Plutonium Finishing Plant

The Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP), also known as 'Z Plant', was part of the Hanford Site nuclear research complex in Washington (state) , US.[1][2][3][4][5]

## Contents

* 1 Operations
* 2 Divisions
* 3 Cleanup and demolition
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes

## Operations

The plant began in 1949 with the purpose of on-site production of plutonium metal in a form suitable for weapons at Hanford.[1][2] It also participated in programs to recycle plutonium. One of the projects was the use of mixed plutonium-oxide uranium-oxide (MOX) fuel in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). For that project, one of the PFP's tasks was to perform quality assurance for the fuel pins that had been constructed for the FFTF by outside vendors, such as Kerr-McGee, NUMEC, and Babcock & Wilcox.[1][5]

The major activities at PFP generally included:

* Created plutonium 'buttons', used to make weapons, until 1989[1][2]
* Special nuclear material handling and storage
* Plutonium recovery
* Plutonium conversion
* Laboratory support
* Waste handling
* Shutdown and operational facility surveillances.[2]

## Divisions

Plutonium Conversion Facility

* 'Remote Mechanical A' line - created plutonium oxide powder
* 'Remote Mechanical C' line - created metallic plutonium from plutonium nitrate[2]

Plutonium Reclamation Facility

* Produced 'high purity plutonium nitrate solution' from a 'variety of feed sources, including scrap'.[2] Started in 1964 [4]

Waste Treatment Facility

* Neutralized liquid nuclear waste before it was pumped to Hanford's Tank Farms[2]

Incinerator

* Burned old clothes, filters, etc. to recover plutonium residue [3]

Other

* Ventilation systems, nuclear storage vaults, chemical storage, office space, backup generator, etc.[2]
* RECUPLEX[6] process, Plutonium recovery and recycle. Contaminated the ground with plutonium, carbon tetrachloride, and acidic waste[4]

## Cleanup and demolition

Before the last four major facilities at the plant could be demolished, approximately 20 years of work was completed to stabilize approximately 20 tons (nearly 18 metric tons) of plutonium-bearing material by 2004;[7] remove legacy plutonium from plant systems by 2005;[8] ship all weapons-grade plutonium out of the plant and to the Savannah River Site by 2009;[9] remove 238 large pieces of contaminated equipment, including glove boxes and fume hoods, and approximately 50 plutonium processing tanks;[10] and demolish numerous plant support facilities, including the vault complex used for secure storage of plutonium by 2012.[11] That preparatory work has been called the most hazardous cleanup work at the Hanford Site and PFP has been called Hanford's most hazardous building.[12]

The Department of Energy's PFP Closure Project intended to have the entire facility cleaned and destroyed down to a concrete slab in 2017,[13] with all contaminated materials moved to other sites.[1] Open-air demolition of the plant's last four remaining major facilities began in November 2016[14] on the plant's Plutonium Reclamation Facility. Demolition of the second major facility, the Americium Recovery Facility, also known as the "McCluskey Room" because of a facility accident in 1976, began in January 2017[15] and was completed in March 2017.[16] Demolition of the third remaining major facility, the ventilation stack and fan house, was completed in July 2017.[17] Demolition of the last of four major remaining facilities, the Main Processing Facility, began in July 2017. [18] As of December 2017, all demolition is on hold, after contamination was found as far away as 10 miles from the site, and found in two car air filters that were checked by a Hanford contractor and deemed clean, but rechecked by an independent lab and were found to have small amounts of radioactive contamination.[19] All demolition and cleanup work was completed in November 2021.[20]

## See also

* Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Plutonium Finishing Plant". Hanford / US Govt. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20060926023643/http://www.hanford.gov/rl/uploadfiles/FACT_PFP_0606.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-20. "From 1949 to 1989, U.S. Department of Energy contractors operated the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) to process plutonium nitrate solutions into a solid form (hockey puck-sized “buttons” or oxide powder) for shipment to the nation’s weapons production facilities."
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Final Environmental Impact Statement - Plutonium Finishing Plant Stabilization, May 1996 EIS-0244F". US DOE. http://gc.energy.gov/NEPA/nepa_documents/EIS/eis0244f/eis0244f_a.html. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cary, Annette (2006-06-27). "Nuclear Incinerator Torn Down at Plutonium Finishing Plant". Tri-City Herald, Kennewick, Wash.. http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/551586/nuclear_incinerator_torn_down_at_plutonium_finishing_plant/index.html. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gerber, M.S. (Feb 2001). "History of Hanford Site Defense Production (Brief)". Fluor Hanford / US DOE. http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/805998-ZttWY8/native/805998.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lini, D.C. and L. H. Rodgers. "Plutonium Finishing Plant". Hanford / US Govt. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20060926023643/http://www.hanford.gov/rl/uploadfiles/FACT_PFP_0606.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
6. ↑ RECUPLEX = Recovery of Uranium and Plutonium by Extraction
7. ↑ Gerber, M. S. (2004-01-14) (in English). Plutonium Finishing Plant (pfp) Stabilization & Packaging Project.
8. ↑ Charboneau, S. L. (2006-02-01) (in English). The Deactivation Decontamination & Decommissioning of the Plutonium Finishing Plant (pfp) a Former Plutonium Processing Facility at Doe Hanford Site. Richland, WA. https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/875914.
9. ↑ "Timeline: 25 years of Hanford cleanup" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article32178795.html.
10. ↑ "Most hazardous Hanford plant nears start of tear down" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article35937831.html.
11. ↑ "Hanford vault complex that stored weapons plutonium demolished" (in en-US). The Seattle Times. 2012-04-17. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/hanford-vault-complex-that-stored-weapons-plutonium-demolished/.
12. ↑ "Demolition may start soon on Hanford's most hazardous building" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article106593777.html.
13. ↑ "Plutonium Finishing Plant - Hanford Site". http://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/PFP.
14. ↑ "After 20 years, Hanford plutonium plant starts to fall" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article111966012.html.
15. ↑ "Demolition of Hanford's historic McCluskey Room starts" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article124647349.html.
16. ↑ "Room where Hanford's Atomic Man injured now history" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article141747469.html.
17. ↑ "200-foot Hanford stack falls with help from explosives" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article161758603.html.
18. ↑ "End in sight for Hanford plutonium processing center — Z Plant starts to fall" (in en). tri-cityherald. http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/hanford/article163998772.html.
19. ↑ "Watchdogs find radioactive contamination in cars Hanford had declared clean" (in en-US). The Seattle Times. 2018-02-21. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/watchdogs-find-radioactive-contamination-in-cars-hanford-had-declared-clean/.
20. ↑ "Plutonium Finishing Plant - Washington State Department of Ecology". https://ecology.wa.gov/Waste-Toxics/Nuclear-waste/Hanford-cleanup/Plutonium-Finishing-Plant.

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