Environmental engineering

Short description: Engineering discipline related to environmental science

Template:Environment sidebar Template:Engineering side bar Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science. It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment.[1][2] Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and chemical engineering. While on the part of civil engineering, the Environmental Engineering is focused mainly on Sanitary Engineering.[3]

Environmental engineering applies scientific and engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment to protect human health, protect nature's beneficial ecosystems, and improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human life.[1] Environmental engineers devise solutions for wastewater management, water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health.[2][4] They design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems,[5][6] and design plans to prevent waterborne diseases and improve sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. They evaluate hazardous-waste management systems to evaluate the severity of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They implement environmental engineering law, as in assessing the environmental impact of proposed construction projects.

Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment, addressing local and worldwide environmental issues such as acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.[2][7][8][9]

Most jurisdictions impose licensing and registration requirements for qualified environmental engineers.[10][11][12]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Ancient civilizations
* 2.2 19th century
* 2.3 20th century
* 2.4 21st century
* 3 Education
* 3.1 Curriculum
* 4 Applications
* 4.1 Water supply and treatment
* 4.2 Wastewater treatment
* 4.3 Air pollution management
* 4.4 Environmental impact assessment and mitigation
* 5 Regulatory agencies
* 5.1 Environmental Protection Agency
* 6 See also
* 6.1 Associations
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Etymology

The word environmental has its root in the late 19th-century French word environ (verb), meaning to encircle or to encompass. The word environment was used by Carlyle in 1827 to refer to the aggregate of conditions in which a person or thing lives. The meaning shifted again in 1956 when it was used in the ecological sense, where Ecology is the branch of science dealing with the relationship of living things to their environment.[13]

The second part of the phrase environmental engineer originates from Latin roots and was used in the 14th century French as engignour, meaning a constructor of military engines such as trebuchets, harquebuses, longbows, cannons, catapults, ballistas, stirrups, armour as well as other deadly or bellicose contraptions. The word engineer was not used to reference public works until the 16th century; and it likely entered the popular vernacular as meaning a contriver of public works during John Smeaton's time.

## History

### Ancient civilizations

Environmental engineering is a name for work that has been done since early civilizations, as people learned to modify and control the environmental conditions to meet needs.[4][14] As people recognized that their health was related to the quality of their environment, they built systems to improve[4] it. The ancient Indus Valley Civilization (3300 B.C.E. to 1300 B.C.E.) had advanced control over their water resources.[14] The public work structures found at various sites in the area include wells, public baths, water storage tanks, a drinking water system, and a city-wide sewage collection system.[14][15] They also had an early canal irrigation system enabling large-scale agriculture.[16]

From 4000 to 2000 B.C.E., many civilizations had drainage systems and some had sanitation facilities, including the Mesopotamian Empire, Mohenjo-Daro, Egypt, Crete, and the Orkney Islands in Scotland.[4] The Greeks also had aqueducts and sewer systems that used rain and wastewater to irrigate and fertilize fields.[4]

The first aqueduct in Rome was constructed in 312 B.C.E., and the Romans continued to construct aqueducts for irrigation and safe urban water supply during droughts.[4] They also built an underground sewer system as early as the 7th century B.C.E. that fed into the Tiber River, draining marshes to create farmland as well as removing sewage from the city.[4][14]

### 19th century

Very little change was seen from the decline of the Roman Empire until the 19th century, where improvements saw increasing efforts focused on public health in densely populated urban centers.[14][17] Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major sewerage system following the Great Stink.[14] The city's sewer system conveyed raw sewage to the River Thames, which also supplied the majority of the city's drinking water, leading to an outbreak of cholera.[14] The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.[18]

### 20th century

The field emerged as a separate academic discipline during the middle of the 20th century in response to widespread public concern about water and air pollution and other environmental degradation on a national-scale. As society and technology grew more complex, they increasingly produced unintended effects on the natural environment. One example is the widespread application of the pesticide DDT to control agricultural pests in the years following World War II. The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement,[19] which led to the autonomous discipline of "environmental engineering."

### 21st century

With the increased ability of the human population to impact the global environment, the discipline of environmental engineering recognized its role in solving the grand challenges of the 21st century.[20] Five areas of opportunity, where environmental engineers are uniquely positioned to positively impact the global environment, include:

1. Sustainably supplying food, water, and energy
2. Curbing climate change and adapting
3. Designing a future without pollution or waste
4. Creating efficient, healthy, resilient cities
5. Fostering informed decisions and actions

A sixth grand challenge, educating the future workforce, was also identified in the report.

Building on this report, Daniel B. Oerther and colleagues defined Environmental Engineering 3.0 as simultaneously considering "the health, safety, and welfare of the public, as well as the health of the planet upon which all life depends." [21] As an example of convergence research, modern environmental engineering is defined as using "engineering disciplines in developing solutions to problems of planetary health."[22]

## Education

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Many universities offer environmental engineering programs through either the department of civil engineering or chemical engineering and also including electronic projects to develop and balance the environmental conditions. Environmental engineers in a civil engineering program often focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and water and wastewater treatment plant design. Environmental engineers in a chemical engineering program tend to focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment technologies, and separation processes.[23] Some subdivisions of environmental engineering include natural resources engineering and agricultural engineering.

Courses for students fall into a few broad classes:

* Mechanical engineering courses oriented towards designing machines and mechanical systems for environmental use such as water and wastewater treatment facilities, pumping stations, garbage segregation plants, and other mechanical facilities.
* Environmental engineering or environmental systems courses oriented towards a civil engineering approach in which structures and the landscape are constructed to blend with or protect the environment.
* Environmental chemistry, sustainable chemistry or environmental chemical engineering courses oriented towards understanding the effects of chemicals in the environment, including any mining processes, pollutants, and also biochemical processes.
* Environmental technology courses oriented towards producing electronic or electrical graduates capable of developing devices and artifacts able to monitor, measure, model and control environmental impact, including monitoring and managing energy generation from renewable sources.

### Curriculum

The following topics make up a typical curriculum in environmental engineering:[24]

1. Mass and Energy transfer
2. Environmental chemistry
1. Inorganic chemistry
2. Organic Chemistry
3. Nuclear Chemistry
3. Growth models
1. Resource consumption
2. Population growth
3. Economic growth
4. Risk assessment
1. Hazard identification
2. Dose-response Assessment
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk characterization
5. Comparative risk analysis
5. Water pollution
1. Water resources and pollutants
2. Oxygen demand
3. Pollutant transport
4. Water and waste water treatment
6. Air pollution
1. Industry, transportation, commercial and residential emissions
2. Criteria and toxic air pollutants
3. Pollution modelling (e.g. Atmospheric dispersion modeling)
4. Pollution control
5. Air pollution and meteorology
7. Global change
1. Greenhouse effect and global temperature
2. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycle
3. IPCC emissions scenarios
4. Oceanic changes (ocean acidification, other effects of global warming on oceans) and changes in the stratosphere (see Physical impacts of climate change)
8. Solid waste management and resource recovery
1. Life cycle assessment
2. Source reduction
3. Collection and transfer operations
4. Recycling
5. Waste-to-energy conversion
6. Landfill

## Applications

### Water supply and treatment

Environmental engineers evaluate the water balance within a watershed and determine the available water supply, the water needed for various needs in that watershed, the seasonal cycles of water movement through the watershed and they develop systems to store, treat, and convey water for various uses.

Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the end uses. In the case of a potable water supply, water is treated to minimize the risk of infectious disease transmission, the risk of non-infectious illness, and to create a palatable water flavor. Water distribution systems[25][26] are designed and built to provide adequate water pressure and flow rates to meet various end-user needs such as domestic use, fire suppression, and irrigation.

### Wastewater treatment

Sewage treatment plant, Australia

There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an activated sludge system and a secondary clarifier, a tertiary biological nitrogen removal system, and a final disinfection process. The aeration basin/activated sludge system removes organic material by growing bacteria (activated sludge). The secondary clarifier removes the activated sludge from the water. The tertiary system, although not always included due to costs, is becoming more prevalent to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect the water before discharge to a surface water stream or ocean outfall.[27]

### Air pollution management

Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.

### Environmental impact assessment and mitigation

Main article: Environmental impact assessment

Water pollution

Environmental engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic, ecology, and noise. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road.

In the United States, the practice of environmental assessment was formally initiated on January 1, 1970, the effective date of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Since that time, more than 100 developing and developed nations either have planned specific analogous laws or have adopted procedure used elsewhere. NEPA is applicable to all federal agencies in the United States.[28]

## Regulatory agencies

### Environmental Protection Agency

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of the many agencies that work with environmental engineers to solve critical issues. An essential component of EPA's mission is to protect and improve air, water, and overall environmental quality to avoid or mitigate the consequences of harmful effects.

## See also

| At Wikiversity, you can learn more and teach others about Environmental engineering at the Department of Environmental engineering

|

* Atmospheric dispersion modeling
* Biofiltration
* Civil engineering
* Ecological sanitation
* Ecological engineering
* Engineering geology
* Environmental design
* Environmental engineering law
* Environmental engineering science
* Environmental health
* Environmental impact assessment
* Environmental management
* Environmental restoration
* Environmental science
* Environmental studies
* Geological Engineering
* Geoprofessions
* Hydraulic engineering
* Hydrology
* List of environmental degrees
* List of environmental engineers
* Sanitary engineering
* Water purification
* Water quality modeling

### Associations

* American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists
* Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors
* Association of Environmental Professionals
* Atmospheric dispersion modeling
* Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies
* Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment
* Society of Environmental Engineers

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Careers in Environmental Engineering and Environmental Science". http://www.aaees.org/careers/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Architecture and Engineering Occupations". Bureau of Labor Statistics. 20 February 2019. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/home.htm.
3. ↑ Mahamud-López, Manuel María; Menéndez-Aguado, Juan Mariá (September 2005). "Environmental engineering in mining engineering education" (in en). European Journal of Engineering Education 30 (3): 329–339. doi:10.1080/03043790500114490. ISSN 0304-3797. Bibcode: 2005EJEE...30..329M. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03043790500114490.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "10 Advancements in Environmental Engineering" (in en). 2014-05-18. https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/civil/10-advancements-environmental-engineering.htm.
5. ↑ Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
6. ↑ Tchobanoglous, G.; Burton, F.L.; Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Bailey Alatoree Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-041878-3.
7. ↑ Turner, D.B. (1994). Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-023-8. https://archive.org/details/workbookofatmosp0000turn.
8. ↑ Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published. ISBN 978-0-9644588-0-2.
9. ↑ Career Information Center. Agribusiness, Environment, and Natural Resources (9th ed.). Macmillan Reference. 2007. https://archive.org/details/careerinformatio00_2.
10. ↑ "Become Board Certified in Environmental Engineering". http://www.aaees.org/becomeboardcertified/environmentalengineers.php.
11. ↑ "NCEES PE Environmental exam information" (in en-US). https://ncees.org/engineering/pe/environmental/.
12. ↑ "Professional Engineering Institutions". https://www.engc.org.uk/about-us/our-partners/professional-engineering-institutions/.
13. ↑ "environ | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=environ.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Mason, Matthew. "Environmental Engineering: Why It's Vital for Our Future" (in en-US). https://www.environmentalscience.org/environmental-engineering.
15. ↑ Jansen, M. (October 1989). "Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro". World Archaeology 21 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980100. PMID 16470995.
16. ↑ Angelakis, Andreas N.; Rose, Joan B. (2014). "Chapter 2: "Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600-1900 BC)". Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries. IWA Publishing. pp. 25–40. ISBN 9781780404851.
17. ↑ "Funding - Environmental Engineering". https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=501029.
18. ↑ "Waterborne Infections". https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/waterborne-infections.
19. ↑ Radniecki, Tyler. "What is Environmental Engineering?". Oregon State University. http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~radniect/whatisenvironmentalengineering.php.
20. ↑ Grand Challenges and Opportunities in Environmental Engineering for the Twenty-first Century. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.. 2019. doi:10.17226/25121. ISBN 978-0-309-47652-2. https://doi.org/10.17226/25121. Retrieved 2025-12-17.
21. ↑ Oerther, Daniel; Oerther, Sarah; McCauley, Linda (2024). "Environmental Engineering 3.0: Faced with Planetary Problems, Solutions Must Scale-up Caring". Journal of Environmental Engineering 150 (9): 02524001. doi:10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-7764.
22. ↑ "Environmental Engineers". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC.. 2025-08-28. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm.
23. ↑ "What is Environmental Engineering?" (in en). 2012-07-04. https://uwaterloo.ca/civil-environmental-engineering/environmental-engineering/what-environmental-engineering.
24. ↑ Masters, Gilbert (2008). Introduction to environmental engineering and science. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-148193-0.
25. ↑ Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks. National Academies Press. 2006. doi:10.17226/11728. ISBN 978-0-309-10306-0. Bibcode: 2006nap..book11728N. https://www.nap.edu/read/11728/chapter/2. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
26. ↑ "Water Distribution Networks CE370". https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/CE/abukhari/Courses/CE370/Lectures/Water Distribution System.pdf.
27. ↑ Sims, J. (2003). Activated sludge, Environmental Encyclopedia. Detroit.
28. ↑ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1993. ISBN 9780070513969. https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl0000unse.

## Further reading

* Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell, (2006) Introduction to environmental engineering (4th ed.) McGraw-Hill ISBN 978-0072424119
* National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019). ﻿Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges﻿ (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/25121. ISBN 978-0-309-47652-2.

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* Programmable thermostat
* Psychrometrics
* Room temperature
* Smart thermostat
* Thermostat
* Thermostatic radiator valve

Professions, trades,
and services|

* Architectural acoustics
* Architectural engineering
* Architectural technologist
* Building services engineering
* Building information modeling (BIM)
* Deep energy retrofit
* Duct leakage testing
* Environmental engineering
* Hydronic balancing
* Kitchen exhaust cleaning
* Mechanical engineering
* Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
* Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
* Refrigerant reclamation
* Testing, adjusting, balancing

Industry organizations|

* ACCA
* AHRI
* AMCA
* ASHRAE
* ASTM International
* BRE
* BSRIA
* CIBSE
* Institute of Refrigeration
* IIR
* LEED
* SMACNA

Health and safety|

* Indoor air quality (IAQ)
* Passive smoking
* Sick building syndrome (SBS)
* Volatile organic compound (VOC)

See also|

* ASHRAE Handbook
* Building science
* Fireproofing
* Glossary of HVAC terms
* World Refrigeration Day

* Template:Home automation
* Template:Solar energy

* v
* t
* e

Construction

Types|

* Home construction
* Offshore construction
* Underground construction
* Tunnel construction

History|

* Architecture
* Construction
* Structural engineering
* Timeline of architecture
* Water supply and sanitation

Professions|

* Architect
* Building engineer
* Building estimator
* Building officials
* Chartered Building Surveyor
* Civil engineer
* Civil estimator
* Clerk of works
* Project manager
* Quantity surveyor
* Site manager
* Structural engineer
* Superintendent

Trades workers|

* List
* Banksman
* Bricklayer
* Carpenter
* Concrete finisher
* Construction foreman
* Construction worker
* Electrician
* Glazier
* Ironworker
* Millwright
* Plasterer
* Plumber
* Roofer
* Steel fixer
* Welder

Organizations|

* American Institute of Constructors
* American Society of Civil Engineers
* Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
* Associated General Contractors of America
* Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
* Build UK
* Construction History Society
* Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
* Civil Engineering Contractors Association
* The Concrete Society
* Construction Management Association of America
* Construction Specifications Institute
* FIDIC
* Home Builders Federation
* Lighting Association
* National Association of Home Builders
* National Association of Women in Construction
* National Kitchen & Bath Association
* National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
* National Tile Contractors Association
* Railway Tie Association
* Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
* Scottish Building Federation
* Society of Construction Arbitrators

By country|

* India
* Iran
* Japan
* Romania
* United Kingdom

Regulation|

* Building code
* Construction law
* Site safety
* Zoning

Architecture|

* Industrial architecture
* Interior architecture
* Landscape architecture
* Vernacular architecture

Engineering|

* Architectural engineering
* Building services engineering
* Civil engineering
* Coastal engineering
* Construction engineering
* Structural engineering
* Earthquake engineering
* Environmental engineering
* Geotechnical engineering

Methods|

* List
* Earthbag construction
* Monocrete construction
* Slip forming

Other topics|

* Building material
* List of building materials
* Construction bidding
* Construction delay
* Construction equipment theft
* Construction loan
* Construction management
* Construction waste
* Demolition
* Design–build
* Design–bid–build
* Heavy equipment
* Interior design
* Megaproject
* Megastructure
* Real estate development
* Sustainability in construction
* Urban design
* Urban planning

Outline Category

* v
* t
* e

Global human population

Major topics|

* Biocapacity
* Demographics of the world
* Optimum population
* Overpopulation
* Malthusian catastrophe
* Population
* Population ethics
* Population momentum
* Sustainable development
* Women's reproductive rights
* Zero population growth

Biological and
related topics|

* Family planning
* Pledge two or fewer
* Human population planning
* One-child policy
* Two-child policy
* Population biology
* Population decline
* Population density
* Physiological density
* Population dynamics
* Population growth
* Population model
* Population pyramid
* Projections of population growth

Human impact on
the environment|

* Deforestation
* Desalination
* Desertification
* Environmental impact
* of agriculture
* of aviation
* of biodiesel
* of concrete
* of electricity generation
* of the energy industry
* of fishing
* of irrigation
* of mining
* of off-roading
* of oil shale industry
* of palm oil
* of paper
* of the petroleum industry
* of reservoirs
* of shipping
* of war
* Industrialisation
* Land degradation
* Land reclamation
* Overconsumption
* Pollution
* Quarrying
* Urbanization
* Loss of green belts
* Urban sprawl
* Waste
* Water scarcity
* Overdrafting

Population
ecology

* Carrying capacity
* Deep ecology
* Earth's energy budget
* Food security
* Habitat destruction
* I = P × A × T
* Kaya identity
* Malthusian growth model
* Overshoot (population)
* World energy consumption
* World energy resources
* World3 model

Literature|

* A Modest Proposal
* Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
* An Essay on the Principle of Population
* "How Much Land Does a Man Need?"
* Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
* Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits
* The Limits to Growth
* The Population Bomb
* The Skeptical Environmentalist
* The Ultimate Resource

Publications|

* Population and Environment
* Population and Development Review

Lists|

* Population and housing censuses by country
* Metropolitan areas by population
* Population milestone babies

Events and
organizations

* 7 Billion Actions
* Extinction Rebellion
* International Conference on Population and Development
* Population Action International
* Population Connection
* Population Matters
* Population Research Institute
* United Nations Population Fund
* Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
* World Population Day
* World Population Foundation

Related topics|

* Classic Maya collapse
* Fertility and intelligence
* Green Revolution
* Holocene extinction
* Migration

* Commons
* Human overpopulation
* Human activities with impact on the environment
* Human migration

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