol/kg,

bH2O=1MH2O=10.018 mol/kg,

and use that to derive all the others by use of the equal ratios:

bHNO3bH2O=wHNO3MH2OwH2OMHNO3∴bHNO3=18.83 mol/kg.

Actually, bH2O cancels out, because it is not needed. In this case, there is a more direct equation: we use it to derive the molality of HF:

bHF=wHFwH2OMHF=2.19 mol/kg.

The mole fractions may be derived from this result:

xH2O=11+MH2O(bHNO3+bHF)=0.726,
xHNO3xH2O=bHNO3bH2O∴xHNO3=0.246,
xHF=1−xHNO3−xH2O=0.029.

### Osmolality

Osmolality is a variation of molality that takes into account only solutes that contribute to a solution's osmotic pressure. It is measured in osmoles of the solute per kilogram of water. This unit is frequently used in medical laboratory results in place of osmolarity, because it can be measured simply by depression of the freezing point of a solution, or cryoscopy (see also: osmostat and colligative properties).

## Relation to apparent (molar) properties

Molality appears in the expression of the apparent (molar) volume of a solute as a function of the molality b of that solute (and density of the solution and solvent):

ϕV~1=V−V0n1=(mρ−m0ρ00)1n1=(m1+m0ρ−m0ρ00)1n1=(m0ρ−m0ρ00)1n1+m1ρn1,

ϕV~1=1b1(1ρ−1ρ00)+M1ρ.

For multicomponent systems the relation is slightly modified by the sum of molalities of solutes. Also a total molality and a mean apparent molar volume can be defined for the solutes together and also a mean molar mass of the solutes as if they were a single solute. In this case the first equality from above is modified with the mean molar mass M of the pseudosolute instead of the molar mass of the single solute:

ϕV~12..=1bT(1ρ−1ρ00)+Mρ, M=∑yiMi

yi=bibT, yi,j being ratios involving molalities of solutes i,j and the total molality bT.

The sum of products molalities - apparent molar volumes of solutes in their binary solutions equals the product between the sum of molalities of solutes and apparent molar volume in ternary or multicomponent solution.[5]

ϕV~123..(b1+b2+b3+…)=b11ϕV~1+b22ϕV~2+b33ϕV~3+….

### Relation to apparent molar properties and activity coefficients

For concentrated ionic solutions the activity coefficient of the electrolyte is split into electric and statistical components.

The statistical part includes molality b, hydration index number h, the number of ions from the dissociation and the ratio ra between the apparent molar volume of the electrolyte and the molar volume of water.

Concentrated solution statistical part of the activity coefficient is:[6][7][8]

ln⁡γs=h−ννln⁡(1+bra55.5)−hνln⁡(1−bra55.5)+bra(ra+h−ν)55.5(1+bra55.5).

## Molalities of a ternary or multicomponent solution

The molalities of solutes b1, b2 in a ternary solution obtained by mixing two binary aqueous solutions with different solutes (say a sugar and a salt or two different salts) are different than the initial molalities of the solutes bii in their binary solutions:

b1=m11M1(m01+m02)=n11m01+m02=b111+m02m01,

b2=m22M2(m01+m02)=n22m01+m02=b22m01m02+1,

b11=m11M1m01=n11m01,

b22=m22M2m02=n22m02.

The content of solvent in mass fractions w01 and w02 from each solution of masses ms1 and ms2 to be mixed as a function of initial molalities is calculated. Then the amount (mol) of solute from each binary solution is divided by the sum of masses of water after mixing:

b1=1M1w11ms1w01ms1+w02ms2=1M1w11ms1(1−w11)ms1+(1−w22)ms2=1M1w11ms1ms1+ms2−w11ms1−w22ms2,

b2=1M2w22ms2w01ms1+w02ms2=1M2w22ms2(1−w11)ms1+(1−w22)ms2=1M2w22ms2ms1+ms2−w11ms1−w22ms2.

Mass fractions of each solute in the initial solutions w11 and w22 are expressed as a function of the initial molalities b11, b22:

w11=b11M1b11M1+1,

w22=b22M2b22M2+1.

These expressions of mass fractions are substituted in the final molalitaties:

b1=1M111w11+ms2w11ms1−1−w22ms2w11ms1,

b2=1M21ms1w22ms2+1w22−w11ms1w22ms2−1.

The results for a ternary solution can be extended to a multicomponent solution (with more than two solutes).

### From the molalities of the binary solutions

The molalities of the solutes in a ternary solution can be expressed also from molalities in the binary solutions and their masses:

b1=m11M1(m01+m02)=n11m01+m02,

b2=m22M2(m01+m02)=n22m01+m02.

The binary solution molalities are:

b11=m11M1m01=n11m01,

b22=m22M2m02=n22m02.

The masses of the solutes determined from the molalities of the solutes and the masses of water can be substituted in the expressions of the masses of solutions:

ms1=m01+m11=m01(1+b11M1).

Similarly for the mass of the second solution:

ms2=m02+m22=m02(1+b22M2).

One can obtain the masses of water present in the sum from the denominator of the molalities of the solutes in the ternary solutions as functions of binary molalities and masses of solution:

m01=ms11+b11M1,

m02=ms21+b22M2.

Thus the ternary molalities are:

b1=b11m01m01+m02=b111+m02m01=b111+ms2ms11+b11M11+b22M2,

b2=b22m02m01+m02=b221+m01m02=b221+ms1ms21+b22M21+b11M1.

For solutions with three or more solutes the denominator is a sum of the masses of solvent in the n binary solutions which are mixed:

b1=m11M1(m01+m02+m03+...)=n11m01+m02+..=b111+m02m01+m03m01+...,

b2=m22M2(m01+m02+m03+...)=n22m01+m02+...,

b3=m33M3(m01+m02+m03+...)=n33m01+m02+....

## See also

* Molarity

## References

1. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006-) "molality". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03970
2. ↑ Sangster, James; Teng, Tjoon-Tow; Lenzi, Fabio (1976). "Molal volumes of sucrose in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, or urea at 25°C". Journal of Solution Chemistry 5 (8): 575–585. doi:10.1007/BF00647379.
3. ↑ www.OED.com. Oxford University Press. 2011.
4. ↑ "NIST Guide to SI Units". sec. 8.6.8. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec11.html.
5. ↑ Harned Owen, Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, third edition 1958, p. 398-399
6. ↑ Glueckauf, E. (1955). "The influence of ionic hydration on activity coefficients in concentrated electrolyte solutions". Transactions of the Faraday Society 51: 1235. doi:10.1039/TF9555101235.
7. ↑ Glueckauf, E. (1957). "The influence of ionic hydration on activity coefficients in concentrated electrolyte solutions". Transactions of the Faraday Society 53: 305. doi:10.1039/TF9575300305.
8. ↑ Kortüm, G. (1960). "The Structure of Electrolytic Solutions, herausgeg. von W. J. Hamer. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London 1959. 1. Aufl., XII, 441 S., geb. $ 18.50". Angewandte Chemie 72 (24): 97. doi:10.1002/ange.19600722427. ISSN 0044-8249. Bibcode: 1960AngCh..72.1006K.

* v
* t
* e

Mole concepts

Constants|

* Avogadro constant
* Boltzmann constant
* Gas constant

Physical quantities|

* Mass concentration
* Molar concentration
* Molality
* Mass
* Volume
* Density
* Mole fraction
* Mass fraction
* Amount of substance
* Molar mass
* Atomic mass
* Particle number
* Pressure
* Thermodynamic temperature
* Molar volume
* Specific volume

Laws|

* Charles's law
* Boyle's law
* Gay-Lussac's law
* Combined gas law
* Avogadro's law
* Ideal gas law

* v
* t
* e

Solutions

Solution|

* Ideal solution
* Aqueous solution
* Solid solution
* Buffer solution
* Flory–Huggins
* Mixture
* Suspension
* Colloid
* Phase diagram
* Phase separation
* Eutectic point
* Alloy
* Saturation
* Supersaturation
* Serial dilution
* Dilution (equation)
* Apparent molar property
* Miscibility gap

Concentration
and related quantities|

* Molar concentration
* Mass concentration
* Number concentration
* Volume concentration
* Normality
* Molality
* Mole fraction
* Mass fraction
* Isotopic abundance
* Mixing ratio
* Ternary plot

Solubility|

* Solubility equilibrium
* Total dissolved solids
* Solvation
* Solvation shell
* Enthalpy of solution
* Lattice energy
* Raoult's law
* Henry's law
* Solubility table (data)
* Solubility chart

Solvent|

* (Category)
* Acid dissociation constant
* Protic solvent
* Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
* Solvation
* List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
* Partition coefficient
* Polarity
* Hydrophobe
* Hydrophile
* Lipophilic
* Amphiphile
* Lyonium ion
* Lyate ion

es:Concentración#Molalidad

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molality. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Molality&oldid=4179082"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template