Pulmonary agent

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Chemical agents
Lethal agents

Blood

* Cyanogen chloride (CK)
* Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
* Arsine (SA)

Blister

* Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
* Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
* Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
* Lewisite (L)
* Mustard gas
(HD H HT HL HQ)

* Nitrogen mustard

* HN1
* HN2
* HN3

Nerve

|  G-agents

* Tabun (GA)
* Sarin (GB)
* Chlorosarin (GC)
* Soman (GD)
* Ethylsarin (GE)
* Cyclosarin (GF)
* GV

V-agents

* EA-3148
* VE
* VG
* VM
* VP
* VR
* VS
* VX

Novichok agents

Nettle

* Phosgene oxime (CX)

Pulmonary/choking

* Chlorine
* Chloropicrin (PS)
* Phosgene (CG)

* Diphosgene (DP)
* Disulfur decafluoride

Vomiting

* Adamsite
* Chloropicrin
* Diphenylchlorarsine
* Diphenylcyanoarsine
* Diphenylamincyanoarsine

Incapacitating agents

* Agent 15 (BZ)
* Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)

* EA-3167
* Kolokol-1

* PAVA spray
* Sleeping gas

Riot-control (RCAs)

* Xylyl bromide
* Pepper spray (OC)
* CS
* CN (mace)
* CR

* List of chemical warfare agents

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A pulmonary agent, or choking agent, is a chemical weapon agent designed to impede a victim's ability to breathe. They operate by causing a build-up of fluids in the lungs, which then leads to suffocation. Exposure to the eyes and skin tends to be corrosive, causing blurred vision and severe deep burns. Inhalation of these agents cause burning of the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, tightness in chest, and respiratory and circulatory failure.

Examples of pulmonary agents include:

* Chlorine gas
* Chloropicrin (PS)
* Diphosgene (DP)
* Phosgene (CG)
* Disulfur decafluoride
* Perfluoroisobutene
* Acrolein
* Diphenylcyanoarsine

Phosgene is the most dangerous commonly used pulmonary agent (although disulfur decafluoride and perfluoroisobutene are both even more dangerous, with respectively 4 and 10 times the lethality of phosgene, neither is widely used). It is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions. It has a vapor density 3.4 times greater than that of air, allowing it to remain low in the air for long periods of times. Phosgene leads to massive pulmonary edema, which reaches maximum symptoms in 12 hours after exposure, followed by death within 24 to 48 hours.

Chlorine is an element used in industry. It is one of the most commonly manufactured chemicals in the United States. It is used to make pesticides, rubber, and solvents. It is also used in drinking water and swimming pools to kill bacteria. The extent of poisoning chlorine causes depends on the amount of chlorine to which a person is exposed.

## History

The first major use of these agents came on April 22, 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium. The Germans opened up 168 tons of chlorine gas on the French, Canadian and British troops which created a wind-borne cloud of chemical gas that opened up a breach in the lines. However, the Germans were not prepared to exploit the opening. In 1917 the Germans also introduced the agent phosgene. By then both sides had mastered the techniques of new choking agents such as diphosgene, chloropicrin, and perfluoroisobutene which allowed numerous attacks to be made. By the end of World War I, phosgene was responsible for roughly 80% of all deaths related to chemical attacks.[citation needed]

## References

* U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. (Sep. 1995). Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook: Pulmonary Agents. Retrieved Nov. 7, 2004.
* Roland E. Langford, Introduction to weapons of mass destruction : radiological, chemical, and biological. (Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience, 2004)
* Reaching Critical Will.org, Chemical Weapons (11 May 2008).[56]
* RJ Smith.com, Chemical Agents (11 May 2008).
* Eric A. Croddy and James J. Wirtz, Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005).

* v
* t
* e

* Agents used in chemical warfare
* incapacitation
* riot control

Blood|

* Cyanogen
* Cyanogen bromide
* Cyanogen chloride (CK)
* Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
* Arsine
* Vinyl arsine

Blister|

* Arsenicals
* Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
* Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
* Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
* Lewisite (L)
* Mustard gas (HD H HT HL HQ)
* Nitrogen mustard
* HN1
* HN2
* HN3
* TL-301
* Nitrosocarbamates
* KB-16

Nerve|

| G-agents|

* Tabun (GA)
* Sarin (GB)
* Chlorosarin (GC)
* Soman (GD)
* Ethylsarin (GE)
* Cyclosarin (GF)
* GH
* GJ
* GK
* GL
* GM
* GN
* GO
* GP
* GQ
* GR
* GS
* GT
* GU
* Fluorotabun
* GV
* GV1
* GV2
* GV3
* GV4
* GV5
* GV6
* EA-1356
* EA-3534
* EA-4352
* EA-5414
* EA-5488
* Thiosarin
* Thiosoman
* Thiocyclosarin
* Crotylsarin

|

V-agents|

* EA-2192
* EA-3148
* EA-3317
* VD
* VE
* VF
* VG
* VH
* VJ
* VK
* VL
* VM
* VN
* VO
* VP
* VQ
* VR
* VS
* VT
* VU
* VV
* VW
* VY
* VZ
* VX
* V1
* V2
* V3
* V4
* V5
* V6
* IVX
* IIVx
* Chinese VX
* V-sub x (GD-7)

Novichok agents|

* A-230
* A-232
* A-234
* A-242
* A-262
* C01-A035
* C01-A039
* C01-A042

Carbamates|

* EA-3887
* EA-3887A
* EA-3948
* EA-3966
* EA-3990
* EA-4026
* EA-4038
* EA-4048
* EA-4056
* EA-4057
* EA-4181
* T-1123
* Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

Other|

* EA-2012
* EA-2054
* EA-2098
* EA-2613
* 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
* Neopentylene fluorophosphate

Precursors|

* Chlorosarin
* Chlorosoman
* Cyclohexanol
* 1,8-Dibromooctane
* N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
* Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
* Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
* Isopropyl alcohol
* Methyldichlorophosphine
* Methylphosphonic acid dichloride
* Methylphosphonyl difluoride
* Pinacolone
* Pinacolyl alcohol
* QL
* 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol

Neurotoxins|

* Saxitoxin (TZ)
* Botulinum toxin (BTX)
* Tetanospasmin (TeNT)
* Chlorophenylsilatrane
* Tetrodotoxin

Nettle|

* Phosgene oxime (CX)

Pulmonary/Choking agent|

* Chlorine
* Phosgene (CG)
* Perfluoroisobutene
* Chloropicrin (PS)
* Diphosgene (DP)
* Disulfur decafluoride
* Acrolein
* Ethyl bromoacetate
* Perchloromethyl mercaptan

Vomiting agent|

* Adamsite
* Chloropicrin
* Diphenylchlorarsine
* Diphenylcyanoarsine
* Diphenylaminecyanoarsine

Incapacitating|

* Agent 15 (BZ)
* Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
* EA-3167
* EA-3443
* EA-3580
* EA-3834
* Kolokol-1
* LSD-25
* PAVA spray
* Sleeping gas

Riot control|

* Xylyl bromide
* Pepper spray (OC)
* Mace (spray)
* CN
* CS
* CR
* CNS

Other|

* Methyl fluoroacetate
* Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
* Ricin
* Abrin
* Enterotoxin type B
* Depleted uranium
* post-combustion uranium oxides

* List of chemical warfare agents
* CB military symbol

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