Empidinae

Empidinae, also called dance flies,[1] are a subfamily of empidoid flies. They belong to the Eremoneura, a lineage of flies whose larvae pass through three stages. The name “dance flies” comes from their mating swarms, formed by males or, in some species, by females; in many cases males present captured prey to females during these gatherings.[2] They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives, and generally small to medium-sized. Most species are flower visitors and they can be effective pollinators.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Genera
* 3 Distribution
* 4 References

## Description

Empis stercorea

Most dance fly species perform lek mating, where males give courtship gifts to females.[1] About a third of such species also have sex-specific markings, which include pinnate leg scales, darkened or enlarged wings, and inflatable abdominal air sacs.[1]

## Genera

Most species of the Empidinae have long been placed in the large genera Empis and Rhamphomyia, separated by whether a particular wing vein (R4+5) forks near the tip.[2] Earlier work on Patagonian species also recognised smaller Neotropical genera, including Sphicosa, Clinorhampha, Macrostomus, Porphyrochroa, Lamprempis, and Opeatocerata.[2]

In South America the Empidinae fall into two broad sets: an Andean group in temperate Chile and Argentina, which shares features with Australian and New Zealand taxa, and a warmer-climate group in the wider Neotropics that includes Macrostomus, Porphyrochroa, Lamprempis, Opeatocerata, and some Empis.[2] Many Neotropical species remain undescribed, especially in Porphyrochroa. Recent taxonomy has revalidated Porphyrochroa as distinct from Macrostomus and added numerous new species in both.[2]

* Afroempis Smith, 1969[4]
* Allochrotus Collin, 1933[5]
* Amictoides Bezzi, 1909[6]
* Aplomera Macquart, 1838
* Atrichopleura Bezzi, 1909[6]
* Bandella Bickel, 2002[7]
* Calohilara Frey, 1952[8]
* Clinorhampha Collin, 1933[5]
* Cunomyia Bickel, 1998[9]
* Deuteragonista Philippi, 1865[10]
* Empidadelpha Collin, 1928[11]
* Empis Linnaeus, 1758[12]
* Gynatoma Collin, 1928[11]
* Hilara Meigen, 1822[12]
* Hilarempis Bezzi, 1905[13]
* Hilarigona Collin, 1933[5]
* Hybomyia Plant, 1995[14]
* Hystrichonotus Collin, 1933[5]
* Lamprempis Wheeler & Melander, 1901[15]
* Macrostomus Wiedemann, 1817
* Opeatocerata Melander, 1928[16]
* Pasitrichotus Collin, 1933[5]
* Porphyrochroa Melander, 1928[16]
* Rhamphella Malloch, 1930[17]
* Rhamphomyia Meigen, 1822[12]
* Sphicosa Philippi, 1865[10]
* Thinempis Bickel, 1996[18]
* Trichohilara Collin, 1933[5]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## Distribution

Empidinae are especially diverse in the Neotropical region. Fourteen genera are currently recognized worldwide, twelve of them recorded in the Neotropics and seven found only there.[2]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Murray, Rosalind L.; Herridge, Elizabeth J.; Ness, Rob W.; Bussière, Luc F. (2017-06-13). "Are sex ratio distorting endosymbionts responsible for mating system variation among dance flies (Diptera: Empidinae)?" (in en). PLOS ONE 12 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178364. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 28609446. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1278364M.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Watts, Mirian; Winkler, Isaac S.; Daugeron, Christophe; de Carvalho, Claudio J. B.; Turner, Steven P.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2016-02-01). "Where do the Neotropical Empidini lineages (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae) fit in a worldwide context?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 95: 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.019. ISSN 1055-7903. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031500322X.
3. ↑ "Empidine dance flies pollinate the woodland geranium as effectively as bees". Biology Letters 15 (7). July 2019. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0230. PMID 31362609.
4. ↑ Smith, Kenneth G. V. (1969). "The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera)". Annals of the Natal Museum 19: 1–342.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Collin, James Edward (1933). "Empididae". Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile 4: viii + 334.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bezzi, M. (1909). "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der sudamerikanischen Dipterenfauna Fam. Empididae". Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum 91: 297–406.
7. ↑ Bickel, Daniel J. (2002). "Bandella, a new hilarine fly genus from Australia (Diptera: Empididae)". Records of the Australian Museum 54 (3): 313–324. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.54.2002.1369. https://media.australianmuseum.net.au/media/Uploads/Journals/17947/1369.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
8. ↑ Frey, R. (1952). "Studien über ostasiatische Hilara-Arten (Diptera, Empididae)". Notulae Ent. 32: 119–143.
9. ↑ Bickel, D. J. (1998). "Cunomyia, a distinctive new hilarine fly genus from the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (Diptera: Empididae)". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 132: 59–63. doi:10.26749/rstpp.132.59. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33323249.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Philippi, Rodolfo Amando (1865). "Aufzahlung der chilenischen Dipteren". Abhandlungen der Zool.-Botan. Gesellschaft in Wien. 15: 595–782. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37825#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Collin, James Edward (1928). New Zealand Empididae based on material in the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. viii + 110.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Chandler, Peter J. (1998). Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 12. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. p. 234. ISBN 0-901546-82-8.
13. ↑ Bezzi, Mario (1905). "Empididae neotropicae Musei nationalis Hungarici". Annales Musei historico-naturalis hungarici 3 (2): 424–460. http://publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/annHNHM/Annals_HNHM_1905_Vol_3_2_424.pdf. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
14. ↑ Plant, Adrian R. (1995). "A new genus of Empidinae (Diptera: Empididae) from New Zealand". New Zealand Entomologist 18 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1080/00779962.1995.9721998. Bibcode: 1995NZEnt..18...25P.
15. ↑ Wheeler, William Morton; Melander, Axel Leonard. "Empidae". Biol.Centr.-Am., Ins.: Dipt. 1(Suppl.): 366–376.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Melander, Axel Leonard (1928). Diptera. Fam. Empididae. In Wytsman, P., ed.. Bruxelles. 185: Genera insectorum.. pp. 1–434.
17. ↑ Malloch, John Russell (1930). "Notes on Australian Diptera.XXV". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 55: 429–450. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109060#page/553/mode/1up. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
18. ↑ Bickel, Daniel J. (1996). "Thinempis, a new genus from Australia and New Zealand (Diptera: Empididae), with notes on the tribal classification of the Empidinae.". Systematic Entomology 21 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-2.x. Bibcode: 1996SysEn..21..115B.

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