Atlantic Canada

Short description: Region of Eastern Canada

Not to be confused with The Maritimes.

Atlantic Canada

Provinces de l'Atlantique (French)

Region

Atlantic Canada (red) within the rest of Canada

Country| Canada
Composition|

* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Nova Scotia
* Prince Edward Island

Most populous municipality| Halifax
Area

• Total| 539,064 km2 (208,134 sq mi)
Population

(2021)

• Total| 2,409,874
• Density| 4/km2 (10/sq mi)
Time zones
The Maritimes and Labrador| UTC-4:00 (AST)
Newfoundland| UTC-3:30 (NST)

Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (French: provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes, another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Exploration and settlement
* 1.2 British expansion
* 1.3 Immigration: from loyalists to the Irish
* 1.4 Creating "Atlantic Canada"
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Region and nearby area
* 2.2 Canadian dividing
* 3 Economy
* 3.1 Fishing and the Atlantic Ocean
* 3.2 Power production
* 3.3 Resources
* 4 Sources
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading

## History

The Atlantic Provinces are the historical territories of the Mi'kmaq,[1] Wolastoqiyik,[2] Naskapi,[3] Beothuk[4][5] and Nunatsiavut[6][7] peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador Inuit (Labradormiut), who are descended from the Thule people.[7][8]

### Exploration and settlement

Viking migration to modern day Newfoundland

Leif Erikson and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE.[9][10] Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland.[11][12] The location of Vinland is uncertain,[13] but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows[14] has been identified as a good candidate.[15][16] It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America.[12][17] The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted.[12] The site produced the first evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland.[17][18]

Acadia, a colony of New France, was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons.[19] The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined the Wabanaki Confederacy, important allies to New France.[20]

### British expansion

Painting shows romanticised view of United Empire Loyalists arriving in New Brunswick, ca. 1783

Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain.[21] The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713,[22] giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing the first French Shore,[23][24] giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline.[25][26]

Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts, Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery.[22] Between 1755 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as the Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement.[26][27] Following the Seven Years War and the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral Hugh Palliser, consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island,[28] including the Bay of Islands and Humber Arm, much of it by the Royal Naval officer James Cook.[21][29][30]

After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1764 some of the Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick.[31] The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home.[32][33][34]

### Immigration: from loyalists to the Irish

Rose Fortune, daughter of Fortune a free Negro, who immigrated to Nova Scotia as a child after the American Revolution.[35]

After the conclusion of the American Revolution with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 many loyalists from the United States settled in the region.[36][37] This influx of immigrants caused the partition of Nova Scotia creating New Brunswick.[38][39] Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities.[40][41] It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly Anglo-Canadian population.[37][42][43] Some of the new settlers brought with them Black slaves.[44][45] Also 3,000 Black loyalists who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia.[46][47] Most of the free Blacks settled at Birchtown,[48] the most prominent Black township in North America at the time.[49][50]

The War of 1812 significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering,[51] and as strategic support bases for the British war effort against the United States.[52]

In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the great potato famine.[53][54] Saint John and Halifax, both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region,[55] with Saint John's quarantine station on Partridge Island being the second-busiest in British North America during the epidemic typhus outbreak.[56]

### Creating "Atlantic Canada"

The first premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood, coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.[57] He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime provinces," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.[58][59][60] The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered Confederation during the 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867,[57][61] and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[57][60][62]

## Geography

Historical map showing parts of Atlantic Canada

Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, rugged mountains, and dense forests.[63][31]

### Region and nearby area

The area is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south[64] and Quebec to the west.[65] The region shares two international borders one with the United States and its State of Maine[63] and another off the coast of Newfoundland with France and its overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[66][67] The region's maritime environment has influenced the region's climate, culture, and economy.[63][68] The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like Halifax and St. John's and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism.[63][69]

### Canadian dividing

Although Quebec has a physical Atlantic coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence,[70][71] it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province;[72][73][74] instead, it is classified as part of Central Canada, along with Ontario.[75][76]

Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as Eastern Canada.[63][77] Atlantic Canada includes a section of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Appalachian Uplands.[63][78] In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being fjorded.[79][80] Some areas contain glaciofluvial deposits.[81][82][83]

## Economy

Atlantic Canada's primary industries are natural resource extraction and power generation including fishing,[84] hydroelectricity,[85] wind power,[86] forestry,[87] oil,[88][89] and mining.[36][63][90]

### Fishing and the Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic provinces contribute a large part of Canada's fish production,[91][92] with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries.[93] Over half of all ocean related jobs in Canada are found in Atlantic Canada with 75% of the ocean economy centered in its provinces.[94] The access point for many of such fisheries being the Gulf of St. Lawrence[95] and the Atlantic continental shelf.[96][97] Due to the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery Canada imposed a moratorium of cod fishing in 1992.[98][99] This affected the region significantly and caused the loss of between 30,000 and 50,000 jobs in the region which was the largest single layoff in Canadian history.[100][101] The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency is the official agency responsible for creating economic opportunities within Atlantic Canada.[102][103]

### Power production

Labrador hosts the second largest hydroelectric system in Canada at Churchill Falls where it produces 35,000 GWh of power each year.[104][105] Elsewhere in the region wind power and hydrogen generation have begun to make a large impact on the energy landscape including exporting energy to Canada and hydrogen overseas.[106][107][108]

### Resources

The region is host to parts of Canada's eastern boreal forests which were historically used for timber production and boat production.[109][110][111]

Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of gypsum and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada.[36][112][113] In the Atlantic provinces, iron,[114] anhydrite, salt, coal, limestone, silica, sand, quartz, marble, slate, sandstone, granite, and peat are also mined.[115]

## Sources

Text available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license is not compatible with Wikipedia and cannot be freely copied into articles.

This article incorporates text by Rainer Baehre available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

## References

1. ↑ Hornborg, Anne-Christine (2016-07-22) (in en). Mi'kmaq Landscapes. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315595375. ISBN 978-1-317-09622-1. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317096221.
2. ↑ "Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet)" (in en). https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maliseet.
3. ↑ Henriksen, Georg (2022-12-31). Hunters in the Barrens: The Naskapi on the Edge of the White Man's World. Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9780857453679. ISBN 978-0-85745-367-9. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780857453679/html.
4. ↑ Chare, Nicholas (2022-12-31), Bienvenue, Valérie; Chare, Nicholas, eds., "Chapter 4. The Beothuk, the Great Auk and the Newfoundland Wolf: Animal and Human Genocide in Canada's Easternmost Province", Animals, Plants and Afterimages (Berghahn Books): pp. 113–136, doi:10.1515/9781800734265-007, ISBN 978-1-80073-426-5, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781800734265-007/html, retrieved 2024-10-05
5. ↑ Carr, Steven M. (2020). "Evidence for the persistence of ancient Beothuk and Maritime Archaic mitochondrial DNA genome lineages among modern Native American peoples" (in en). Genome 63 (7): 349–355. doi:10.1139/gen-2019-0149. ISSN 0831-2796. PMID 32283039. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/gen-2019-0149.
6. ↑ Cuerrier, Alain; Clark, Courtenay; Dwyer-Samuel, Frédéric; Rapinski, Michel (2022). "Nunatsiavut, 'our beautiful land': Inuit landscape ethnoecology in Labrador, Canada" (in en). Botany 100 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1139/cjb-2021-0112. ISSN 1916-2790. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjb-2021-0112.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 White, Graham (2023). "We are in charge here": Inuit self-government and the Nunatsiavut Assembly. Toronto Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-5274-9.
8. ↑ Natcher, David C., ed (2012). Settlement, subsistence, and change among the Labrador Inuit: the Nunatsiavummiut experience. Contemporary studies on the North. Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-419-3.
9. ↑ Wallace-Murphy, Tim; Martin, James (2023). Uncharted: a rediscovered history of voyages to the Americas before Columbus. Newburyport, MA: New Page. ISBN 978-1-63748-011-3.
10. ↑ Seaver, Kirsten A. (2000). The frozen echo: Greenland and the exploration of North America, c. A.D. 1000 - 1500. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3161-4.
11. ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (2009). "L'Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson's Home in Vinland" (in en). Journal of the North Atlantic 201: 114–125. doi:10.3721/037.002.s212. ISSN 1935-1933. http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3721/037.002.s212.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Belshaw, John Douglas (2020-10-06) (in en). Canadian History: Pre-Confederation (2nd ed.). BCcampus. ISBN 978-1-77420-063-6. https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation2e/.
13. ↑ Cooke, Alan (1965). "The identification of Vinland" (in en). Polar Record 12 (80): 583–587. doi:10.1017/S0032247400058782. ISSN 1475-3057. Bibcode: 1965PoRec..12..583C. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/identification-of-vinland/7A31727327163C1D90A084C5A99D8E66.
14. ↑ Nydal, Reidar (1989). "A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada" (in en). Radiocarbon 31 (3): 976–985. doi:10.1017/S0033822200012613. ISSN 0033-8222. Bibcode: 1989Radcb..31..976N. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822200012613/type/journal_article.
15. ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (2003). "The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland" (in en). Newfoundland & Labrador Studies 19 (1). ISSN 1715-1430. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/140.
16. ↑ Crocker, Christopher (2020). "What We Talk about When We Talk about Vínland: History, Whiteness, Indigenous Erasure, and the Early Norse Presence in Newfoundland" (in en). Canadian Journal of History 55 (1–2): 91–122. doi:10.3138/cjh-2019-0028. ISSN 0008-4107.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ledger, Paul M.; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Forbes, Véronique (2019-07-30). "New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (31): 15341–15343. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907986116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 31308231. Bibcode: 2019PNAS..11615341L.
18. ↑ Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar et al. (2022-01-20). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021" (in en). Nature 601 (7893): 388–391. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 34671168. Bibcode: 2022Natur.601..388K.
19. ↑ "History of Acadia" (in en). https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia.
20. ↑ "Wabanaki". 2011-07-19. http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Baehre, Rainer (2015). "Reconstructing Heritage and Cultural Identity in Marginalised and Hinterland Communities: Case Studies from Western Newfoundland" (in en). London Journal of Canadian Studies 30 (1). doi:10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2015v30.003. ISSN 2397-0928. https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ljcs/article/id/493/.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hiller, J.K. (1996). "The Newfoundland fisheries issue in Anglo-French treaties, 1713–1904" (in en). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/03086539608582966. ISSN 0308-6534. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539608582966.
23. ↑ Hiller, J. (1991). "Utrecht Revisited: The Origins of Fishing Rights in Newfoundland Waters" (in en). Newfoundland Studies 7 (1): 23–40. ISSN 1198-8614. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/1991-v7-n1-nflds_7_1/nflds7_1art02/.
24. ↑ Miquelon, Dale (2001). "Envisioning the French Empire: Utrecht, 1711-1713". French Historical Studies 24 (4): 653–677. doi:10.1215/00161071-24-4-653. ISSN 1527-5493. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11904.
25. ↑ Reid, John G., ed (2004). The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: imperial, colonial, and aboriginal constructions. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3755-8. OCLC ocm51923070. https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm51923070.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Laxer, James (2006). The Acadians in search of a homeland. S.l.: Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-66108-9.
27. ↑ Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3876-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
28. ↑ "Palliser, Sir Hugh, first baronet (1723–1796), naval officer and politician" (in en). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21165. https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-21165. Retrieved 2024-10-06. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
29. ↑ Janzen, Olaf U. (2013-01-01), "Showing the Flag: Hugh Palliser in Western Newfoundland, 1763-1766", War and Trade in Eighteenth-Century Newfoundland (Liverpool University Press): pp. 155–172, doi:10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010, ISBN 978-1-927869-02-4, http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010, retrieved 2024-10-06
30. ↑ Harley, Brian (1998) (in en). The Legacy of James Cook: The story of the Bay of Islands.. Robinson Blackmore. ISBN 978-0968447604.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Pratson, Frederick (1995). Loverseed, Helga. ed. Guide to Eastern Canada (5th ed.). Old Saybrook, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-56440-635-4. https://archive.org/details/guidetoeasternca0000prat. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
32. ↑ MacKinnon, Bobbi-Jean (2023-12-11). "Official languages commissioner slams Higgs government over 'opportunity lost'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/official-languages-commissioner-new-brunswick-report-2022-23-shirley-maclean-1.7055113.
33. ↑ Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D.; Marshall, Kelle L. (2021-11-08), Slavkov, Nikolay; Melo-Pfeifer, Sílvia; Kerschhofer-Puhalo, Nadja, eds., "Chapter 11 "I want to be bilingual!" Contested imaginings of bilingualism in New Brunswick, Canada", The Changing Face of the "Native Speaker" (De Gruyter): pp. 285–314, doi:10.1515/9781501512353-012, ISBN 978-1-5015-1235-3, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501512353-012/html, retrieved 2024-10-05
34. ↑ Turner, Linda (2005). "SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN CANADA'S OFFICIALLY BILINGUAL PROVINCE: Challenges and Opportunities". Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social 22 (2): 131–154. ISSN 0820-909X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41669832.
35. ↑ Archives, Nova Scotia (2020-04-20). "Nova Scotia Archives - African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition". https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/archives/?ID=30.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Reid, John G.; Bowen, H.V.; Mancke, Elizabeth (2009). "Is There a "Canadian" Atlantic World?" (in en). International Journal of Maritime History 21 (1): 263–295. doi:10.1177/084387140902100112. ISSN 0843-8714. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/084387140902100112.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lemer-Fleury, Alice (2018-12-31). "Colonial policies and propaganda: the making of British North America as an anti-republican refuge after the War of Independence (c. 1783–1815)". Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies (85): 29–48. doi:10.4000/eccs.1425. ISSN 0153-1700. http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1425.
38. ↑ Gilroy, Marion (1933-12-01). "The Partition of Nova Scotia, 1784" (in en). Canadian Historical Review 14 (4): 375–391. doi:10.3138/chr-014-04-02. ISSN 0008-3755. https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/chr-014-04-02.
39. ↑ Lennox, Jeffers (2015). "A Time and a Place: The Geography of British, French, and Aboriginal Interactions in Early Nova Scotia, 1726–44". The William and Mary Quarterly 72 (3): 423–460. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423. ISSN 0043-5597. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423.
40. ↑ Condon, Ann Gorman (1987-01-01). "Loyalist Style and the Culture of the Atlantic Seaboard" (in en). Material Culture Review. ISSN 1927-9264. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17300.
41. ↑ Errington, Jane (2012). "Loyalists and Loyalism in the American Revolution and Beyond" (in en). Acadiensis 41 (2): 164–174. ISSN 0044-5851. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2012-v41-n2-acad_41_2/acad41_2re01/.
42. ↑ Mancke, Elizabeth (1997). "Another British America: A Canadian model for the early modern British Empire" (in en). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1080/03086539708582991. ISSN 0308-6534. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539708582991.
43. ↑ Bogdanowicz, Mateusz (2020-12-01). "Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812". Echa Przeszłości (XXI/1). doi:10.31648/ep.6139. ISSN 1509-9873. https://czasopisma.uwm.edu.pl/index.php/ep/article/view/6139.
44. ↑ Walker, James (1999). "Myth, History and Revisionism:: The Black Loyalists Revisited" (in en). Acadiensis 29 (1): 88–105. ISSN 0044-5851. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/1999-v29-n1-acadiensis_29_1/acad29_1for02/.
45. ↑ Frost, Karolyn Smardz (2022-01-27) (in en), 2\. Planting Slavery in Nova Scotia's Promised Land, 1759–1775, University of Toronto Press, pp. 53–84, doi:10.3138/9781487529185-004, ISBN 978-1-4875-2918-5, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487529185-004/html, retrieved 2024-10-05
46. ↑ Bohls, Elizabeth A. (2024). "John Marrant's Nova Scotia Journal Writes Displaced Communities". Early American Literature 59 (2): 293–312. doi:10.1353/eal.2024.a934202. ISSN 1534-147X. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/934202.
47. ↑ Lepore, Jill (2006-04-30). "Goodbye, Columbus" (in en-US). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/08/goodbye-columbus. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
48. ↑ Grant, John N. (1973). "Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776-1815" (in en). The Journal of Negro History 58 (3): 253–270. doi:10.2307/2716777. ISSN 0022-2992. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2716777.
49. ↑ Walker, James W. St G. (1999). The Black Loyalists: the search for a promised land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone; 1783 - 1870 (Repr ed.). Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7402-7.
50. ↑ "Hidden from History: Black Loyalists at Country Harbour, Nova Scotia", Moving On (Routledge): pp. 63–82, 2013-09-13, doi:10.4324/9781315052090-9, ISBN 978-1-315-05209-0, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315052090-9, retrieved 2024-10-05
51. ↑ Kert, Faye Margaret (2017-10-18). Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812. Liverpool University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21pxjkw. ISBN 978-1-78694-923-3. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21pxjkw.
52. ↑ Stranack, Ian (1990) (in en). The Andrew and the Onions: the story of the Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795-1975 (2nd ed.). Old Royal Navy Dockyard, Bermuda: Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-921560-03-6.
53. ↑ Willeen, Keough (2008). The Slender Thread: Irish Women on the Southern Avalon. Columbia University Press.
54. ↑ Power, Thomas P., ed (1991). The Irish in Atlantic Canada: 1780-1900. Fredericton: New Ireland Press. ISBN 978-0-920483-18-3.
55. ↑ McGowan, Mark G. (July 31, 2023). "Overview: Irish Migration and Settlement in Canada" (in en). https://www.ireland.ie/en/canada/ottawa/news-and-events/news-archive/overview-irish-migration-and-settlement-in-canada/.
56. ↑ James-Abra, Erin (February 7, 2006). "Partridge Island" (in en). https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/partridge-island.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Slumkoski, Corey (2011). Inventing Atlantic Canada: Regionalism and the Maritime Reaction to Newfoundland's Entry into Canadian Confederation. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1158-0. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc.
58. ↑ Overton, James (2000). "Sparking A Cultural Revolution: Joey Smallwood, Farley Mowat, Harold Horwood and Newfoundland's Cultural Renaissance" (in en). Newfoundland Studies 16 (2): 166–204. ISSN 1198-8614. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/2000-v16-n2-nflds_16_2/nflds16_2art04/.
59. ↑ Lowenthal, David (2017). "Canadian Historical Nonchalance and Newfoundland Exceptionalism" (in en). Acadiensis 46 (1): 152–162. doi:10.1353/aca.2017.0008. ISSN 0044-5851. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2017-v46-n1-acad_46_1/acad46_1pp02/.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Buckner, Phillip (2018-11-30), Heidt, Daniel, ed., "The Maritimes and the Debate Over Confederation", Reconsidering Confederation (University of Calgary Press): pp. 101–143, doi:10.1515/9781773850177-007, ISBN 978-1-77385-017-7, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781773850177-007/html, retrieved 2024-10-05
61. ↑ Moore, Christopher (1997). 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: M&S. https://archive.org/details/1867howfathersma0000moor. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
62. ↑ Kennedy, Gilbert D. (1949–1950). "Amendment of the British North America Acts in Relation to British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland". University of Toronto Law Journal 8 (2): 208–217. doi:10.2307/824545. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/utlj8&div=17&id=&page=.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 63.6 Bone, Robert M. (2008). "Atlantic Canada". The regional geography of Canada (4th ed.). Don Mills, Ont.; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542536-9.
64. ↑ Tremblay, Rémy, ed (2013). The geographies of Canada. "Canadian studies" series. Bruxelles: P.I.E Peter Lang. ISBN 978-2-87574-017-5.
65. ↑ McKay, Ian (2000). "A Note on "Region" in Writing the History of Atlantic Canada" (in en). Acadiensis 29 (2): 89–101. ISSN 0044-5851. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2000-v29-n2-acadiensis_29_2/acad29_2for01/.
66. ↑ Richardson, Mark (2021-12-17). "You can now drive from Canada to France, so we took a road trip" (in en-CA). The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/article-you-can-now-drive-from-canada-to-france-so-we-took-a-road-trip/.
67. ↑ "St Pierre and Miquelon profile" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2012-02-23. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17142538.
68. ↑ Soucoup, Dan (1997) (in en). Historic New Brunswick. Pottersfield Press. ISBN 978-1-895900-09-5. https://archive.org/details/historicnewbruns0000souc/. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
69. ↑ Fullerton, Laurie (1993). Vacations in the Maritimes: a tourbook of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick plus Newfoundland and Labrador. A Yankee Books travel guide. Dublin, N. H.: New York: Yankee Books; Distributed in the book trade by St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-89909-356-7.
70. ↑ Friesinger, S.; Bernatchez, P. (2010). "Perceptions of Gulf of St. Lawrence coastal communities confronting environmental change: Hazards and adaptation, Québec, Canada" (in en). Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (11): 669–678. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.09.001. Bibcode: 2010OCM....53..669F. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964569110001420.
71. ↑ Lajeunesse, P.; Dietrich, P.; Ghienne, J.-F. (2019-04-08). "Late Wisconsinan grounding zones of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin off the Québec North Shore (NW Gulf of St Lawrence)" (in en). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 475 (1): 241–259. doi:10.1144/SP475.10. ISSN 0305-8719. Bibcode: 2019GSLSP.475..241L. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP475.10.
72. ↑ Ullman, Stephen (1984). "The Politics of the Province of Québec: The View from Atlantic Canada" (in en). Quebec Studies 2: 36–54. doi:10.3828/qs.2.1.36. ISSN 0737-3759. http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/qs.2.1.36.
73. ↑ Milne, David (2002). "Consequences of Quebec Independence on Atlantic Provinces". University of New Brunswick Law Journal 51: 289. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unblj51&div=21&id=&page=.
74. ↑ Lecours, André, ed (2023). Fiscal federalism in Canada: analysis, evaluation, and prescription. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-5124-7. OCLC on1372132974. https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1372132974.
75. ↑ Albinski, Henry S. (1974-04-01). "Quebec and Canadian Unity" (in en). Current History 66 (392): 155–160. doi:10.1525/curh.1974.66.392.155. ISSN 0011-3530. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/66/392/155/122012/Quebec-and-Canadian-Unity.
76. ↑ Yeates, Maurice (1985). "The Core/Periphery Model and Urban Development in Central Canada" (in en). Urban Geography 6 (2): 101–121. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.6.2.101. ISSN 0272-3638. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2747/0272-3638.6.2.101.
77. ↑ Poulin, Monique; Rochefort, Line; Pellerin, Stéphanie; Thibault, Jacques (2004-10-01). "Threats and protection for peatlands in Eastern Canada". Géocarrefour 79 (4): 331–344. doi:10.4000/geocarrefour.875. ISSN 1627-4873.
78. ↑ "Social Studies | Regions of Canada | Atlantic Region" (in en-AU). http://gradefive.mrpolsky.com/regionsofcanada/atlantic-region.html.
79. ↑ Shaw, J. (2016). "Fjord-mouth submarine moraines, SW Newfoundland" (in en). Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46 (1): 79–80. doi:10.1144/M46.65. ISSN 0435-4052. Bibcode: 2016GSLMm..46...79S. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/M46.65.
80. ↑ Copeland, Alison; Edinger, Evan; Bell, Trevor; LeBlanc, Philippe; Wroblewski, Joseph; Devillers, Rodolphe (2012-01-01), Harris, Peter T.; Baker, Elaine K., eds., "19 - Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats of a Sub-Arctic Fjord: Gilbert Bay, Southern Labrador, Canada", Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat (London: Elsevier): pp. 309–327, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385140-6.00019-0, ISBN 978-0-12-385140-6, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123851406000190, retrieved 2024-10-05
81. ↑ Grant, Douglas.R. (1989), Fulton, R.J., ed., "Quaternary Geology of the Atlantic Appalachian Region of Canada" (in en), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland (North America: Geological Society of America): pp. 391–440, doi:10.1130/dnag-gna-k1.391, ISBN 978-0-660-13114-6, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/853/chapter/4856733/, retrieved 2024-10-05
82. ↑ Syvitski, James P. M.; Lee, Hee J. (1997-11-01). "Postglacial sequence stratigraphy of Lake Melville, Labrador". Marine Geology. COLDSEIS (seismic facies of glacigenic deposits) 143 (1): 55–79. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00090-X. ISSN 0025-3227. Bibcode: 1997MGeol.143...55S. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002532279700090X.
83. ↑ Foisy, Marc; Prichonnet, Gilbert (1991-10-01). "A reconstruction of glacial events in southeastern New Brunswick" (in en). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28 (10): 1594–1612. doi:10.1139/e91-143. ISSN 0008-4077. Bibcode: 1991CaJES..28.1594F. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/e91-143.
84. ↑ "The Fishery". Atlantic Insight (Impact Publishing Limited). 1985-01-01. https://archive.org/details/AtlanticInsight-031-January-1982/. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
85. ↑ McLaughlin, Brian (2023-02-02). "Atlantic Canada: wind, hydrogen and the folks working to realize the potential" (in en-US). https://atlanticbusinessmagazine.ca/article/atlantic-canada-wind-hydrogen-and-the-folks-working-to-realize-the-potential/.
86. ↑ Ayers, Tom (2024-04-08). "Company in Sydney Harbour launches new business marshalling offshore wind turbine parts". https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/new-company-sydney-harbour-offshore-wind-marshalling-1.7165446.
87. ↑ Clancy, Peter (2001-12-31), Howlett, Michael, ed., "Chapter 8. Atlantic Canada: The Politics of Private and Public Forestry", Canadian Forest Policy (University of Toronto Press): pp. 205–236, doi:10.3138/9781442672192-010, ISBN 978-1-4426-7219-2, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442672192-010/html, retrieved 2024-10-05
88. ↑ Laxer, Gordon (2015). After the sands: energy and ecological security for Canadians. Madeira Park, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-77162-100-7.
89. ↑ Barnes, Paul (2008-05-05). "The Offshore Petroleum Industry in Atlantic Canada - A Regional Overview". Paper Presented at the Offshore Technology Conference (Houston, Texas: Offshore Technology Conference). doi:10.4043/19273-MS. https://onepetro.org/OTCONF/proceedings/08OTC/All-08OTC/Houston, Texas, USA/37768.
90. ↑ Lopez-Pacheco, Alexandra (2022-06-14). "The new Atlantic Canada exploration boom" (in en-US). https://magazine.cim.org/en/projects/the-new-atlantic-canada-exploration-boom-en/.
91. ↑ Halliday, R. G.; Fanning, L. P. (2006). "A History of Marine Fisheries Science in Atlantic Canada and its Role in the Management of Fisheries" (in en). Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 43. https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/70962.
92. ↑ Flaherty, Mark; Reid, Gregor; Chopin, Thierry; Latham, Erin (2019). "Public attitudes towards marine aquaculture in Canada: insights from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts" (in en). Aquaculture International 27 (1): 9–32. doi:10.1007/s10499-018-0312-9. ISSN 0967-6120. Bibcode: 2019AqInt..27....9F. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10499-018-0312-9.
93. ↑ Myers, Ransom A.; Hutchings, Jeffrey A.; Barrowman, Nicholas J. (1997). [0091:WDFSCT2.0.CO;2 "Why do Fish Stocks Collapse? The Example of Cod in Atlantic Canada"] (in en). Ecological Applications 7 (1): 91–106. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0091:WDFSCT2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 1051-0761. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0091:WDFSCT]2.0.CO;2.
94. ↑ King, Savannah. "Atlantic Canada: Growth Comes in Waves | Site Selection Magazine" (in en). https://siteselection.com/issues/2019/jul/atlantic-canada-growth-comes-in-waves.cfm.
95. ↑ Brosset, P; Durant, Jm; Van Beveren, E; Plourde, S (2019-08-15). "Fish population growth in the Gulf of St Lawrence: effects of climate, fishing and predator abundance" (in en). Marine Ecology Progress Series 624: 167–181. doi:10.3354/meps13029. ISSN 0171-8630. Bibcode: 2019MEPS..624..167B. https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v624/p167-181/.
96. ↑ "Natural Resources in the Atlantic Provinces" (in en). https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/natural-resources-in-the-atlantic-provinces.
97. ↑ Kerr, S R; Ryder, R A (1997-05-01). "The Laurentian Great Lakes experience: a prognosis for the fisheries of Atlantic Canada" (in en). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54 (5): 1190–1197. doi:10.1139/f97-076. ISSN 0706-652X. Bibcode: 1997CJFAS..54.1190K. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f97-076.
98. ↑ Richard L. Haedrich, Lawrence C. Ha (2000). "The Fall and Future of Newfoundland's Cod Fishery" (in en). Society & Natural Resources 13 (4): 359–372. doi:10.1080/089419200279018. ISSN 0894-1920. Bibcode: 2000SNatR..13..359R. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/089419200279018.
99. ↑ "Cod Moratorium in Newfoundland and Labrador". https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/economy/moratorium.php.
100. ↑ Rosano, Michela (2022-07-11). "Cod moratorium: How Newfoundland's cod industry disappeared overnight" (in en-US). https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/cod-moratorium-how-newfoundlands-cod-industry-disappeared-overnight/.
101. ↑ Bradley, Charlie (2020-04-04). "EU fisheries war: How Canada sent chilling fisheries threat to bloc" (in en). https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1264512/eu-fisheries-canada-chilling-threat-bloc-waters-invasion-spt.
102. ↑ Thomas, Terry; Landry, Béatrice (2000). "Evaluating Policy Outcomes: Federal Economic Development Programs in Atlantic Canada" (in en). Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 15 (2): 57–68. doi:10.3138/cjpe.15.003. ISSN 0834-1516. https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cjpe.15.003.
103. ↑ Foster, Karen (2019). "Productivism, Neoliberalism, and Responses to Regional Disparities in Canada: The Case of the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency" (in en). Acadiensis 48 (2): 117–145. doi:10.1353/aca.2019.0012. ISSN 0044-5851. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2019-v48-n2-acadiensis05148/1067769ar/.
104. ↑ Friedlander, Gordon D. (1971). "Power from Labrador: the Churchill Falls development". IEEE Spectrum 8 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1971.5217962. ISSN 0018-9235.
105. ↑ Kirby, Jessica. "Canada's top 10 hydroelectric dams | Mining & Energy" (in en). https://www.miningandenergy.ca/read/top-10-hydroelectric-dams-in-canada.
106. ↑ Edwards, Danielle (2023-10-16). "Offshore wind industry in Atlantic Canada could make region energy powerhouse: report". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/offshore-wind-industry-atlantic-canada-net-zero-emission-1.6996162.
107. ↑ Thurton, David (2024-07-31). "Canada, Germany commit $600M for hydrogen export in Atlantic Canada". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-germany-hydrogen-auction-1.7281021.
108. ↑ Snieckus, Darius (2024-07-05). "Nova Scotia offshore wind hopes rise with 'critical' supply chain roadmap | Canada's National Observer: Climate News" (in en). https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/07/05/analysis/nova-scotia-offshore-wind-supply-chain-roadmap.
109. ↑ Bergeron, Yves; Fenton, Nicole J. (2012). "Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity" (in en). Botany 90 (6): 509–523. doi:10.1139/b2012-034. ISSN 1916-2790. Bibcode: 2012Botan..90..509B. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/b2012-034.
110. ↑ Clayden, Stephen R.; Cameron, Robert P.; McCarthy, John W. (2011), DellaSala, Dominick A., ed., "Perhumid Boreal and Hemiboreal Forests of Eastern Canada" (in en), Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation (Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics): pp. 111–131, doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8_4, ISBN 978-1-61091-008-8, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8_4, retrieved 2024-10-06
111. ↑ Parks, A. C. (1965). "The Atlantic Provinces of Canada". The Journal of Industrial Economics 13: 76–87. doi:10.2307/2098650. ISSN 0022-1821. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2098650.
112. ↑ Ryan, Robert; O'Beirne-Ryan, Ann Marie (2000) (in en). Physical geology of Canada to Supplement Understanding Earth. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-4121-3. https://archive.org/details/physicalgeologyo0000ryan. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
113. ↑ How (1868). "Contributions to the mineralogy of Nova Scotia" (in en). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 35 (234): 32–41. doi:10.1080/14786446808639936. ISSN 1941-5982. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786446808639936.
114. ↑ "Mining in Canada: A Historic View" (in en). 2023-12-11. https://www.identecsolutions.com/news/mining-in-canada-a-historic-view.
115. ↑ "Canada's Maritimes; don't overlook this metals-rich region – Resource World Magazine" (in en-US). https://resourceworld.com/canadas-maritimes-dont-overlook-this-metals-rich-region/.

## Further reading

* Hamilton, William Baillie (1996), Place names of Atlantic Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-0471-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Atlantic Canada&pg=PP1
* MacEachern, Alan Andrew (2001), Natural selections: national parks in Atlantic Canada, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-2157-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=uSBPQkbbCr0C&q=Atlantic Canada&pg=PP1
* Martinez, Andrew J; Martinez, Candace Storm (2003), Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England, Aqua Quest Publications, ISBN 1-881652-32-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=dq-iIBVn4_MC&q=Atlantic Canada&pg=PP1
* Prieur, Benoit (2005), Atlantic Canada, Ulysse Travel Publ, ISBN 2894647239, https://books.google.com/books?id=IVrdzKdvvMYC&q=Canada&pg=PP1

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Atlantic Provinces.

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* High-mountain Asia
* Karakoram
* Saltoro Mountains
* Siachen Glacier
* Bengal
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Halar
* Gulf of Mannar
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Lakshadweep
* Laccadive Islands
* Amindivi Islands
* Paropamisadae
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andaman Islands
* Nicobar Islands
* Maldive Islands
* Alpide belt
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

Southeast|

* Orient
* Sundaland
* Mainland
* Indochina
* Malay Peninsula
* Northern Triangle temperate forests
* Maritime
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Indonesian Archipelago
* Wallacea
* Timor
* Philippine Archipelago
* Luzon
* Visayas
* Mindanao
* Leyte Gulf
* Gulf of Thailand
* East Indies
* Nanyang
* Alpide belt
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbass
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Crimea
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* Istria
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Visegrád Group
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Regions of North America

North
(Canada)|

| Eastern|

* Central Canada
* Atlantic Canada
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* Great Lakes region

|

Western|

* Pacific Northwest
* Prairie Pothole Region

Northern|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Greenland

* Canadian Prairies
* The Maritimes
* French Canada
* English Canada
* Acadia
* Acadian Peninsula
* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Peace River Country
* Cypress Hills
* Palliser's Triangle
* Canadian Shield
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Kodiak Island
* Newfoundland (island)
* Vancouver Island
* Gulf Islands
* Strait of Georgia
* Labrador Peninsula
* Gaspé Peninsula
* Avalon Peninsula
* Bay de Verde Peninsula
* Brodeur Peninsula
* Melville Peninsula
* Bruce Peninsula
* Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
* Cook Peninsula
* Gulf of Boothia
* Georgian Bay
* Hudson Bay
* James Bay

North
(United States)|

| Arctic|

* Aleutian Arc
* Aleutian Range
* Alaska Peninsula
* Aleutian Islands
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Bering Strait
* Gulf of Alaska

|

Eastern|

* East Coast
* Northeast
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* New England
* Mid-Atlantic
* Commonwealth
* Southeast

Western|

* West Coast
* Mountain states
* Intermountain West
* Great Basin
* Basin and Range Province
* Northwestern United States
* Inland Northwest
* Pacific Northwest
* Southwest
* Old Southwest
* Four Corners

Central|

* Great Lakes
* Tallgrass prairie
* Midwest
* Upper Midwest
* South Central
* Gulf Coast

Southern|

* Deep South
* Old South
* Upland South
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México

* Pacific Coast Ranges
* Oregon Trail
* Mormon Corridor
* Calumet Region
* Llano Estacado
* Third Coast
* Backcountry
* Trans-Mississippi
* Great North Woods
* Great Plains
* Interior Plains
* Great Basin
* Great Basin Desert
* Acadia
* Ozarks
* Ark-La-Tex
* Waxhaws
* Siouxland
* Twin Tiers
* Driftless Area
* Palouse
* Piedmont
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Outer Lands
* Black Dirt Region
* Blackstone Valley
* Piney Woods
* Rocky Mountains
* Mojave Desert
* The Dakotas
* The Carolinas
* Shawnee Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* Tornado Alley
* North Coast
* Lost Coast
* Emerald Triangle
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Bay
* North Bay
* East Bay
* Silicon Valley
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Gulf of Mexico
* Lower Colorado River Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
* Colville Delta
* Arkansas Delta
* Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
* Mississippi Delta
* Mississippi River Delta
* Columbia River Estuary
* Great Basin
* High Desert
* Monterey Peninsula
* Upper Peninsula of Michigan
* Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* Virginia Peninsula
* Keweenaw Peninsula
* Middle Peninsula
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Alaska Peninsula
* Kenai Peninsula
* Niagara Peninsula
* "Belt" regions
* Bible Belt
* Black Belt
* Corn Belt
* Cotton Belt
* Frost Belt
* Rice Belt
* Rust Belt
* Sun Belt
* Snow Belt

Middle|

| Northern|

* Basin and Range Province
* Baja California Peninsula
* Gulf of California
* Colorado River Delta
* Gulf of Mexico

|

Southern|

* Soconusco
* Tierra Caliente
* La Mixteca
* La Huasteca
* Bajío
* Valley of Mexico
* Mezquital Valley
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
* Yucatán Peninsula
* Gulf of Mexico

Central|

* Northern Triangle of Central America
* Western Caribbean Zone
* Isthmus of Panama
* Gulf of Panama
* Pearl Islands
* Azuero Peninsula
* Mosquito Coast

Caribbean|

* Antilles
* Greater Antilles
* Lesser Antilles
* Leeward
* Leeward Antilles
* Windward
* Lucayan Archipelago
* Southern Caribbean
* West Indies

* Aridoamerica
* Mesoamerica
* Oasisamerica
* Anglo
* Latin
* French
* Hispanic
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Oceania

Australia|

| Australian Capital Territory|

* Australian Capital Territory

|

New South Wales|

* Central Coast
* Central Tablelands
* Central Western Slopes
* Greater Western Sydney
* Hunter
* Mid North Coast
* Northern Rivers
* North West Slopes
* Northern Tablelands
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Tablelands
* Western Plains

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields-Esperance
* Great Southern
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Melanesia|

* Islands Region
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Solomon Islands
* North Solomon Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea
* Bonis Peninsula
* Papuan Peninsula
* Huon Peninsula
* Huon Gulf
* Bird's Head Peninsula
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Vanuatu

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

* Easter Island
* Hawaiian Islands
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotus
* Kermadec Islands
* New Zealand
* South Island
* North Island
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu

* Asia-Pacific
* Ring of Fire

* v
* t
* e

Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Los Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Polar regions of Earth

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Borders of the oceans

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bali Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Java Sea
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

* Book
* Category

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