Official romanisation scheme for Taiwanese Hokkien

Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an

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Chinese romanization

Mandarin

Standard Chinese

* Hanyu Pinyin (ISO standard)
* EFEO
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Spelling conventions
* Latinxua Sin Wenz
* Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
* Postal romanization
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale romanization
* Lessing-Othmer
* Legge romanization
* Simplified Wade
* Comparison chart

Sichuanese

* Sichuanese Pinyin
* Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz

Common Scheme for all Wu

* Romanization of Wu Chinese

Wenzhounese

* Wenzhounese romanization

Yue

Cantonese

* Jyutping
* Yale romanization
* Guangdong Romanization
* Hong Kong Government
* Macau Government
* Meyer–Wempe
* Sidney Lau
* S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
* S. L. Wong (romanization)
* Cantonese Pinyin
* Standard Romanization
* Barnett–Chao
* Comparison chart

Min

Taiwanese, Amoy and related

* Pe̍h-ōe-jī
* Modern Literal Taiwanese
* Phofsit Daibuun
* Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi
* Bbánlám pìngyīm
* Daighi tongiong pingim
* TLPA
* Tâi-lô
* Comparison chart

Teochew

* Peng'im

Fuzhounese

* Foochow Romanized
* Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme

Minbei

* Kienning Colloquial Romanized

Putianese

* Hinghwa Romanized

Hainanese

* Hainan Romanized (Haikou dialect)
* Hainanese Transliteration Scheme (Wenchang dialect)

Gan

Chang-Du dialect

* Pinfa
* Pha̍k-oa-chhi

Hakka

Meixian dialect

* Pinfa
* Hagfa Pinyim

Sixian dialect

* Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
* TLPA

Xiang

Chang–Yi dialects

* Pinfa

See also

Other transliterations

* General Chinese
* Cyrillization
* Xiao'erjing
* 'Phags-pa script
* Bopomofo
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters
* Manchu transliteration
* Transcription into Chinese

By place

* Romanization in Hong Kong
* Romanization in Singapore
* Romanization in Taiwan

* v
* t
* e

The official romanisation system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally known as Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an,Template:Efn native lang[1] often referred to as Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the officially promoted phonetic notation system by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī apart from using ts tsh j instead of ch chh j for the fricatives /ts tsʰ dz/, the substitution of o for u in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, the substitution of e for i in eng, using oo instead of o͘, and the substitution of nn for n in nasalized vowels like an and on.

Taiwanese Romanization System

## Contents

* 1 Alphabet
* 1.1 Sample texts
* 2 Values
* 2.1 Consonants
* 2.2 Vowels & Rhymes
* 2.3 Tones
* 3 Notes
* 3.1 Words in native languages
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Alphabet

Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letter | A | B | E | G | H | I | J | K | Kh | L | M | N | Ng | NN | O | Oo | P | Ph | S | T | Th | Ts | Tsh | U

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Lower case | a | b | e | g | h | i | j | k | kh | l | m | n | ng | nn | o | oo | p | ph | s | t | th | ts | tsh | u
IPA | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan | Template:IPA-taiwan

* "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalised in all-caps texts.
* Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
* Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

### Sample texts

Tâi-lô
Pe̍h-uē-jī (PUJ) sī 1 khuán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-uī tong-tshoo sī thuân-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, sóo-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-huē Lô-má-jī, he̍k-tsiá sī kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-tsiá bē-tsió m̄-sī kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo mā tsin tsē bē-hiáu PUJ.
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) sī 1 khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, só͘-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ kiò-chò Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.
Hàn-jī
白話字（POJ）是1款用Latin（羅馬）拼音系統來寫臺灣的語言的書面文字。因為當初是傳教士引入來的，所以也有人共POJ叫做教會羅馬字，或者是簡稱教羅。不而過現代的使用者袂少毋是教徒，教徒嘛真濟袂曉POJ。
IPA
Template:IPA-taiwan

## Values

### Consonants

Initials  | Bilabial | Alveolar  | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal

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Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced  | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced  | Voiceless
Nasal  |  | m [m]
ㄇ 毛(moo) |  | n [n]
ㄋ 耐(nāi) |  |  |  | ng [ŋ]
ㄫ 雅(ngá) |
Plosive | Unaspirated  | p [p]
ㄅ 邊(pian)  | b [b]
ㆠ 文(bûn)  | t [t]
ㄉ 地(tē) |  |  |  | k [k]
ㄍ 求(kiû)  | g [g]
ㆣ 語(gí) |
Aspirated  | ph [pʰ]
ㄆ 波(pho) |  | th [tʰ]
ㄊ 他(thann) |  |  |  | kh [kʰ]
ㄎ 去(khì) |  |
Affricate | Unaspirated  |  |  | ts [ts]
ㄗ 曾(tsan)  | j [dz]
ㆡ 熱(jua̍h)  | tsi [tɕ]
ㄐ 尖(tsiam)  | ji [dʑ]
ㆢ 入(ji̍p) |  |  |
Aspirated  |  |  | tsh [tsʰ]
ㄘ 出(tshut) |  | tshi [tɕʰ]
ㄑ 手(tshiú) |  |  |  |
Fricative  |  |  | s [s]
ㄙ 衫(sann) |  | si [ɕ]
ㄒ 寫(siá) |  |  |  | h [h]
ㄏ 喜(hí)
Lateral  |  |  |  | l [l]
ㄌ 柳(liú) |  |  |  |  |
Finals  |  | Bilabial | Alveolar  | Velar | Glottal

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Nasal consonant  | -m [m]
ㆬ | -n [n]
ㄣ  | -ng [ŋ]
ㆭ |
Stop consonant  | -p [p̚]
ㆴ | -t [t̚]
ㆵ | -k [k̚]
ㆶ | -h [ʔ]

Syllabic consonant  |  | Bilabial | Velar

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Nasal  | m [m̩]
ㆬ 姆(ḿ) | ng [ŋ̍]
ㆭ 酸(sng)

### Vowels & Rhymes

Simple & Nasal  |  | Front | Central | Back

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Simple | Nasal | Simple | Simple | Nasal
Close  | i [i]
ㄧ 衣(i)  | inn [ĩ]
ㆪ 圓(înn) |  | u [u]
ㄨ 污(u)  | unn [ũ]
ㆫ 張(tiunn)
Mid  | e [e]
ㆤ 禮(lé)  | enn [ẽ]
ㆥ 生(senn)  | o[ə]
ㄜ 高(ko)  | oo [ɔ]
ㆦ 烏(oo)  | onn [ɔ̃]
ㆧ 翁(onn)
Open  | a [a]
ㄚ 查(tsa)  | ann [ã]
ㆩ 衫(sann) |  |  |
Dialect  | Tâi-lô | IPA | Bopomofo

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ir | [ɨ] | ㆨ
er | [ə] | ㄜ
ee | [ɛ] | ㄝ
ere | [əe] | ㄜㆤ[lower-alpha 1]

* o pronounced [ə] ㄜ in general dialect in Kaohsiung and Tainan, [o] ㄛ in Taipei.
* -nn forms the nasal vowels
* There is also syllabic m and ng.

| Vowel(s) | Open syllabus | Nasal | Plosive

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[m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [p̚] | [t̚] | [k̚] | [ʔ]
[a]  | a | ann | am | an | ang | ap | at | ak | ah | annh
[ai]  | ai | ainn |  |  |  |  |  |  | aih | ainnh
[au]  | au |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | auh |
[e]  | e | enn |  |  |  |  |  |  | eh | ennh
[i]  | i | inn | im | in | ing | ip | it | ik | ih | innh
[ia]  | ia | iann | iam | ian | iang | iap | iat | iak | iah | iannh
[iau]  | iau | iaunn |  |  |  |  |  |  | iauh |
[iə]  | io |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ioh |
[iɔ]  |  |  |  |  | iong |  |  | iok |  |
[iu]  | iu | iunn |  |  |  |  |  |  | iuh | iunnh
| Vowel(s) | Open syllabus | Nasal | Plosive

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[m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [p̚] | [t̚] | [k̚] | [ʔ]
[ə]  | o |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | oh |
[ɔ]  | oo | onn | om |  | ong | op |  | ok | ooh | onnh
[u]  | u |  |  | un |  |  | ut |  | uh |
[ua]  | ua | uann |  | uan |  |  | uat |  | uah |
[uai]  | uai | uainn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
[ue]  | ue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ueh |
[ui]  | ui |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
[m̩]  | m | － | mh
[ŋ̍]  | ng | － | ngh

* ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

### Tones

Tone No.  | 1 | 2 (= 6) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8

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Name  | 陰平 | 上聲 | 陰去 | 陰入 | 陽平 | 陽去 | 陽入
im-pîng | siōng-siann | im-khì | im-ji̍p | iông-pîng | iông-khì | iông-ji̍p
Symbol  | None | Acute | Grave | None (-p, -t, -k, -h) | Circumflex | macron | Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
| ´ | ` |  | ˆ | ˉ | ̍
Pitch  | ˥ | ˥˩ | ˧˩ | ˧ʔ | ˨˦ | ˧ | ˥ʔ
55 | 51 | 31 | 3ʔ | 24 | 33 | 5ʔ
Example  | tong (東) | tóng (黨) | tòng (棟) | tok (督) | tông (同) | tōng (洞) | to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Licit syllables[3]

|  | Ø | b | g | h | j | k | kh | l | m  | n | ng | p | ph | s | t | th | ts | tsh |

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a  | a | ba | ga | ha |  | ka | kha | la | ma | na | nga | pa | pha | sa | ta | tha | tsa | tsha  | a
ah  | ah | bah |  | hah |  | kah | khah | lah |  | nah |  | pah | phah | sah | tah | thah | tsah | tshah  | ah
ai  | ai | bai | gai | hai |  | kai | khai | lai | mai | nai | ngai | pai | phai | sai | tai | thai | tsai | tshai  | ai
ainn  | ainn |  |  | hainn |  | kainn | khainn |  |  |  |  |  | phainn |  | tainn |  | tsainn |  | ainn
ak  | ak | bak | gak | hak |  | kak | khak | lak |  |  |  | pak | phak | sak | tak | thak | tsak | tshak  | ak
am  | am |  | gam | ham |  | kam | kham | lam |  |  |  |  |  | sam | tam | tham | tsam | tsham  | am
an  | an | ban | gan | han |  | kan | khan | lan |  |  |  | pan | phan | san | tan | than | tsan | tshan  | an
ang  | ang | bang | gang | hang |  | kang | khang | lang |  |  |  | pang | phang | sang | tang | thang | tsang | tshang  | ang
ann  | ann |  |  | hann |  | kann | khann |  |  |  |  |  | phann | sann | tann | thann | tsann | tshann  | ann
annh  |  |  |  | hannh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | sannh |  |  |  |  | annh
ap  | ap |  |  | hap |  | kap | khap | lap |  |  |  |  |  | sap | tap | thap | tsap | tshap  | ap
at  | at | bat |  | hat |  | kat | khat | lat |  |  |  | pat |  | sat | tat | that | tsat | tshat  | at
au  | au | bau | gau | hau |  | kau | khau | lau | mau | nau | ngau | pau | phau | sau | tau | thau | tsau | tshau  | au
auh  |  |  |  |  |  | kauh |  | lauh | mauh | nauh |  |  | phauh |  | tauh |  |  | tshauh  | auh
e  | e | be | ge | he |  | ke | khe | le | me | ne | nge | pe | phe | se | te | the | tse | tshe  | e
eh  | eh | beh |  | heh |  | keh | kheh | leh | meh | neh | ngeh | peh |  | seh | teh | theh | tseh | tsheh  | eh
enn  | enn |  |  | henn |  | kenn | khenn |  |  |  |  | penn | phenn | senn | tenn | thenn | tsenn | tshenn  | enn
ennh  |  |  |  | hennh |  |  | khennh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ennh
i  | i | bi | gi | hi | ji | ki | khi | li | mi | ni |  | pi | phi | si | ti | thi | tsi | tshi  | i
ia  | ia |  | gia | hia | jia | kia | khia |  | mia | nia | ngia |  |  | sia | tia |  | tsia | tshia  | ia
iah  | iah |  | giah | hiah |  | kiah | khiah | liah |  |  |  | piah | phiah | siah | tiah | thiah | tsiah | tshiah  | iah
iak  |  |  |  |  |  |  | khiak |  |  |  |  | piak | phiak | siak | tiak |  |  | tshiak  | iak
iam  | iam |  | giam | hiam | jiam | kiam | khiam | liam |  |  |  |  |  | siam | tiam | thiam | tsiam | tshiam  | iam
ian  | ian | bian | gian | hian | jian | kian | khian | lian |  |  |  | pian | phian | sian | tian | thian | tsian | tshian  | ian
iang  | iang |  | giang | hiang | jiang |  | khiang | liang |  |  |  | piang | phiang | siang |  |  | tsiang | tshiang  | iang
iann  | iann |  |  | hiann |  | kiann |  |  |  |  |  | piann |  | siann | tiann | thiann | tsiann | tshiann  | iann
iannh  |  |  |  | hiannh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | iannh
iap  | iap |  | giap | hiap | jiap | kiap | khiap | liap |  |  |  |  |  | siap | tiap | thiap | tsiap | tshiap  | iap
iat  | iat | biat | giat | hiat | jiat | kiat | khiat | liat |  |  |  | piat | phiat | siat | tiat | thiat | tsiat | tshiat  | iat
iau  | iau | biau | giau | hiau | jiau | kiau | khiau | liau | miau | niau | ngiau | piau | phiau | siau | tiau | thiau | tsiau | tshiau  | iau
iauh  |  |  |  | hiauh |  |  | khiauh |  |  |  | ngiauh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | iauh
iaunn  | iaunn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | iaunn
ih  |  | bih |  |  |  |  | khih |  | mih | nih |  | pih | phih | sih | tih | thih | tsih | tshih  | ih
ik  | ik | bik | gik | hik |  | kik |  | lik |  |  |  | pik | phik | sik | tik | thik | tsik | tshik  | ik
im  | im |  | gim | him | jim | kim | khim | lim |  |  |  |  |  | sim | tim | thim | tsim | tshim  | im
in  | in | bin | gin | hin | jin | kin | khin | lin |  |  |  | pin | phin | sin | tin | thin | tsin | tshin  | in
ing  | ing |  | ging | hing |  | king | khing | ling |  |  |  | ping | phing | sing | ting | thing | tsing | tshing  | ing
inn  | inn |  |  | hinn |  | kinn | khinn |  |  |  |  |  |  | sinn | tinn | thinn | tsinn | tshinn  | inn
io  | io | bio | gio | hio | jio | kio | khio | lio |  |  |  | pio | phio | sio | tio | thio | tsio | tshio  | io
ioh  | ioh |  | gioh | hioh |  | kioh | khioh | lioh |  |  |  |  |  | sioh | tioh |  | tsioh | tshioh  | ioh
iok  | iok |  | giok | hiok | jiok | kiok | khiok | liok |  |  |  |  |  | siok | tiok | thiok | tsiok | tshiok  | iok
iong  | iong |  | giong | hiong | jiong | kiong | khiong | liong |  |  |  |  |  | siong | tiong | thiong | tsiong | tshiong  | iong
ip  | ip |  |  | hip | jip | kip | khip | lip |  |  |  |  |  | sip |  |  | tsip | tship  | ip
it  | it | bit |  | hit | jit | kit | khit |  |  |  |  | pit | phit | sit | tit |  | tsit | tshit  | it
iu  | iu | biu | giu | hiu | jiu | kiu | khiu | liu |  | niu |  | piu |  | siu | tiu | thiu | tsiu | tshiu  | iu
iunn  | iunn |  |  | hiunn |  | kiunn | khiunn |  |  |  |  |  |  | siunn | tiunn |  | tsiunn | tshiunn  | iunn
iunnh  | iunnh |  |  | hiunnh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | iunnh
m  | m |  |  | hm |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | m
mh  |  |  |  | hmh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | mh
ng  | ng |  |  | hng |  | kng | khng |  | mng | nng |  | png |  | sng | tng | thng | tsng | tshng  | ng
ngh  |  |  |  | hngh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | phngh | sngh |  |  |  | tshngh  | ngh
o  | o | bo | go | ho |  | ko | kho | lo |  |  |  | po | pho | so | to | tho | tso | tsho  | o
oh  | oh |  |  | hoh |  | koh |  | loh |  |  |  | poh | phoh | soh | toh | thoh | tsoh | tshoh  | oh
ok  | ok | bok | gok | hok |  | kok | khok | lok |  |  |  | pok | phok | sok | tok | thok | tsok | tshok  | ok
om  | om |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | som | tom |  |  |  | om
ong  | ong | bong | gong | hong |  | kong | khong | long |  |  |  | pong | phong | song | tong | thong | tsong | tshong  | ong
onn  | onn |  |  | honn |  | konn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | onn
onnh  | onnh |  |  | honnh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | onnh
oo  | oo | boo | goo | hoo |  | koo | khoo | loo | moo | noo | ngoo | poo | phoo | soo | too | thoo | tsoo | tshoo  | oo
ooh  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | mooh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ooh
u  | u | bu | gu | hu | ju | ku | khu | lu |  |  |  | pu | phu | su | tu | thu | tsu | tshu  | u
ua  | ua | bua | gua | hua |  | kua | khua | lua | mua | nua |  | pua | phua | sua | tua | thua | tsua | tshua  | ua
uah  | uah | buah |  | huah | juah | kuah | khuah | luah |  |  |  | puah | phuah | suah |  | thuah | tsuah | tshuah  | uah
uai  | uai |  |  | huai |  | kuai | khuai |  |  |  |  |  |  | suai |  |  |  |  | uai
uainn  | uainn |  |  | huainn |  | kuainn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | suainn |  |  | tsuainn |  | uainn
uan  | uan | buan | guan | huan |  | kuan | khuan | luan |  |  |  | puan | phuan | suan | tuan | thuan | tsuan | tshuan  | uan
uang  | uang |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tshuang  | uang
uann  | uann |  |  | huann |  | kuann | khuann |  |  |  |  | puann | phuann | suann | tuann | thuann |  | tshuann  | uann
uat  | uat | buat | guat | huat |  | kuat | khuat | luat |  |  |  | puat | phuat | suat | tuat | thuat | tsuat |  | uat
ue  | ue | bue | gue | hue | jue | kue | khue | lue |  |  |  | pue | phue | sue | tue |  | tsue | tshue  | ue
ueh  | ueh | bueh | gueh | hueh |  | kueh | khueh |  |  |  |  | pueh | phueh | sueh |  |  |  |  | ueh
uh  | uh |  |  |  |  |  | khuh |  |  |  |  | puh | phuh |  | tuh | thuh | tsuh | tshuh  | uh
ui  | ui | bui | gui | hui |  | kui | khui | lui | mui |  |  | pui | phui | sui | tui | thui | tsui | tshui  | ui
un  | un | bun | gun | hun | jun | kun | khun | lun |  |  |  | pun | phun | sun | tun | thun | tsun | tshun  | un
ut  | ut | but |  | hut |  | kut | khut | lut |  |  |  | put | phut | sut | tut | thut | tsut | tshut  | ut
| Ø | b | g | h | j | k | kh | l | m | n | ng | p | ph | s | t | th | ts | tsh |

## Notes

1. ↑ In version of Ngoo Siu-le (zh), /ɘe/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ" is replaced with "Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination".

### Words in native languages

## References

1. ↑ "臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案" (in zh). https://ws.moe.edu.tw/001/Upload/FileUpload/3677-15601/Documents/151609.pdf. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
2. ↑ Cheng Jei-cheng (2008) (in Chinese). Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce (2nd ed.). ROC Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8. http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/9851214271.pdf.
3. ↑ (in zh). 2007. ISBN 978-986-00-7755-1. http://khai.mtwww.mt.au.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b077/img/img/276/tshiutsheh.pdf.

## External links

* 臺灣閩南語羅馬拼音及其發音學習網, Taiwanese Romanization System (Tai-lo) learning site by Ministry of Education, Taiwan

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