Applications of artificial intelligence

Short description: Applications of intelligence exhibited by machines

Artificial intelligence

Major goals

* Knowledge reasoning
* Planning
* Machine learning
* Natural language processing
* Computer vision
* Robotics
* Artificial general intelligence

Approaches

* Symbolic
* Deep learning
* Bayesian networks
* Evolutionary algorithms

Philosophy

* Ethics
* Existential risk
* Turing test
* Chinese room
* Control problem
* Friendly AI

History

* Timeline
* Progress
* AI winter

Technology

* Applications
* Projects
* Programming languages

Glossary

* Glossary

* v
* t
* e

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in applications to alleviate certain problems throughout industry and academia. AI, like electricity or computers, is a general purpose technology that has a multitude of applications. It has been used in fields of language translation, image recognition, credit scoring, e-commerce and other domains.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Internet and e-commerce
* 1.1 Search engines
* 1.2 Recommendation systems
* 1.2.1 Web feeds and posts
* 1.3 Targeted advertising and increasing internet engagement
* 1.4 Virtual assistants
* 1.5 Spam filtering
* 1.6 Language translation
* 1.7 Facial recognition and image labeling
* 2 Games
* 3 Economic and social challenges
* 4 Agriculture
* 5 Cyber security
* 6 Education
* 7 Finance
* 7.1 Trading and investment
* 7.2 Underwriting
* 7.3 Audit
* 7.4 History
* 8 Government
* 8.1 Military
* 9 Health
* 9.1 Healthcare
* 9.2 Workplace health and safety
* 9.3 Biochemistry
* 10 Chemistry and biology
* 10.1 Novel types of machine learning
* 10.1.1 Biological computing in AI and as AI
* 11 Astronomy, space activities and ufology
* 11.1 Future or non-human applications
* 11.2 Astrochemistry
* 12 Other fields of research
* 12.1 Archaeology, history and imaging of sites
* 12.2 Physics
* 12.3 Materials science
* 12.4 Reverse engineering
* 13 Law
* 13.1 Legal analysis
* 13.2 Law enforcement and legal proceedings
* 14 Services
* 14.1 Human resources
* 14.2 Job search
* 14.3 Online and telephone customer service
* 14.4 Hospitality
* 15 Media
* 15.1 Deep-fakes
* 15.2 Video content analysis, surveillance and manipulated media detection
* 15.3 Music
* 15.4 Writing and reporting
* 15.5 Video games
* 15.6 Art
* 15.6.1 Art from language input
* 15.6.2 History
* 15.6.2.1 GOFAI
* 15.6.2.2 GAN/Modern
* 15.6.3 Understanding art with AI
* 16 Utilities
* 16.1 Energy system
* 16.2 Telecommunications
* 17 Manufacturing
* 17.1 Sensors
* 17.2 Toys and games
* 17.3 Oil and gas
* 18 Transport
* 18.1 Automotive
* 18.2 Military
* 18.3 NASA
* 18.4 Maritime
* 19 Environmental monitoring
* 19.1 Early-warning systems
* 20 Computer science
* 20.1 Programming assistance
* 20.1.1 Neural network design
* 20.1.2 Quantum computing
* 20.2 Historical contributions
* 21 List of applications
* 22 See also
* 23 Footnotes
* 24 Further reading
* 25 External links

## Internet and e-commerce

### Search engines

[relevant? - discuss]

Main page: Search engine

### Recommendation systems

A recommendation system predicts the "rating" or "preference" a user would give to an item.[2][3] Recommender systems are used in a variety of areas, such as generating playlists for video and music services, product recommendations for online stores, or content recommendations for social media platforms and open web content recommenders.[4][5]

#### Web feeds and posts

Machine learning is also used in Web feeds such as for determining which posts show up in social media feeds.[6][7] Various types social media analysis also make use of machine learning[8][9] and there is research into its use for (semi-)automated tagging/enhancement/correction of online misinformation and related filter bubbles.[10][11][12]

### Targeted advertising and increasing internet engagement

Main page: Software:Marketing and artificial intelligence
See also: AdSense and FacebookAI is used to target web advertisements to those most likely to click or engage on them. It is also used to increase time spent on a website by selecting attractive content for the viewer. It can predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their digital footprints.[13]

Online gambling companies use AI to improve customer targeting.[14]

Personality computing AI models add psychological targeting to more traditional sociodemographic or behavioral targeting.[15] AI has been used to customize shopping options and personalize offers.[16]

### Virtual assistants

Main page: Engineering:Virtual assistant

Intelligent personal assistants use AI to understand many natural language requests in other ways than rudimentary commands.[17]

### Spam filtering

[relevant? - discuss]

### Language translation

Main page: Machine translation

AI has been used to automatically translate spoken language and textual documents based context.[18] There also is research and development to decode and conduct animal communication.[19][20]

### Facial recognition and image labeling

Main pages: Facial recognition system and Automatic image annotation

AI has been used in facial recognition systems, with a 99% accuracy rate.[21] AI has also been demonstrated to generate speech to describe images to blind people.[22]

## Games

Games have been a major application[relevant? - discuss] of AI's capabilities since the 1950s. In the 21st century, AIs have produced superhuman results in many games, including chess (Deep Blue), Jeopardy! (Watson),[23] Go (AlphaGo),[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] poker (Pluribus[31] and Cepheus),[32] E-sports (StarCraft),[33][34] and general game playing (AlphaZero[35][36][37] and MuZero).[38][39][40][41] AI has replaced hand-coded algorithms in most chess programs.[42] Unlike go or chess, poker is an imperfect-information game, so a program that plays poker has to reason under uncertainty. The general game players work using feedback from the game system, without knowing the rules.

## Economic and social challenges

AI for Good is an ITU initiative supporting institutions employing AI to tackle some of the world's greatest economic and social challenges. For example, the University of Southern California launched the Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, with the goal of using AI to address problems such as homelessness. At Stanford, researchers use AI to analyze satellite images to identify high poverty areas.[43]

## Agriculture

In agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments or increasing yield.[44] Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict the ripening time for crops such as tomatoes,[45] monitor soil moisture, operate agricultural robots, conduct predictive analytics,[46][47] classify livestock pig call emotions,[19] automate greenhouses,[48] detect diseases and pests,[49][50] and save water.[51]

## Cyber security

Cyber security companies are adopting neural networks, machine learning, and natural language processing to improve their systems.[52]

Applications of AI in cyber security include:

* Network protection: Machine learning improves intrusion detection systems by broadening the search beyond previously identified threats.
* Endpoint protection: Attacks such as ransomware can be thwarted by learning typical malware behaviors.
* Application security: can help counterattacks such as server-side request forgery, SQL injection, cross-site scripting, and distributed denial-of-service.
* Suspect user behavior: Machine learning can identify fraud or compromised applications as they occur.[53]

Google fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder has said that AI will be used to completely automate most cyber security operations over time.[54]

## Education

AI tutors allow students to get one-on-one help. They can reduce anxiety and stress for students stemming from tutor labs or human tutors.[55]

AI can also create a dysfunctional environment with revenge effects[56] such as technology that hinders students' ability to stay on task.[57] In other scenario, AI can help educator for student early prediction in virtual learning environment (VLE) such as Moodle.[58] Especially, during the COVID-19 pandemic, learning activity has been required to be conducted online to reduce the virus spread through face-to-face meeting.

## Finance

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Artificial intelligence in finance. (Discuss) (April 2022)

|

Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. The use of AI in banking can be began in 1987 when Security Pacific National Bank launched a fraud prevention taskforce to counter the unauthorized use of debit cards.[59] Kasisto and Moneystream use AI.

Banks use AI to organize operations, for bookkeeping, invest in stocks, and manage properties. AI can react to changes when business is not taking place.[60] AI is used to combat fraud and financial crimes by monitoring behavioral patterns for any abnormal changes or anomalies.[61][62][63]

The use of AI in applications such as online trading and decision making has changed major economic theories.[64] For example, AI-based buying and selling platforms estimate individualized demand and supply curves and thus enable individualized pricing. AI machines reduce information asymmetry in the market and thus make markets more efficient.[65]

### Trading and investment

Algorithmic trading involves the use of AI systems to make trading decisions at speeds orders of magnitude greater than any human is capable of, making millions of trades in a day without human intervention. Such high-frequency trading represents is a fast-growing sector. Many banks, funds, and proprietary trading firms now have entire portfolios that are AI-managed. Automated trading systems are typically used by large institutional investors, but include smaller firms trading with their own AI systems.[66]

Large financial institutions use AI to assist with their investment practices. BlackRock's AI engine, Aladdin, is used both within the company and by clients to help with investment decisions. Its functions includes the use of natural language processing to analyze text such as news, broker reports, and social media feeds. It then gauges the sentiment on the companies mentioned and assigns a score. Banks such as UBS and Deutsche Bank use SQREEM (Sequential Quantum Reduction and Extraction Model) to mine data to develop consumer profiles and match them with wealth management products.[67]

### Underwriting

Online lender Upstart uses machine learning for underwriting.[68]

ZestFinance's Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML) platform is used for credit underwriting. This platform uses machine learning to analyze data including purchase transactions and how a customer fills out a form to score borrowers. The platform is particularly useful to assign credit scores to those with limited credit histories.[69]

### Audit

AI makes continuous auditing possible. Potential benefits include reducing audit risk, increasing the level of assurance, and reducing audit duration.[70][quantify]

### History

In the 1980s, AI started to become prominent in finance as expert systems were commercialized. For example, Dupont created 100 expert systems, which helped them to save almost $10 million per year.[71] One of the first systems was the Protrader expert system that predicted the 87-point drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1986. "The major junctions of the system were to monitor premiums in the market, determine the optimum investment strategy, execute transactions when appropriate and modify the knowledge base through a learning mechanism."[72]

One of the first expert systems to help with financial plans was PlanPowerm and Client Profiling System, created by Applied Expert Systems (APEX). It was launched in 1986. It helped create personal financial plans for people.[73]

In the 1990s AI was applied to fraud detection. In 1993 FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) launched. It was able to review over 200,000 transactions per week and over two years it helped identify 400 potential cases of money laundering equal to $1 billion.[74] These expert systems were later replaced by machine learning systems.[75]

## Government

In 2019, Bengaluru, India deployed AI-managed traffic signal. This system uses cameras to monitor traffic density and adjust signal timing based on the interval needed to clear traffic.[76]

### Military

Further information: Artificial intelligence arms race, Lethal autonomous weapon, and Engineering:Unmanned combat aerial vehicle

Various countries are deploying AI military applications.[77] The main applications enhance command and control, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability.[78] Research is targeting intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.[77] AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between networked combat vehicles involving manned and unmanned teams.[78] AI was incorporated into military operations in Iraq and Syria.[77]

Worldwide annual military spending on robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to US$7.5 billion in 2015.[79][80] Military drones capable of autonomous action are in wide use.[81] Many researchers avoid military applications.[78]

## Health

### Healthcare

Main page: Medicine:Artificial intelligence in healthcare

X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by a computer software

A patient-side surgical arm of Da Vinci Surgical System

AI in healthcare is often used for classification, to evaluate a CT scan or electrocardiogram or to identify high-risk patients for population health. AI is helping with the high-cost problem of dosing. One study suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a study reported that an AI-derived formula derived the proper dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to transplant patients.[82]

Microsoft's AI project Hanover helps doctors choose cancer treatments from among the more than 800 medicines and vaccines.[83][84] Its goal is to memorize all the relevant papers to predict which (combinations of) drugs will be most effective for each patient. Myeloid leukemia is one target. Another study reported on an AI that was as good as doctors in identifying skin cancers.[85] Another project monitors multiple high-risk patients by asking each patient questions based on data acquired from doctor/patient interactions.[86] In one study done with transfer learning, an AI diagnosed eye conditions similar to an ophthalmologist and recommended treatment referrals.[87]

Another study demonstrated surgery with an autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching together a pig's bowel judged better than a surgeon.[88]

Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision support systems for medical diagnosis,[89] such as in concept processing technology in EMR software.

Other healthcare tasks thought suitable for an AI that are in development include:

* Screening[90]
* Heart sound analysis[91]
* Companion robots for elder care[92]
* Medical record analysis
* Treatment plan design[citation needed]
* Medication management
* Assisting blind people[93]
* Drug creation[94] (e.g. by identifying candidate drugs[95] and by using existing drug screening data such as in life extension research)[96]
* Clinical training[97]
* Outcome prediction for surgical procedures
* HIV prognosis
* Identifying genomic pathogen signatures of novel pathogens[98] or identifying pathogens via physics-based fingerprints[99] (including pandemic pathogens)
* Helping link genes to their functions,[100] otherwise analyzing genes[101] and identification of novel biological targets[102]
* Help development of biomarkers[102]
* Help tailor therapies to individuals in personalized medicine/precision medicine[102][103]

### Workplace health and safety

AI-enabled chatbots decrease the need for humans to perform basic call center tasks.[104]

Machine learning in sentiment analysis can spot fatigue in order to prevent overwork.[104] Similarly, decision support systems can prevent industrial disasters and make disaster response more efficient.[105] For manual workers in material handling, predictive analytics may be used to reduce musculoskeletal injury.[106] Data collected from wearable sensors can improve workplace health surveillance, risk assessment, and research.[105]

AI can auto-code workers' compensation claims.[107][108] AI‐enabled virtual reality systems can enhance safety training for hazard recognition.[105] AI can more efficiently detect accident near misses, which are important in reducing accident rates, but are often underreported.[109]

### Biochemistry

AlphaFold 2 can determine the 3D structure of a (folded) protein in hours rather than the months required by earlier automated approaches and was used to provide the likely structures of all proteins in the human body and essentially all proteins known to science (more than 200 million).[110][111][112][113]

## Chemistry and biology

Machine learning has been used for drug design. It has also been used for predicting molecular properties and exploring large chemical/reaction spaces.[114] Computer-planned syntheses via computational reaction networks, described as a platform that combines "computational synthesis with AI algorithms to predict molecular properties",[115] have been used to explore the origins of life on Earth,[116] drug-syntheses and developing routes for recycling 200 industrial waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals (chemical synthesis design).[117] There is research about which types of computer-aided chemistry would benefit from machine learning.[118] It can also be used for "drug discovery and development, drug repurposing, improving pharmaceutical productivity, and clinical trials".[119] It has been used for the design of proteins with prespecified functional sites.[120][121]

It has been used with databases for the development of a 46-day process to design, synthesize and test a drug which inhibits enzymes of a particular gene, DDR1. DDR1 is involved in cancers and fibrosis which is one reason for the high-quality datasets that enabled these results.[122]

There are various types of applications for machine learning in decoding human biology, such as helping to map gene expression patterns to functional activation patterns[123] or identifying functional DNA motifs.[124] It is widely used in genetic research.[125]

There also is some use of machine learning in synthetic biology,[126][127] disease biology,[127] nanotechnology (e.g. nanostructured materials and bionanotechnology),[128][129] and materials science.[130][131][132]

### Novel types of machine learning

Schema of the process of a semi-automated robot scientist process that includes Web statement extraction and biological laboratory testing

There are also prototype robot scientists, including robot-embodied ones like the two Robot Scientists, which show a form of "machine learning" not commonly associated with the term.[133][134]

Similarly, there is research and development of biological "wetware computers" that can learn (e.g. for use as biosensors) and/or implantation into an organism's body (e.g. for use to control prosthetics).[135][136][137]

Moreover, if whole brain emulation is possible via both scanning and replicating the, at least, bio-chemical brain – as premised in the form of digital replication in The Age of Em, possibly using physical neural networks – that may have applications as or more extensive than e.g. valued human activities and may imply that society would face substantial moral choices, societal risks and ethical problems[138][139] such as whether (and how) such are built, sent through space and used compared to potentially competing e.g. potentially more synthetic and/or less human and/or non/less-sentient types of artificial/semi-artificial intelligence.[additional citation(s) needed] An alternative or additive approach to scanning are types of reverse engineering of the brain.[140][141]

A subcategory of artificial intelligence is embodied,[142][143] some of which are mobile robotic systems that each consist of one or multiple robots that are able to learn in the physical world.

This section is an excerpt from Robotic sensing § Collective sensing and sensemaking[ edit ]

#### Biological computing in AI and as AI

However, biological computers, even if both highly artificial and intelligent, are typically distinguished from synthetic, often silicon-based, computers – they could however be combined or used for the design of either. Moreover, many tasks may be carried out inadequately by artificial intelligence even if its algorithms were transparent, understood, bias-free, apparently effective, and goal-aligned and its trained data sufficiently large and cleansed – such as in cases were the underlying or available metrics, values or data are inappropriate. Computer-aided is a phrase used to describe human activities that make use of computing as tool in more comprehensive activities and systems such as AI for narrow tasks or making use of such without substantially relying on its results (see also: human-in-the-loop).[citation needed] A study described the biological as a limitation of AI with "as long as the biological system cannot be understood, formalized, and imitated, we will not be able to develop technologies that can mimic it" and that if it was understood this doesn't mean there being "a technological solution to imitate natural intelligence".[144] Technologies that integrate biology and are often AI-based include biorobotics.

## Astronomy, space activities and ufology

Artificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data[145][146] and applications, mainly for "classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific insights" for example for discovering exoplanets, forecasting solar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave astronomy.[147] It could also be used for activities in space such as space exploration, including analysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance,[148] and more autonomous operation.[149][150][151][146]

In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), machine learning has been used in attempts to identify artificially generated electromagnetic waves in available data[152][153] – such as real-time observations[154] – and other technosignatures, e.g. via anomaly detection.[155] In ufology, the SkyCAM-5 project headed by Prof. Hakan Kayal[156] and the Galileo Project headed by Prof. Avi Loeb use machine learning to detect and classify peculiar types of UFOs.[157][158][159][160][161] The Galileo Project also seeks to detect two further types of potential extraterrestrial technological signatures with the use of AI: 'Oumuamua-like interstellar objects, and non-manmade artificial satellites.[162][163]

### Future or non-human applications

Loeb has speculated that one type of technological equipment the project may detect could be "AI astronauts"[164] and in 2021 – in an opinion piece – that AI "will" "supersede natural intelligence",[165] while Martin Rees stated that there "may" be more civilisations than thought with the "majority of them" being artificial.[166] In particular, mid/far future or non-human applications of artificial intelligence could include advanced forms of artificial general intelligence that engages in space colonization or more narrow spaceflight-specific types of AI. In contrast, there have been concerns in relation to potential AGI or AI capable of embryo space colonization, or more generally natural intelligence-based space colonization, such as "safety of encounters with an alien AI",[167][168] suffering risks (or inverse goals),[169][170] moral license/responsibility in respect to colonization-effects,[171] or AI gone rogue (e.g. as portrayed with fictional David⁸ and HAL 9000). See also: space law and space ethics. Loeb has described the possibility of "AI astronauts" that engage in "supervised evolution" (see also: directed evolution, Uplift, directed panspermia, space colonization).[172]

### Astrochemistry

It can also be used to produce datasets of spectral signatures of molecules that may be involved in the atmospheric production or consumption of particular chemicals – such as phosphine possibly detected on Venus – which could prevent miss assignments and, if accuracy is improved, be used in future detections and identifications of molecules on other planets.[173]

## Other fields of research

### Archaeology, history and imaging of sites

Machine learning can help to restore and attribute ancient texts.[174] It can help to index texts for example to enable better and easier searching[175] and classify of fragments.[176]

Artificial intelligence can also be used to investigate genomes to uncover genetic history, such as interbreeding between archaic and modern humans by which for example the past existence of a ghost population, not Neanderthal or Denisovan, was inferred.[177]

Further information: Ancient DNA § Human aDNA, and Genetic history of Europe

It can also be used for "non-invasive and non-destructive access to internal structures of archaeological remains".[178]

Further information: Remote sensing in archaeology

### Physics

This section is an excerpt from Machine learning in physics[ edit ]

A deep learning system was reported to learn intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments) based on an unpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants.[179][180] Other researchers have developed a machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.[181][182] In the future, it may be possible that such can be used to automate the discovery of physical laws of complex systems.[181]

### Materials science

AI could be used for materials optimization and discovery such as the discovery of stable materials and the prediction of their crystal structure.[183][184][185]

### Reverse engineering

Machine learning is used in diverse types of reverse engineering. For example, machine learning has been used to reverse engineer a composite material part, enabling unauthorized production of high quality parts,[186] and for quickly understanding the behavior of malware.[187] It can also design components by engaging in a type of reverse engineering of not-yet existent virtual components such as inverse molecular design for particular desired functionality[188] or protein design for prespecified functional sites.[120][121]

## Law

### Legal analysis

AI is a mainstay of law-related professions. Algorithms and machine learning do some tasks previously done by entry-level lawyers.[189] While its use is common, it is not expected to replace most work done by lawyers in the near future.[190]

The electronic discovery industry uses machine learning to reduce manual searching.[191]

### Law enforcement and legal proceedings

COMPAS is a commercial system used by U.S. courts to assess the likelihood of recidivism.[192]

One concern relates to algorithmic bias, AI programs may become biased after processing data that exhibits bias.[193] ProPublica claims that the average COMPAS-assigned recidivism risk level of black defendants is significantly higher than that of white defendants.[192]

## Services

### Human resources

Main page: Artificial intelligence in hiring

Another application of AI is in human resources. AI can screen resumes and rank candidates based on their qualifications, predict candidate success in given roles, and automate repetitive communication tasks via chatbots.[194]

### Job search

AI has simplified the recruiting /job search process for both recruiters and job seekers. According to Raj Mukherjee from Indeed, 65% of job searchers search again within 91 days after hire. An AI-powered engine streamlines the complexity of job hunting by assessing information on job skills, salaries, and user tendencies, matching job seekers to the most relevant positions. Machine intelligence calculates appropriate wages and highlights resume information for recruiters using NLP, which extracts relevant words and phrases from text. Another application is an AI resume builder that compiles a CV in 5 minutes.[195] Chatbots assist website visitors and refine workflows.

### Online and telephone customer service

An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page.

AI underlies avatars (automated online assistants) on web pages.[196] It can reduce operation and training costs.[196] Pypestream automated customer service for its mobile application to streamline communication with customers.[197]

A Google app analyzes language and converts speech into text. The platform can identify angry customers through their language and respond appropriately.[198] Amazon uses a chatbot for customer service that can perform tasks like checking the status of an order, cancelling orders, offering refunds and connecting the customer with a human representative.[199]

### Hospitality

In the hospitality industry, AI is used to reduce repetitive tasks, analyze trends, interact with guests, and predict customer needs.[200] AI hotel services come in the form of a chatbot,[201] application, virtual voice assistant and service robots.

## Media

Image restoration

AI applications analyze media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or user-generated content. The solutions often involve computer vision.

Typical scenarios include the analysis of images using object recognition or face recognition techniques, or the analysis of video for scene recognizing scenes, objects or faces. AI-based media analysis can facilitate media search, the creation of descriptive keywords for content, content policy monitoring (such as verifying the suitability of content for a particular TV viewing time), speech to text for archival or other purposes, and the detection of logos, products or celebrity faces for ad placement.

This list is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this list, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (April 2022)

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* Motion interpolation[202]
* Pixel-art scaling algorithms[203]
* Image scaling[204]
* Image restoration[205][206]
* Photo colorization[207]
* Film restoration[208]
* Photo tagging[209]
* Automated species identification

### Deep-fakes

Deep-fakes can be used for comedic purposes, but are better known for fake news and hoaxes.

In January 2016,[210] the Horizon 2020 program financed the InVID Project[211][212] to help journalists and researchers detect fake documents, made available as browser plugins.[213][214]

In June 2016, the visual computing group of the Technical University of Munich and from Stanford University developed Face2Face,[215] a program that animates photographs of faces, mimicking the facial expressions of another person. The technology has been demonstrated animating the faces of people including Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin. Other methods have been demonstrated based on deep neural networks, from which the name deep fake was taken.

In September 2018, U.S. Senator Mark Warner proposed to penalize social media companies that allow sharing of deep-fake documents on their platforms.[216]

In 2018, Vincent Nozick found a way to detect faked content by analyzing eyelid movements.[217] DARPA gave 68 million dollars to work on deep-fake detection.[217]

Audio deep-fakes[218][219] and AI software capable of detecting deep-fakes and cloning human voices have been developed.[220][221]

### Video content analysis, surveillance and manipulated media detection

This section is an excerpt from Video content analysis § Artificial Intelligence[ edit ]

AI algorithms have been used to detect deepfake videos.[222][223]

### Music

Main page: Music and artificial intelligence

AI has been used to compose music of various genres.

David Cope created an AI called Emily Howell that managed to become well known in the field of algorithmic computer music.[224] The algorithm behind Emily Howell is registered as a US patent.[225]

In 2012, AI Iamus created the first complete classical album.[226]

AIVA (Artificial Intelligence Virtual Artist), composes symphonic music, mainly classical music for film scores.[227] It achieved a world first by becoming the first virtual composer to be recognized by a musical professional association.[228]

Melomics creates computer-generated music for stress and pain relief.[229]

At Sony CSL Research Laboratory, the Flow Machines software creates pop songs by learning music styles from a huge database of songs. It can compose in multiple styles.

The Watson Beat uses reinforcement learning and deep belief networks to compose music on a simple seed input melody and a select style. The software was open sourced[230] and musicians such as Taryn Southern[231] collaborated with the project to create music.

South Korean singer Hayeon's debut song, "Eyes on You" was composed using AI which was supervised by real composers, including NUVO.[232]

### Writing and reporting

Narrative Science sells computer-generated news and reports. It summarizes sporting events based on statistical data from the game. It also creates financial reports and real estate analyses.[233] Automated Insights generates personalized recaps and previews for Yahoo Sports Fantasy Football.[234]

Yseop, uses AI to turn structured data into natural language comments and recommendations. Yseop writes financial reports, executive summaries, personalized sales or marketing documents and more in multiple languages, including English, Spanish, French, and German.[235]

TALESPIN made up stories similar to the fables of Aesop. The program started with a set of characters who wanted to achieve certain goals. The story narrated their attempts to satisfy these goals.[citation needed] Mark Riedl and Vadim Bulitko asserted that the essence of storytelling was experience management, or "how to balance the need for a coherent story progression with user agency, which is often at odds."[236]

While AI storytelling focuses on story generation (character and plot), story communication also received attention. In 2002, researchers developed an architectural framework for narrative prose generation. They faithfully reproduced text variety and complexity on stories such as Little Red Riding Hood.[237] In 2016, a Japanese AI co-wrote a short story and almost won a literary prize.[238]

South Korean company Hanteo Global uses a journalism bot to write articles.[239]

### Video games

Main page: Software:Artificial intelligence in video games

In video games, AI is routinely used to generate behavior in non-player characters (NPCs). In addition, AI is used for pathfinding. Some researchers consider NPC AI in games to be a "solved problem" for most production tasks.[who?] Games with less typical AI include the AI director of Left 4 Dead (2008) and the neuroevolutionary training of platoons in Supreme Commander 2 (2010).[240][241] AI is also used in Alien Isolation (2014) as a way to control the actions the Alien will perform next.[242]

Kinect, which provides a 3D body–motion interface for the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One, uses algorithms that emerged from AI research.[243][which?]

### Art

Main page: Artificial intelligence art

#### Art from language input

An artificial intelligence generated image given the prompt "A photo of a robot hand drawing, digital art".

Images generated by DALL-E based on the prompt "a professional high quality illustration of a giraffe dragon chimera. a giraffe imitating a dragon. a giraffe made of dragon."

AI like "Disco Diffusion", "DALL·E" (1 and 2),[244][245] Stable Diffusion,[245][246] Imagen,[247] "Dream by Wombo",[248][249][250] Midjourney[251] has also been used for visualizing conceptual inputs such as song lyrics, certain texts or specific imagined concepts (or imaginations) in artistic ways or artistic images in general.[252] Some of the tools also allow users to input images and various parameters e.g. to display an object or product in various environments, some can replicate artistic styles of popular artists, and some can create elaborate artistic images from rough sketches.

#### History

##### GOFAI

AI has been used to produce visual art. The first AI art program, called AARON, was developed by Harold Cohen in 1968 at the University of California at San Diego. AARON is the most notable example of AI art in the era of GOFAI programming because of its use of a symbolic rule-based approach to generate technical images.[253] Cohen developed AARON with the goal of being able to code the act of drawing. In its primitive form, AARON created simple black and white drawings. Cohen would later finish the drawings by painting them. Throughout the years, he also began to develop a way for AARON to also paint. Cohen designed AARON to paint using special brushes and dyes that were chosen by the program itself without mediation from Cohen.[254]

##### GAN/Modern

In recent years, AI art has shifted into a new paradigm with the emergence of GAN computer programming, which generates technical images through machine learning frameworks that surpass the need for human operators.[253] One example is Magenta, which began as a research project in 2016 from the Google Brain team that aimed to build programs and algorithms that can generate art and music, without need of human intervention. Other examples of GAN programs that generate art include Artbreeder and DeepDream.

AI art generated from GANs programming challenged the parameters of art and only recently entered the art auction market.[255] On October 25, 2018, Portrait of Edmond Belamy by the Parisian collective, Obvious, was the first art piece created by artificial intelligence to be offered at Christie's Auction House and was sold for $432,500.[256]

The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA provided an overview of AI applications for art, architecture, and design. Exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the 2016 Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the DeepDream algorithm and the 2017 exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI", which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt. In spring 2018, the Association for Computing Machinery dedicated a magazine issue to the subject of computers and art. In June 2018, "Duet for Human and Machine", an art piece permitting viewers to interact with an artificial intelligence, premiered at the Beall Center for Art + Technology. The Austrian Ars Electronica and Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna opened exhibitions on AI in 2019. Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" explored art's role in a sustainable societal transformation.

#### Understanding art with AI

In addition to the creation of original art, research methods that utilize AI have been generated to quantitatively analyze digital art collections. This has been made possible due to large-scale digitization of artwork in the past few decades. Although the main goal of digitization was to allow for accessibility and exploration of these collections, the use of AI in analyzing them has brought about new research perspectives.[257]

Two computational methods, close reading and distant viewing, are the typical approaches used to analyze digitized art.[258] Close reading focuses on specific visual aspects of one piece. Some tasks performed by machines in close reading methods include computational artist authentication and analysis of brushstrokes or texture properties. In contrast, through distant viewing methods, the similarity across an entire collection for a specific feature can be statistically visualized. Common tasks relating to this method include automatic classification, object detection, multimodal tasks, knowledge discovery in art history, and computational aesthetics.[257] Whereas distant viewing includes the analysis of large collections, close reading involves one piece of artwork.

Researchers have also introduced models that predict emotional responses to art such as ArtEmis, a large-scale dataset with machine learning models that contain emotional reactions to visual art as well as predictions of emotion from images or text.[259]

## Utilities

### Energy system

Power electronics converters are used in renewable energy, energy storage, electric vehicles and high-voltage direct current transmission. These converters are failure-prone, which can interrupt service and require costly maintenance or catastrophic consequences in mission critical applications.[citation needed] AI can guide the design process for reliable power electronics converters, by calculating exact design parameters that ensure the required lifetime.[260]

Machine learning can be used for energy consumption prediction and scheduling, e.g. to help with renewable energy intermittency management (see also: smart grid and climate change mitigation in the power grid).[261][262][263][264][better source needed]

### Telecommunications

Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search to manage their workforces. For example, BT Group deployed heuristic search[265] in an application that schedules 20,000 engineers. Machine learning is also used for speech recognition (SR), including of voice-controlled devices, and SR-related transcription, including of videos.[266][267]

## Manufacturing

Main pages: Artificial intelligence in industry and Artificial intelligence in heavy industry

### Sensors

Artificial intelligence has been combined with digital spectrometry by IdeaCuria Inc.,[268][269] enable applications such as at-home water quality monitoring.

### Toys and games

In the 1990s early AIs controlled Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, the Internet, and the first widely released robot, Furby. Aibo was a domestic robot in the form of a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy.

Mattel created an assortment of AI-enabled toys that "understand" conversations, give intelligent responses, and learn.[270]

### Oil and gas

Oil and gas companies have used artificial intelligence tools to automate functions, foresee equipment issues, and increase oil and gas output.[271][272]

## Transport

### Automotive

Main pages: Engineering:Vehicular automation and Engineering:Self-driving car

Side view of a Waymo-branded self-driving car

AI in transport is expected to provide safe, efficient, and reliable transportation while minimizing the impact on the environment and communities. The major development challenge is the complexity of transportation systems that involves independent components and parties, with potentially conflicting objectives.[273]

AI-based fuzzy logic controllers operate gearboxes. For example, the 2006 Audi TT, VW Touareg[citation needed] and VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission. A number of Škoda variants (Škoda Fabia) include a fuzzy logic-based controller. Cars have AI-based driver-assist features such as self-parking and adaptive cruise control.

There are also prototypes of autonomous automotive public transport vehicles such as electric mini-buses[274][275][276][277] as well as autonomous rail transport in operation.[278][279][280]

There also are prototypes of autonomous delivery vehicles, sometimes including delivery robots.[281][282][283][284][285][286][287]

AI has been used to optimize traffic management, which reduces wait times, energy use, and emissions by as much as 25 percent.[288]

Transportation's complexity means that in most cases training an AI in a real-world driving environment is impractical. Simulator-based testing can reduce the risks of on-road training.[289]

AI underpins self-driving vehicles. Companies involved with AI include Tesla, WayMo, and General Motors. AI-based systems control functions such as braking, lane changing, collision prevention, navigation and mapping.[290]

Autonomous trucks are in the testing phase. The UK government passed legislation to begin testing of autonomous truck platoons in 2018.[291] A group of autonomous trucks follow closely behind each other. German corporation Daimler is testing its Freightliner Inspiration.[292]

Autonomous vehicles require accurate maps to be able to navigate between destinations.[293] Some autonomous vehicles do not allow human drivers (they have no steering wheels or pedals).[294]

### Military

The Royal Australian Air Force Force (RAAF) Air Operations Division (AOD) uses AI for expert systems. AIs operate as surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission management aids, support systems for tactical decision making, and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries.[295]

Aircraft simulators use AI for training aviators. Flight conditions can be simulated that allow pilots to make mistakes without risking themselves or expensive aircraft. Air combat can also be simulated.

AI can also be used to operate planes analogously to their control of ground vehicles. Autonomous drones can fly independently or in swarms.[296]

AOD uses the Interactive Fault Diagnosis and Isolation System, or IFDIS, which is a rule-based expert system using information from TF-30 documents and expert advice from mechanics that work on the TF-30. This system was designed to be used for the development of the TF-30 for the F-111C. The system replaced specialized workers. The system allowed regular workers to communicate with the system and avoid mistakes, miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized workers.

Speech recognition allows traffic controllers to give verbal directions to drones.

Artificial intelligence supported design of aircraft,[297] or AIDA, is used to help designers in the process of creating conceptual designs of aircraft. This program allows the designers to focus more on the design itself and less on the design process. The software also allows the user to focus less on the software tools. The AIDA uses rule based systems to compute its data. This is a diagram of the arrangement of the AIDA modules. Although simple, the program is proving effective.

### NASA

In 2003 a Dryden Flight Research Center project created software that could enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a safe landing can be achieved.[298] The software compensated for damaged components by relying on the remaining undamaged components.[299]

The 2016 Intelligent Autopilot System combined apprenticeship learning and behavioral cloning whereby the autopilot observed low-level actions required to maneuver the airplane and high-level strategy used to apply those actions.[300]

### Maritime

Neural networks are used by situational awareness systems in ships and boats.[301] There also are autonomous boats.

## Environmental monitoring

Autonomous ships that monitor the ocean, AI-driven satellite data analysis, passive acoustics[302] or remote sensing and other applications of environmental monitoring make use of machine learning.[303][304][305][151]

For example, "Global Plastic Watch" is an AI-based satellite monitoring-platform for analysis/tracking of plastic waste sites to help prevention of plastic pollution – primarily ocean pollution – by helping identify who and where mismanages plastic waste, dumping it into oceans.[306][307]

### Early-warning systems

Machine learning can be used to spot early-warning signs of disasters and environmental issues, possibly including natural pandemics,[308][309] earthquakes,[310][311][312] landslides,[313] heavy rainfall,[314] long-term water supply vulnerability,[315] tipping-points of ecosystem collapse,[316] cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks,[317] and droughts.[318][319][320]

## Computer science

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Artificial intelligence in computer science. (Discuss) (April 2022)

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### Programming assistance

GitHub Copilot is an artificial intelligence model developed by GitHub and OpenAI that is able to autocomplete code in multiple programming languages.[321]

#### Neural network design

AI can be used to create other AIs. For example, around November 2017, Google's AutoML project to evolve new neural net topologies created NASNet, a system optimized for ImageNet and POCO F1. NASNet's performance exceeded all previously published performance on ImageNet.[322]

#### Quantum computing

Further information: Engineering:Quantum machine learning

Machine learning has been used for noise-cancelling in quantum technology,[323] including quantum sensors.[324] Moreover, there is substantial research and development of using quantum computers with machine learning algorithms. For example, there is a prototype, photonic, quantum memristive device for neuromorphic (quantum-)computers (NC)/artificial neural networks and NC-using quantum materials with some variety of potential neuromorphic computing-related applications,[325][326] and quantum machine learning is a field with some variety of applications under development. AI could be used for quantum simulators which may have the application of solving physics and chemistry[327][328] problems as well as for quantum annealers for training of neural networks for AI applications.[329] There may also be some usefulness in chemistry, e.g. for drug discovery, and in materials science, e.g. for materials optimization/discovery (with possible relevance to quantum materials manufacturing[184][185]).[330][331][332][better source needed]

### Historical contributions

AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered AI. All of the following were originally developed in AI laboratories:[333]

* Time sharing
* Interactive interpreters
* Graphical user interfaces and the computer mouse
* Rapid application development environments
* The linked list data structure
* Automatic storage management
* Symbolic programming
* Functional programming
* Dynamic programming
* Object-oriented programming
* Optical character recognition
* Constraint satisfaction

## List of applications

This section is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2021)

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This section duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (April 2022)

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## See also

* Applications of artificial intelligence to legal informatics
* Applications of deep learning
* Applications of machine learning
* Collective intelligence
* List of artificial intelligence projects
* Progress in artificial intelligence
* Open data
* Timeline of computing Template:CURRENTDECADE–present

## Footnotes

1. ↑ Brynjolfsson, Erik; Mitchell, Tom (22 December 2017). "What can machine learning do? Workforce implications" (in en). Science 358 (6370): 1530–1534. doi:10.1126/science.aap8062. PMID 29269459. Bibcode: 2017Sci...358.1530B. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap8062. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
2. ↑ Francesco Ricci and Lior Rokach and Bracha Shapira, Introduction to Recommender Systems Handbook, Recommender Systems Handbook, Springer, 2011, pp. 1-35
3. ↑ Grossman, Lev (27 May 2010). "How Computers Know What We Want — Before We Do". Time (magazine). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1992403,00.html.
4. ↑ Pankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh WTF:The who-to-follow system at Twitter, Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web
5. ↑ Baran, Remigiusz; Dziech, Andrzej; Zeja, Andrzej (1 June 2018). "A capable multimedia content discovery platform based on visual content analysis and intelligent data enrichment" (in en). Multimedia Tools and Applications 77 (11): 14077–14091. doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5014-1. ISSN 1573-7721.
6. ↑ "What are the security risks of open sourcing the Twitter algorithm?". 27 May 2022. https://venturebeat.com/2022/05/27/open-source-twitter-security-risks/.
7. ↑ "Examining algorithmic amplification of political content on Twitter" (in en-us). https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2021/rml-politicalcontent.
8. ↑ Park, SoHyun; Oh, Heung-Kwon; Park, Gibeom; Suh, Bongwon; Bae, Woo Kyung; Kim, Jin Won; Yoon, Hyuk; Kim, Duck-Woo et al. (February 2016). "The Source and Credibility of Colorectal Cancer Information on Twitter". Medicine 95 (7): e2775. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002775. PMID 26886625.
9. ↑ Efthimion, Phillip; Payne, Scott; Proferes, Nicholas (20 July 2018). "Supervised Machine Learning Bot Detection Techniques to Identify Social Twitter Bots". SMU Data Science Review 1 (2). https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview/vol1/iss2/5/.
10. ↑ "The online information environment". https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/online-information-environment/the-online-information-environment.pdf.
11. ↑ Islam, Md Rafiqul; Liu, Shaowu; Wang, Xianzhi; Xu, Guandong (29 September 2020). "Deep learning for misinformation detection on online social networks: a survey and new perspectives" (in en). Social Network Analysis and Mining 10 (1): 82. doi:10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x. ISSN 1869-5469. PMID 33014173.
12. ↑ Mohseni, Sina; Ragan, Eric (4 December 2018). "Combating Fake News with Interpretable News Feed Algorithms". arXiv:1811.12349 [cs.SI].
13. ↑ Matz, S. C.; Kosinski, M.; Nave, G.; Stillwell, D. J. (28 November 2017). "Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (48): 12714–12719. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710966114. PMID 29133409.
14. ↑ Busby, Mattha (30 April 2018). "Revealed: how bookies use AI to keep gamblers hooked" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/30/bookies-using-ai-to-keep-gamblers-hooked-insiders-say.
15. ↑ Celli, Fabio; Massani, Pietro Zani; Lepri, Bruno (2017). "Profilio". Proceedings of the 25th ACM international conference on Multimedia. pp. 546–550. doi:10.1145/3123266.3129311. ISBN 978-1-4503-4906-2.
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18. ↑ Clark, Jack (8 December 2015b). "Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Briefer, Elodie F.; Sypherd, Ciara C.-R.; Linhart, Pavel; Leliveld, Lisette M. C.; Padilla de la Torre, Monica; Read, Eva R.; Guérin, Carole; Deiss, Véronique et al. (7 March 2022). "Classification of pig calls produced from birth to slaughter according to their emotional valence and context of production" (in en). Scientific Reports 12 (1): 3409. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07174-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 35256620. Bibcode: 2022NatSR..12.3409B.
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21. ↑ Heath, Nick (11 December 2020). "What is AI? Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence" (in en). ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence/.
22. ↑ Clark 2015b.
23. ↑ Markoff, John (16 February 2011). "Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/science/17jeopardy-watson.html.
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27. ↑ "World's Go Player Ratings". May 2017. http://www.goratings.org/.
28. ↑ "柯洁迎19岁生日 雄踞人类世界排名第一已两年" (in zh). May 2017. http://sports.sina.com.cn/go/2016-08-02/doc-ifxunyya3020238.shtml.
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30. ↑ Steven Borowiec; Tracey Lien (12 March 2016). "AlphaGo beats human Go champ in milestone for artificial intelligence". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-korea-alphago-20160312-story.html.
31. ↑ Solly, Meilan. "This Poker-Playing A.I. Knows When to Hold 'Em and When to Fold 'Em". https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/poker-playing-ai-knows-when-hold-em-when-fold-em-180972643/. "Pluribus has bested poker pros in a series of six-player no-limit Texas Hold'em games, reaching a milestone in artificial intelligence research. It is the first bot to beat humans in a complex multiplayer competition."
32. ↑ Bowling, Michael; Burch, Neil; Johanson, Michael; Tammelin, Oskari (9 January 2015). "Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved" (in en). Science 347 (6218): 145–149. doi:10.1126/science.1259433. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25574016. Bibcode: 2015Sci...347..145B. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1259433.
33. ↑ Ontanon, Santiago; Synnaeve, Gabriel; Uriarte, Alberto; Richoux, Florian; Churchill, David; Preuss, Mike (December 2013). "A Survey of Real-Time Strategy Game AI Research and Competition in StarCraft". IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games 5 (4): 293–311. doi:10.1109/TCIAIG.2013.2286295.
34. ↑ "Facebook Quietly Enters StarCraft War for AI Bots, and Loses". WIRED. 2017. https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-quietly-enters-starcraft-war-for-ai-bots-and-loses/.
35. ↑ Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Lai, Matthew; Guez, Arthur; Lanctot, Marc; Sifre, Laurent et al. (7 December 2018). "A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and go through self-play". Science 362 (6419): 1140–1144. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404. PMID 30523106. Bibcode: 2018Sci...362.1140S.
36. ↑ Sample, Ian (18 October 2017). "'It's able to create knowledge itself': Google unveils AI that learns on its own" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/oct/18/its-able-to-create-knowledge-itself-google-unveils-ai-learns-all-on-its-own.
37. ↑ "The AI revolution in science" (in en). Science | AAAS. 5 July 2017. https://www.science.org/content/article/ai-revolution-science.
38. ↑ "The superhero of artificial intelligence: can this genius keep it in check?". The Guardian. 16 February 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/16/demis-hassabis-artificial-intelligence-deepmind-alphago.
39. ↑ Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David; Rusu, Andrei A.; Veness, Joel; Bellemare, Marc G.; Graves, Alex; Riedmiller, Martin et al. (26 February 2015). "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning". Nature 518 (7540): 529–533. doi:10.1038/nature14236. PMID 25719670. Bibcode: 2015Natur.518..529M.
40. ↑ Sample, Ian (14 March 2017). "Google's DeepMind makes AI program that can learn like a human". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/mar/14/googles-deepmind-makes-ai-program-that-can-learn-like-a-human.
41. ↑ Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward et al. (23 December 2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model" (in en). Nature 588 (7839): 604–609. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33361790. Bibcode: 2020Natur.588..604S. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03051-4.
42. ↑ K, Bharath (2 April 2021). "AI In Chess: The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence In Chess Engines" (in en). https://towardsdatascience.com/ai-in-chess-the-evolution-of-artificial-intelligence-in-chess-engines-a3a9e230ed50.
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60. ↑ O'Neill, Eleanor (31 July 2016). "Accounting, automation and AI" (in en). https://www.icas.com/ca-today-news/how-accountancy-and-finance-are-using-artificial-intelligence.
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63. ↑ Chapman, Lizette (7 January 2019). "Palantir once mocked the idea of salespeople. Now it's hiring them". https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-palantir-sales-ipo-20190107-story.html.
64. ↑ Marwala, Tshilidzi; Hurwitz, Evan (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market. London: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-66104-9.
65. ↑ Marwala, Tshilidzi; Hurwitz, Evan (2017), "Efficient Market Hypothesis", Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 101–110, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66104-9_9, ISBN 978-3-319-66103-2, http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-66104-9_9, retrieved 11 November 2020
66. ↑ "Algorithmic Trading". 18 May 2005. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/algorithmictrading.asp.
67. ↑ "Beyond Robo-Advisers: How AI Could Rewire Wealth Management". 5 January 2017. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/beyond-robo-advisers-how-ai-could-rewire-wealth-management.
68. ↑ Asatryan, Diana (3 April 2017). "Machine Learning Is the Future of Underwriting, But Startups Won't be Driving It". http://bankinnovation.net/2017/04/machine-learning-is-the-future-of-underwriting-but-startups-wont-be-driving-it/.
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275. ↑ "Europe's first full-sized self-driving urban electric bus has arrived" (in en). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/europe-first-autonomous-electric-buses-spain/.
276. ↑ "Self-driving bus propels Swiss town into the future". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/sport/trapeze-self-driving-autonomous-electric-bus-switzerland-spt-intl/index.html.
277. ↑ Huber, Dominik; Viere, Tobias; Horschutz Nemoto, Eliane; Jaroudi, Ines; Korbee, Dorien; Fournier, Guy (1 January 2022). "Climate and environmental impacts of automated minibuses in future public transportation" (in en). Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 102: 103160. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.103160. ISSN 1361-9209.
278. ↑ "Transportation Germany Unveils the World's First Fully Automated Train in Hamburg". 12 October 2021. https://interestingengineering.com/germany-unveils-the-worlds-first-fully-automated-train-in-hamburg.
279. ↑ "Railway digitalisation using drones" (in en). 25 February 2021. https://www.euspa.europa.eu/railway-digitalisation-using-drones.
280. ↑ "World's fastest driverless bullet train launches in China" (in en). The Guardian. 9 January 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2020/jan/09/worlds-fastest-driverless-automated-bullet-train-launches-beijing-china-olympics.
281. ↑ "JD.com, Meituan and Neolix to test autonomous deliveries on Beijing public roads". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/25/meituan-jd-com-and-neolix-begin-autonomous-deliveries-in-beijing/.
282. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (22 July 2020). "Waymo is designing a self-driving Ram delivery van with FCA" (in en). The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/22/21334012/waymo-fca-ram-delivery-self-driving-van.
283. ↑ "Arrival's delivery van demos its autonomous chops at a UK parcel depot". New Atlas. 3 August 2021. https://newatlas.com/automotive/arrivals-delivery-van-autonomous-demo-parcel-depot/.
284. ↑ Buss, Dale. "Walmart Presses Its Distribution Legacy To Lead In Automated Delivery" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dalebuss/2021/08/31/walmart-presses-its-distribution-legacy-to-lead-in-automated-delivery/.
285. ↑ Cooley, Patrick; Dispatch, The Columbus. "Grubhub testing delivery robots" (in en). techxplore.com. https://techxplore.com/news/2021-09-grubhub-delivery-robots.html.
286. ↑ "Self-driving delivery van ditches 'human controls'". BBC News. 6 February 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51409031.
287. ↑ Krok, Andrew. "Nuro's self-driving delivery van wants to run errands for you" (in en). CNET. https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/nuros-self-driving-delivery-van-wants-to-run-errands-for-you/.
288. ↑ Preparing for the future of artificial intelligence. National Science and Technology Council. OCLC 965620122.
289. ↑ Hallerbach, Sven; Xia, Yiqun; Eberle, Ulrich; Koester, Frank (3 April 2018). "Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles". SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles 1 (2): 93–106. doi:10.4271/2018-01-1066.
290. ↑ West, Darrell M. (20 September 2016). "Moving forward: Self-driving vehicles in China, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States". Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/moving-forward-self-driving-vehicles-in-china-europe-japan-korea-and-the-united-states/.
291. ↑ Burgess, Matt (24 August 2017). "The UK is about to Start Testing Self-Driving Truck Platoons". Wired UK. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uk-trial-self-driving-trucks-platoons-roads. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
292. ↑ Davies, Alex (5 May 2015). "World's First Self-Driving Semi-Truck Hits the Road". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/05/worlds-first-self-driving-semi-truck-hits-road/. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
293. ↑ McFarland, Matt (25 February 2015). "Google's artificial intelligence breakthrough may have a huge impact on self-driving cars and much more". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/02/25/googles-artificial-intelligence-breakthrough-may-have-a-huge-impact-on-self-driving-cars-and-much-more/.
294. ↑ "Programming safety into self-driving cars". National Science Foundation. 2 February 2015. https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=134033.
295. ↑ "AI bests Air Force combat tactics experts in simulated dogfights". Ars Technica. 29 June 2016. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/ai-bests-air-force-combat-tactics-experts-in-simulated-dogfights/.
296. ↑ Jones, Randolph M.; Laird, John E.; Nielsen, Paul E.; Coulter, Karen J.; Kenny, Patrick; Koss, Frank V. (15 March 1999). "Automated Intelligent Pilots for Combat Flight Simulation". AI Magazine 20 (1): 27. doi:10.1609/aimag.v20i1.1438.
297. ↑ AIDA Homepage. Kbs.twi.tudelft.nl (17 April 1997). Retrieved 21 July 2013.
298. ↑ The Story of Self-Repairing Flight Control Systems. NASA Dryden. (April 2003). Retrieved 25 August 2016.
299. ↑ Adams, Eric (28 March 2017). "AI Wields the Power to Make Flying Safer—and Maybe Even Pleasant". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2017/03/ai-wields-power-make-flying-safer-maybe-even-pleasant/. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
300. ↑ Baomar, Haitham; Bentley, Peter J. (2016). "An Intelligent Autopilot System that learns flight emergency procedures by imitating human pilots". 2016 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). pp. 1–9. doi:10.1109/SSCI.2016.7849881. ISBN 978-1-5090-4240-1. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1520870/.
301. ↑ "UB invests in student-founded startup" (in en). http://www.buffalo.edu/ubnow/stories/2020/10/buffalo-automation-seed-funding.html.
302. ↑ Williams, Ben; Lamont, Timothy A. C.; Chapuis, Lucille; Harding, Harry R.; May, Eleanor B.; Prasetya, Mochyudho E.; Seraphim, Marie J.; Jompa, Jamaluddin et al. (1 July 2022). "Enhancing automated analysis of marine soundscapes using ecoacoustic indices and machine learning" (in en). Ecological Indicators 140: 108986. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108986. ISSN 1470-160X.
303. ↑ Hino, M.; Benami, E.; Brooks, N. (October 2018). "Machine learning for environmental monitoring" (in en). Nature Sustainability 1 (10): 583–588. doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0142-9. ISSN 2398-9629.
304. ↑ "How machine learning can help environmental regulators" (in en). Stanford University. 8 April 2019. https://news.stanford.edu/2019/04/08/machine-learning-can-help-environmental-regulators/.
305. ↑ "AI empowers environmental regulators" (in en). Stanford University. 19 April 2021. https://news.stanford.edu/2021/04/19/ai-empowers-environmental-regulators/.
306. ↑ Frost, Rosie (9 May 2022). "Plastic waste can now be found and monitored from space" (in en). euronews. https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/05/09/the-world-s-plastic-waste-has-been-mapped-from-space-for-the-first-time-ever.
307. ↑ "Global Plastic Watch" (in en). https://globalplasticwatch.org/map.
308. ↑ "AI may predict the next virus to jump from animals to humans" (in en). Public Library of Science. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-ai-virus-animals-humans.html.
309. ↑ Mollentze, Nardus; Babayan, Simon A.; Streicker, Daniel G. (28 September 2021). "Identifying and prioritizing potential human-infecting viruses from their genome sequences" (in en). PLOS Biology 19 (9): e3001390. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001390. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 34582436.
310. ↑ Li, Zefeng; Meier, Men-Andrin; Hauksson, Egill; Zhan, Zhongwen; Andrews, Jennifer (28 May 2018). "Machine Learning Seismic Wave Discrimination: Application to Earthquake Early Warning" (in en). Geophysical Research Letters 45 (10): 4773–4779. doi:10.1029/2018GL077870. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45.4773L.
311. ↑ "Machine learning and gravity signals could rapidly detect big earthquakes". Science News. 11 May 2022. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/machine-learning-gravity-earthquake-ai.
312. ↑ Fauvel, Kevin; Balouek-Thomert, Daniel; Melgar, Diego; Silva, Pedro; Simonet, Anthony; Antoniu, Gabriel; Costan, Alexandru; Masson, Véronique et al. (3 April 2020). "A Distributed Multi-Sensor Machine Learning Approach to Earthquake Early Warning" (in en). Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34 (1): 403–411. doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5376. ISSN 2374-3468.
313. ↑ Thirugnanam, Hemalatha; Ramesh, Maneesha Vinodini; Rangan, Venkat P. (1 September 2020). "Enhancing the reliability of landslide early warning systems by machine learning" (in en). Landslides 17 (9): 2231–2246. doi:10.1007/s10346-020-01453-z. ISSN 1612-5118.
314. ↑ Moon, Seung-Hyun; Kim, Yong-Hyuk; Lee, Yong Hee; Moon, Byung-Ro (1 January 2019). "Application of machine learning to an early warning system for very short-term heavy rainfall" (in en). Journal of Hydrology 568: 1042–1054. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.060. ISSN 0022-1694. Bibcode: 2019JHyd..568.1042M.
315. ↑ Robinson, Bethany; Cohen, Jonathan S.; Herman, Jonathan D. (1 September 2020). "Detecting early warning signals of long-term water supply vulnerability using machine learning" (in en). Environmental Modelling & Software 131: 104781. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104781. ISSN 1364-8152.
316. ↑ Bury, Thomas M.; Sujith, R. I.; Pavithran, Induja; Scheffer, Marten; Lenton, Timothy M.; Anand, Madhur; Bauch, Chris T. (28 September 2021). "Deep learning for early warning signals of tipping points" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (39): e2106140118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2106140118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 34544867. Bibcode: 2021PNAS..11806140B.
317. ↑ Park, Yongeun; Lee, Han Kyu; Shin, Jae-Ki; Chon, Kangmin; Kim, SungHwan; Cho, Kyung Hwa; Kim, Jin Hwi; Baek, Sang-Soo (15 June 2021). "A machine learning approach for early warning of cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks in a freshwater reservoir" (in en). Journal of Environmental Management 288: 112415. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112415. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 33774562.
318. ↑ Li, Jun; Wang, Zhaoli; Wu, Xushu; Xu, Chong‐Yu; Guo, Shenglian; Chen, Xiaohong; Zhang, Zhenxing (August 2021). "Robust Meteorological Drought Prediction Using Antecedent SST Fluctuations and Machine Learning" (in en). Water Resources Research 57 (8). doi:10.1029/2020WR029413. ISSN 0043-1397. Bibcode: 2021WRR....5729413L. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-95519.
319. ↑ Khan, Najeebullah; Sachindra, D. A.; Shahid, Shamsuddin; Ahmed, Kamal; Shiru, Mohammed Sanusi; Nawaz, Nadeem (1 May 2020). "Prediction of droughts over Pakistan using machine learning algorithms" (in en). Advances in Water Resources 139: 103562. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103562. ISSN 0309-1708. Bibcode: 2020AdWR..13903562K.
320. ↑ Kaur, Amandeep; Sood, Sandeep K. (1 May 2020). "Deep learning based drought assessment and prediction framework" (in en). Ecological Informatics 57: 101067. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101067. ISSN 1574-9541.
321. ↑ Gershgorn, Dave (29 June 2021). "GitHub and OpenAI launch a new AI tool that generates its own code". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/29/22555777/github-openai-ai-tool-autocomplete-code.
322. ↑ "Google AI creates its own 'child' bot". The Independent. 5 December 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-child-ai-bot-nasnet-automl-machine-learning-artificial-intelligence-a8093201.html.
323. ↑ "Cancelling quantum noise" (in en). 23 May 2019. https://www.uts.edu.au/about/faculty-engineering-and-information-technology/news/cancelling-quantum-noise.
324. ↑ "Machine learning paves the way for next-level quantum sensing" (in en). University of Bristol. https://phys.org/news/2019-05-machine-paves-next-level-quantum.html.
325. ↑ Spagnolo, Michele; Morris, Joshua; Piacentini, Simone; Antesberger, Michael; Massa, Francesco; Crespi, Andrea; Ceccarelli, Francesco; Osellame, Roberto et al. (April 2022). "Experimental photonic quantum memristor" (in en). Nature Photonics 16 (4): 318–323. doi:10.1038/s41566-022-00973-5. ISSN 1749-4893. Bibcode: 2022NaPho..16..318S.
326. ↑ Ramanathan, Shriram (July 2018). "Quantum materials for brain sciences and artificial intelligence" (in en). MRS Bulletin 43 (7): 534–540. doi:10.1557/mrs.2018.147. ISSN 0883-7694.
327. ↑ "Artificial intelligence makes accurate quantum chemical simulations more affordable" (in en). Nature Portfolio Chemistry Community. 2 December 2021. https://chemistrycommunity.nature.com/posts/artificial-intelligence-makes-accurate-quantum-chemical-simulations-more-affordable. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
328. ↑ Guan, Wen; Perdue, Gabriel; Pesah, Arthur; Schuld, Maria; Terashi, Koji; Vallecorsa, Sofia; Vlimant, Jean-Roch (1 March 2021). "Quantum machine learning in high energy physics" (in en). Machine Learning: Science and Technology 2 (1): 011003. doi:10.1088/2632-2153/abc17d.
329. ↑ "Europe's First Quantum Computer with More Than 5K Qubits Launched at Jülich". HPCwire. https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/europes-first-quantum-computer-with-more-than-5k-qubits-launched-at-julich/.
330. ↑ Cova, Tânia; Vitorino, Carla; Ferreira, Márcio; Nunes, Sandra; Rondon-Villarreal, Paola; Pais, Alberto (2022). "Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing Quantum computing (QC) as the Next Pharma Disruptors" (in en). Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design (Springer US) 2390: 321–347. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1787-8_14. PMID 34731476.
331. ↑ Batra, Kushal; Zorn, Kimberley M.; Foil, Daniel H.; Minerali, Eni; Gawriljuk, Victor O.; Lane, Thomas R.; Ekins, Sean (28 June 2021). "Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms for Drug Discovery Applications" (in en). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 61 (6): 2641–2647. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00166. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 34032436.
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333. ↑ Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2, http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/

## Further reading

* Kaplan, A.M.; Haenlein, M. (2018). "Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence". Business Horizons 62 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004.
* Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3. https://archive.org/details/singularityisnea00kurz.
* National Research Council (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7. OCLC 246584055. https://archive.org/details/fundingrevolutio00nati.
* Moghaddam, M. J.; Soleymani, M. R.; Farsi, M. A. (2015). "Sequence planning for stamping operations in progressive dies". Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 26 (2): 347–357. doi:10.1007/s10845-013-0788-0.
* Felten, Ed (3 May 2016). "Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence". https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence.

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