Argentinian occupation of the Falklands

The Argentinian occupation of the Falklands was the 74-day military occupation of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic whose sovereignty has long been disputed by Argentina. The Argentinian seaborne landings on April 2 1982 and subsequent occupation signaled the start of the Falklands/Malvinas War, which finally resulted in the islands' returning to British rule on June 14.

## Occupation[edit]

Life under Argentinian occupation was full of anxiety for many of the Falklanders. They had no desire to be ruled by the Argentinians and found that many of their essential goods and services were under threat from the British naval blockade and requisitioning by the Argentinian garrison. Most Land Rovers and many tractors were requisitioned by the military and high powered radios were supposed to be handed over, although not all were.

Shortly after being appointed Miltary Governor of the Malvinas, Brigadier-General Mario Benjamin Menéndez had a meeting with around 40 locals that had formed part of the Fakland Islands Defence Force (FIDF) and that had been captured then released on April 2. He warned them against taking part in any future attacks on the Argentinian garrison:

“  |  I met some of them [members of the FIDF] and explained that if they did some wrong to the occupying troops, I would apply the laws of war against them. I also told them that there was a group of two or three youngsters that continuously were gesticulating or showed an aggressive attitude against the Argentine officers and NCOs. For instance, they used to approach at an excessive speed and pass our troops very closely. I told them that if they ran into one of them or threw them to the floor and somebody fired at them, although I did not like martyrs, I was going to justify what my men did.[1] |  ”

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There were further deportations of authority figures and Falklanders suspected as being resistance leaders were exiled to Fox Bay Settlement along with their families. Major Patricio Douglas Dowling took control of Argentinian military intelligence and soon gathered a reputation for harshness and threatening behaviour. Most of the 181st Military Police Company under Major Roberto Eduardo Berazay strained to maintain good relations with the Falkland Islanders and tried to treat them well although cold and hungry conscript soldiers did take to stealing food and break-and-enters became more frequent as the conflict dragged on and as the weather worsened. Military discipline was rigidly enforced in Port Stanley on the part of Major Berazay's military police unit in order to prevent break-in’s, robberies, vandalism and sexual assault, from soldiers from the front-lines that dared go Absent Without Leave (AWOL) and those caught were returned to their units where they were beaten, humiliated and staked in the freezing ground for hours as part of field-punishment. A local, Les Harris remembers giving two young deserters that had taken refuge in his backyard and had killed five of his ducks, exactly five minutes to vacate his property before setting off to obtain the assistance of the Amphibious Engineer Company:

“  |  I waited exactly five minutes and then went to the Argentinian marines (Amphibious Engineers) who were in the Social Club. The man in charge asked me whether they were army or marines. I said army. He told his men to get their weapons and then set off to catch them. Half-way up the street they cocked their weapons. They looked very efficient; their marines were always clean and smart ... The marines arrested the two soldiers without any trouble ... We all went down to the gymnasium where the military police (601st and 602nd Commando Companies) were based. An officer came out and said, 'What, you too! Not again!' and gave them quite a bollicking. He told me I would not be troubled by those two again.[2] |  ”

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Argentinian Air Force Group Captain Carlos Bloomer-Reeve was given the job of acting as liaison officer between the local population and the military authorities. He had lived in the Falklands and was respected for the fair-mindedness and respect he showed to the locals.

The population at Goose Green had initially a very hard time when they were confined en masse in the Social Club in the aftermath of the deadly British air attacks on Goose Green airfield on May 1. Lieutenant-Colonel Ítalo Angel Piaggi, the 45-year-old Commanding Officer of the Argentinian 12th (Jungle) Infantry Regiment, said that the lockdown in Goose Green was necessary in order to protect the locals from "the rage of the air force men, who had lost so many colleagues."[3]

The conditions improved when the Argentinians took pity on local women and children. According to local farm manager Eric Goss:

“  |  Sanitation in the hall was grim. We ran out of water on the third day, the toilets were blocked and there was some dysentery. We persuaded the Argentinians to bring sea water in barrels for the toilets; and old chap, Mike Robson, did sterling work keeping them going. Two young men, Bob McLeod and Ray Robson, both radio hams, found an old broken radio, part of the club equipment, in a junk cupboard. They made this work and we listened each evening to the B.B.C. World Service; the others made noise at the windows to cover the crackling of the broadcast and we were never discovered.[4] |  ”

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Brook Hardcastle reported that life in the Social Club was far from grim:

“  |  After the first week the Argentines let two women go out each day to the galley in the cookhouse, where all the men would normally eat together. They were allowed to cook up a big meal, with bread and cakes, and bring it down to the hall. Considering we were all cramped together in a small place everybody got on very well. People were generally good-natured.[5] |  ”

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The government authority did attempt to enforce a change in the road traffic code which had chaotic consequences. The authorities wanted everyone to drive on the right hand side of the road as in Argentina. It was thought that the Argentinian military traffic would find this easier than remembering to drive on the left. Merely informing the local population was not enough to change the habits of a lifetime and the end result was chaos. Initial signs in Spanish did not help matters and in the end the authorities had to paint signs in English and write continued reminders in white paint on the roads themselves. It became a permanent reminder that the islands were occupied territory.

Other daily reminders of occupation included the numerous field artillery and anti-aircraft batteries in Stanley Racecourse and on the lower slopes of Sapper Hill , just outside Port Stanley, and the large no-go areas to the civilian population in the town, like the gymnasium building that was commandeered by Argentinian Army Green Berets from Major Mario Luis Castagneto's 601st Commando Company. Children were taken out of school and sent to the interior for their safety. The local radio station was forced to play Argentinian official military communiques of the war. Fortunately, many islanders were able to pick up the British Broadcasting Corporation World Service and were encouraged by news of the British landings in San Carlos and the British victory at Goose Green.

There was some talk of evacuating the Falklands Islanders. The British government did not wish the Falklanders to abandon the islands as that would make their main argument of self-determination mute. It was only a small portion of the population who considered leaving but it was enough to concern the British government. They made it clear that the British would help anyone temporarily but that the expectation was that they would return once the fighting was over. As it transpired, few Falkland Islanders took this option and most remained in the Falklands. Tragically, three islanders would be killed when a British naval shell hit their house.

## Liberation[edit]

The Argentinian occupation of the Falklands ended on June 14. After 74 days, the islands came under British rule again. Unlike the Goose Green residents the Port Stanley citizens had been allowed much freedom of movement. But there had been a 16-hour night curfew. The British units took over the buildings commandeered by the Argentinians. Local fireman Lewis Clifton describes how the infrastructures of Port Stanley broke under the extra strain of accommodating the British troops and processing thousands of Argentinian prisoners of war awaiting repatriation

“  |  The place just couldn't take it. There was only sporadic electricity and water and the sanitation system collapsed. The streets were ankle-deep in human waste. The stench was awful, really awful, and we were all suffering from what we called Galtieri's revenge. He lost the war but left us ill.[6] |  ”

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Water was scarce, since Stanley's main pumping station had been damaged by British naval fire during the mountain battles, with many Argentinian soldiers suffering from diarrhea because of Liver Fluke Disease (found in contaminated water and under-cooked sheep meat) forced to relieve themselves in bathtubs and the back streets of Stanley in the face of sudden violent bowel movement and with toilets no longer working.[7][8]

There was much Argentinian criticism of the behaviour of British Paratroopers after the Argentinian surrender. Brigadier-General Oscar Luis Jofre, the commander of the 10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade in his book 'Malvinas: La Defensa de Puerto Argentino' (Editorial Sudamaricana, 1987) alleges that he complained to the British authorities and the Royal Marine Commandos took over and soon restored order in the Falklands capital. A staff officer of Commodore Michael Clapp wrote in his war diary:

“  |  Utterly depressing. The troops are in a post war mood and very selfish. Grab, Grab - transport, houses, equipment, food, etc. - gone is the spirit of selflessness in the field. It will return but at present all is filth, squalor and (the) looting instinct prevails. Quite the worst aspect of the whole campaign.[9] |  ”

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British SBS Commandos were helicoptered to Pebble Island on 15 June to accept the surrender of the local garrison and found that the two dozen local inhabitants had been confined to the farm manager's house. But the locals showed no hatred for the occupiers, and even insisted that one young English-speaking Argentinian conscript, Jorge Alberto Ortiz, from the 3rd Marine Battalion's 'H' Company whom they had befriended should have lunch with them before he was taken with the others to imprisonment in the sheep shearing sheds. Jorge in his perfect Californian accent told them he planned to come back in the near future as a civilian. Arina Bernstein, a cheerful read-headed woman in her mid-thirties told him he would be welcome, "But don't you come back planting you little flag here again, Jorge."[10]

Claims that the Argentinian forces had behaved like savages throughout the occupation were investigated with British war correspondents Patrick Joseph Bishop and ‎John Witherow establishing they were mostly hearsay:

“  |  They had certainly been responsible for smashing up the solid old post office, and the backstreets of the town were littered with excrement. But although fourteen local men were taken from their homes during the occupation and sent to West Falkland where they were put under house arrest, few inhabitants were ill-treated. It was an uncomfortable rather than brutal regime... There were stories of looting (and soldiers defecating in houses) but on closer examination this tended to be troops stealing buns from the deep-freeze or sleeping in beds with muddy boots. Some valuables and souvenirs were stolen and houses vandalized but the details of the outrages were vague. Most of the serious damage was done by the British shelling. One islander said without rencour that the British had caused more of a mess in Stanley than the Argentinians.[11] |  ”

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In 2016, there were allegations made that the Argentinians made no preparations for civil defence in Port Stanley.[12]A local resident, Michael Bleaney, however says he was chosen as the civilian representative and, after a meeting in which an Argentinian civilian liaison officer was present, the safe-house system was instituted. Six ‘section leaders’ identified the best stone or brick-built houses in Stanley and these were marked with a sign to identify them for the coming battles. The houses were then further strengthened with sandbags and stocked up with mattresses, first-aid supplies, food and water.[13]

Captain Jeremy Larken of HMS Fearless confirms the view the Argentinian occupation foces had behaved appropriately:

“  |  It was clear General Menendez had looked after things at Government House with almost loving care. Even the ornaments were still in their place. But once 3 Commando Brigade got in there and started using it as their headquarters, I think it suffered considerably. It's fair to say that the British were less careful with Port Stanley than had been the Argentine forces... In the early days, our control over our own people was not as good as it might have been. I won't say there was rape and pillage, but there was a great deal of acquisition of war materials.[14] |  ”

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Leftist anti-war veterans from the Buenos Aires-based Malvinas Islands Ex-Combatants Centre ('Centro Ex-Combatientes Islas Malvinas' or CECIM) tell of being tortured, tied and pinned to the frozen ground with tent pegs for hours, or punched and kicked for stealing from the food depots or for shooting and killing sheep for food right in middle of minefields and booby-traps.

In a 2019 interview with ‘Radio Noticias’, former Private Gustavo Alberto Placente from the 181st Military Police Company explained that field punishments were absolutely necessary to keep some of the less disciplined conscript soldiers in line.[15]

## References[edit]

1. ↑ 74 days under the Argentine Flag: The Experiences of Occupation during the Falklands/Malvinas War
2. ↑ Operation Corporate: The Falklands War, 1982, Martin Middlebrook, p. 317, Viking, 1985
3. ↑ Making Their Dispositions Accordingly: Civilian Experiences of the 1982 Falklands War
4. ↑ Operation Corporate: The Falklands War, Martin Middlebrook, p. 169, Viking, 1985
5. ↑ Speaking Out: Untold Stories from the Falklands War, Michael Bilton & Peter Kosminsky, Andre Deutsch, 1989
6. ↑ The Falklands invasion, by those who were there
7. ↑ British naval gunfire had destroyed the roof of Port Stanley's water pumping station, causing the valves, filters and pipes to freeze up and split. The Scars of Wars, Hugh McManners, p. 315, HarperCollins, 1993
8. ↑ The Winter War: The Falklands, Patrick Joseph Bishop, John Witherow, p.143, Quartet Books, 1982
9. ↑ The Falklands War, D. George Boyce, p. 146, Macmillan International Higher Education, 2005
10. ↑ The Battle for the Falklands, Max Hastings, Simon Jenkins, p.313, Pan, 1987
11. ↑ The Winter War: The Falklands, Patrick Joseph Bishop, John Witherow, p.143, Quartet Books, 1982
12. ↑ “War Crime” allegations in the Falklands War
13. ↑ Operation Corporate: The Falklands War, 1982, Martin Middlebrook, p. 317, Viking, 1985
14. ↑ Forgotten Voices of the Falklands, Hugh McManners, p. 433, Random House, 2008
15. ↑ Gustavo Placente | Indagación a 18 militares por torturas en Malvinas (available on YouTube)