Isotopes of xenon

Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 54 but with different mass numbers

Main isotopes of xenon (54Xe) | Iso­tope | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
124Xe  | 0.095%  | 1.8×1022 y[1] | εε | 124Te
125Xe  | syn | 16.9 h  | ε | 125I
126Xe  | 0.089%  | stable
127Xe  | syn  | 36.345 d  | ε  | 127I
128Xe  | 1.910%  | stable
129Xe  | 26.401%  | stable
130Xe  | 4.071%  | stable
131Xe  | 21.232%  | stable
132Xe  | 26.909%  | stable
133Xe  | syn  | 5.247 d  | β− | 133Cs
134Xe  | 10.436%  | stable
135Xe  | syn  | 9.14 h  | β− | 135Cs
136Xe  | 8.857%  | 2.165×1021 y[2] | β−β− | 136Ba
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Xe)|

* 131.293(6)[3]

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Naturally occurring xenon (54Xe) consists of seven stable isotopes and two very long-lived isotopes. Double electron capture has been observed in 124Xe (half-life 1.8 ± 0.5(stat) ± 0.1(sys) ×1022 years)[4] and double beta decay in 136Xe (half-life 2.165 ± 0.016(stat) ± 0.059(sys) ×1021 years),[5] which are among the longest measured half-lives of all nuclides. The isotopes 126Xe and 134Xe are also predicted to undergo double beta decay,[6] but this has never been observed in these isotopes, so they are considered to be stable.[7][8] Beyond these stable forms, 32 artificial unstable isotopes and various isomers have been studied, the longest-lived of which is 127Xe with a half-life of 36.345 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 12 days, most less than 20 hours. The shortest-lived isotope, 108Xe,[9] has a half-life of 58 μs, and is the heaviest known nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. Of known isomers, the longest-lived is 131mXe with a half-life of 11.934 days. 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I (half-life: 16 million years); 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both 235U and 239Pu, so are used as indicators of nuclear explosions.

The artificial isotope 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.65×106 barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Because of this effect, designers must make provisions to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel) over the initial value needed to start the chain reaction. For the same reason, the fission products produced in a nuclear explosion and a power plant differ significantly as a large share of 135Xe will absorb neutrons in a steady state reactor, while basically none of the 135I will have had time to decay to xenon before the explosion of the bomb removes it from the neutron radiation.

Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water.[citation needed] The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to the naturally occurring radioactive noble gas 222Rn.

Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the Solar System. The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula (xenon being a gas, only that part of it that formed after condensation will be present inside the object). Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation.[10] It has been suggested that the isotopic composition of atmospheric xenon fluctuated prior to the GOE before stabilizing, perhaps as a result of the rise in atmospheric O2.[11]

## Contents

* 1 List of isotopes
* 2 Xenon-124
* 3 Xenon-133
* 4 Xenon-135
* 5 Xenon-136
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4] | Decay
mode
[n 5] | Daughter
isotope
[n 6] | Spin and
parity
[n 7][n 8] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy  | Normal proportion  | Range of variation
108Xe[9] | 54  | 54  |  | 58+106
−23 μs | α | 104Te  | 0+  |  |
109Xe  | 54  | 55  |  | 13(2) ms  | α  | 105Te  |  |  |
110Xe  | 54  | 56  | 109.94428(14)  | 310(190) ms
[105+35
−25 ms]  | β+ | 110I  | 0+  |  |
α  | 106Te
111Xe  | 54  | 57  | 110.94160(33)#  | 740(200) ms  | β+ (90%)  | 111I  | 5/2+#  |  |
α (10%)  | 107Te
112Xe  | 54  | 58  | 111.93562(11)  | 2.7(8) s  | β+ (99.1%)  | 112I  | 0+  |  |
α (.9%)  | 108Te
113Xe  | 54  | 59  | 112.93334(9)  | 2.74(8) s  | β+ (92.98%)  | 113I  | (5/2+)#  |  |
β+, p (7%)  | 112Te
α (.011%)  | 109Te
β+, α (.007%)  | 109Sb
114Xe  | 54  | 60  | 113.927980(12)  | 10.0(4) s  | β+ | 114I  | 0+  |  |
115Xe  | 54  | 61  | 114.926294(13)  | 18(4) s  | β+ (99.65%)  | 115I  | (5/2+)  |  |
β+, p (.34%)  | 114Te
β+, α (3×10−4%)  | 111Sb
116Xe  | 54  | 62  | 115.921581(14)  | 59(2) s  | β+ | 116I  | 0+  |  |
117Xe  | 54  | 63  | 116.920359(11)  | 61(2) s  | β+ (99.99%)  | 117I  | 5/2(+)  |  |
β+, p (.0029%)  | 116Te
118Xe  | 54  | 64  | 117.916179(11)  | 3.8(9) min  | β+ | 118I  | 0+  |  |
119Xe  | 54  | 65  | 118.915411(11)  | 5.8(3) min  | β+ | 119I  | 5/2(+)  |  |
120Xe  | 54  | 66  | 119.911784(13)  | 40(1) min  | β+ | 120I  | 0+  |  |
121Xe  | 54  | 67  | 120.911462(12)  | 40.1(20) min  | β+ | 121I  | (5/2+)  |  |
122Xe  | 54  | 68  | 121.908368(12)  | 20.1(1) h  | EC | 122I  | 0+  |  |
123Xe  | 54  | 69  | 122.908482(10)  | 2.08(2) h  | β+ | 123I  | 1/2+  |  |
123mXe  | 185.18(22) keV  | 5.49(26) μs  |  |  | 7/2(−)  |  |
124Xe[n 9] | 54  | 70  | 123.905893(2)  | 1.8(5 (stat), 1 (sys))×1022 y[4] | Double EC | 124Te | 0+  | 9.52(3)×10−4 |
125Xe  | 54  | 71  | 124.9063955(20)  | 16.9(2) h  | β+ | 125I  | 1/2(+)  |  |
125m1Xe  | 252.60(14) keV  | 56.9(9) s  | IT  | 125Xe  | 9/2(−)  |  |
125m2Xe  | 295.86(15) keV  | 0.14(3) μs  |  |  | 7/2(+)  |  |
126Xe  | 54  | 72  | 125.904274(7)  | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0+  | 8.90(2)×10−4 |
127Xe  | 54  | 73  | 126.905184(4)  | 36.345(3) d  | EC  | 127I | 1/2+  |  |
127mXe  | 297.10(8) keV  | 69.2(9) s  | IT  | 127Xe  | 9/2−  |  |
128Xe  | 54  | 74  | 127.9035313(15)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.019102(8)  |
129Xe[n 11] | 54  | 75  | 128.9047794(8)  | Stable | 1/2+  | 0.264006(82)  |
129mXe  | 236.14(3) keV  | 8.88(2) d  | IT  | 129Xe | 11/2−  |  |
130Xe  | 54  | 76  | 129.9035080(8)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.040710(13)  |
131Xe[n 12] | 54  | 77  | 130.9050824(10)  | Stable | 3/2+  | 0.212324(30)  |
131mXe  | 163.930(8) keV  | 11.934(21) d  | IT  | 131Xe | 11/2−  |  |
132Xe[n 12] | 54  | 78  | 131.9041535(10)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.269086(33)  |
132mXe  | 2752.27(17) keV  | 8.39(11) ms  | IT  | 132Xe | (10+)  |  |
133Xe[n 12][n 13] | 54  | 79  | 132.9059107(26)  | 5.2475(5) d  | β− | 133Cs | 3/2+  |  |
133mXe  | 233.221(18) keV  | 2.19(1) d  | IT  | 133Xe  | 11/2−  |  |
134Xe[n 12] | 54  | 80  | 133.9053945(9)  | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 0+  | 0.104357(21)  |
134m1Xe  | 1965.5(5) keV  | 290(17) ms  | IT  | 134Xe | 7−  |  |
134m2Xe  | 3025.2(15) keV  | 5(1) μs  |  |  | (10+)  |  |
135Xe[n 15] | 54  | 81  | 134.907227(5)  | 9.14(2) h  | β− | 135Cs  | 3/2+  |  |
135mXe  | 526.551(13) keV  | 15.29(5) min  | IT (99.99%)  | 135Xe  | 11/2−  |  |
β− (.004%)  | 135Cs
136Xe[n 9] | 54  | 82  | 135.907219(8)  | 2.165(16 (stat), 59 (sys))×1021 y[5] | β−β− | 136Ba | 0+  | 0.088573(44)  |
136mXe  | 1891.703(14) keV  | 2.95(9) μs  |  |  | 6+  |  |
137Xe  | 54  | 83  | 136.911562(8)  | 3.818(13) min  | β− | 137Cs  | 7/2−  |  |
138Xe  | 54  | 84  | 137.91395(5)  | 14.08(8) min  | β− | 138Cs  | 0+  |  |
139Xe  | 54  | 85  | 138.918793(22)  | 39.68(14) s  | β− | 139Cs  | 3/2−  |  |
140Xe  | 54  | 86  | 139.92164(7)  | 13.60(10) s  | β− | 140Cs  | 0+  |  |
141Xe  | 54  | 87  | 140.92665(10)  | 1.73(1) s  | β− (99.45%)  | 141Cs  | 5/2(−#)  |  |
β−, n (.043%)  | 140Cs
142Xe  | 54  | 88  | 141.92971(11)  | 1.22(2) s  | β− (99.59%)  | 142Cs  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (.41%)  | 141Cs
143Xe  | 54  | 89  | 142.93511(21)#  | 0.511(6) s  | β− | 143Cs  | 5/2−  |  |
144Xe  | 54  | 90  | 143.93851(32)#  | 0.388(7) s  | β− | 144Cs  | 0+  |  |
β−, n  | 143Cs
145Xe  | 54  | 91  | 144.94407(32)#  | 188(4) ms  | β− | 145Cs  | (3/2−)#  |  |
146Xe  | 54  | 92  | 145.94775(43)#  | 146(6) ms  | β− | 146Cs  | 0+  |  |
147Xe  | 54  | 93  | 146.95356(43)#  | 130(80) ms
[0.10(+10−5) s]  | β− | 147Cs  | 3/2−#  |  |
β−, n  | 146Cs
148Xe  | 54  | 94  |  | 85(15) ms  | β− | 148Cs  | 0+  |  |
149Xe  | 54  | 95  |  | 50 ms#  |  |  | 3/2−#  |  |
150Xe  | 54  | 96  |  | 40 ms#  |  |  | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ mXe - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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IT: | Isomeric transition
n: | Neutron emission
6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
7. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. ↑ # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Primordial radionuclide
10. ↑ Suspected of undergoing β+β+ decay to 126Te
11. ↑ Used in a method of radiodating groundwater and to infer certain events in the Solar System's history
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Fission product
13. ↑ Has medical uses
14. ↑ Suspected of undergoing β−β− decay to 134Ba with a half-life over 11×1015 years
15. ↑ Most powerful known neutron absorber, produced in nuclear power plants as a decay product of 135I, itself a decay product of 135Te, a fission product. Normally absorbs neutrons in the high neutron flux environments to become 136Xe; see iodine pit for more information

* The isotopic composition refers to that in air.

## Xenon-124

Xenon-124 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double electron capture to tellurium-124 with a very long half-life of 1.8×1022 years, more than 12 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). Such decays have been observed in the XENON1T detector in 2019, and are the rarest processes ever directly observed.[12] (Even slower decays of other nuclei have been measured, but by detecting decay products that have accumulated over billions of years rather than observing them directly.[13])

## Xenon-133

xenon-133, 133XeGeneral

Symbol| 133Xe
Names| isotopes of xenon, Xe-133
Protons| 54
Neutrons| 79
Nuclide data
Natural abundance| syn
Half-life| 5.243(1) d
Decay products| 133Cs
Isotope mass| 132.9059107 u
Spin| 3/2+
Decay modes
Decay mode| Decay energy (MeV)
Beta−| 0.427
Isotopes of xenon
Complete table of nuclides

Xenon-133 (sold as a drug under the brand name Xeneisol, ATC code V09EX03 (WHO)) is an isotope of xenon. It is a radionuclide that is inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs.[14] It is also used to image blood flow, particularly in the brain.[15] 133Xe is also an important fission product.[citation needed] It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.[16]

## Xenon-135

Main page: Physics:Xenon-135

Xenon-135 is a radioactive isotope of xenon, produced as a fission product of uranium. It has a half-life of about 9.2 hours and is the most powerful known neutron-absorbing nuclear poison (having a neutron absorption cross-section of 2 million barns[17]). The overall yield of xenon-135 from fission is 6.3%, though most of this results from the radioactive decay of fission-produced tellurium-135 and iodine-135. Xe-135 exerts a significant effect on nuclear reactor operation (xenon pit). It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.[16]

## Xenon-136

Xenon-136 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double beta decay to barium-136 with a very long half-life of 2.11×1021 years, more than 10 orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe ((13.799±0.021)×109 years). It is being used in the Enriched Xenon Observatory experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay.

## See also

* Xenon isotope geochemistry

## References

1. ↑ "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124Xe with XENON1T". Nature 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4.
2. ↑ Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C. et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C 89. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Bibcode: 2014PhRvC..89a5502A.
3. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `XENON1T`
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C. et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C 89 (1): 015502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502. Bibcode: 2014PhRvC..89a5502A. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/44641/. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
6. ↑ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references". Chinese Physics C 41 (3): 030003-1—030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003. http://nuclearmasses.org/resources_folder/Wang_2017_Chinese_Phys_C_41_030003.pdf.
7. ↑ Status of ββ-decay in Xenon, Roland Lüscher, accessed online September 17, 2007.
8. ↑ Barros, N.; Thurn, J.; Zuber, K. (2014). "Double beta decay searches of 134Xe, 126Xe, and 124Xe with large scale Xe detectors". Journal of Physics G 41 (11): 115105–1–115105–12. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/11/115105. Bibcode: 2014JPhG...41k5105B.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Auranen, K. (2018). "Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn". Physical Review Letters 121 (18): 182501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501. PMID 30444390. Bibcode: 2018PhRvL.121r2501A. https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/77942573/PhysRevLett.121.pdf.
10. ↑ Boulos, M. S.; Manuel, O. K. (1971). "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth.". Science 174 (4016): 1334–1336. doi:10.1126/science.174.4016.1334. PMID 17801897. Bibcode: 1971Sci...174.1334B.
11. ↑ Ardoin, L.; Broadley, M.W.; Almayrac, M.; Avice, G.; Byrne, D.J.; Tarantola, A.; Lepland, A.; Saito, T. et al. (2022). "The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon". Geochemical Perspectives Letters 20: 43–47. doi:10.7185/geochemlet.2207. Bibcode: 2022GChPL..20...43A.
12. ↑ David Nield (26 Apr 2019). "A Dark Matter Detector Just Recorded One of The Rarest Events Known to Science". https://www.sciencealert.com/a-dark-matter-detector-just-detected-one-of-the-rarest-events-ever-in-science.
13. ↑ Hennecke, Edward W.; Manuel, O. K.; Sabu, Dwarka D. (1975). "Double beta decay of Te 128". Physical Review C 11 (4): 1378–1384. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.11.1378. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2240&context=chem_facwork.
14. ↑ Jones, R. L.; Sproule, B. J.; Overton, T. R. (1978). "Measurement of regional ventilation and lung perfusion with Xe-133". Journal of Nuclear Medicine 19 (10): 1187–1188. PMID 722337.
15. ↑ Hoshi, H.; Jinnouchi, S.; Watanabe, K.; Onishi, T.; Uwada, O.; Nakano, S.; Kinoshita, K. (1987). "Cerebral blood flow imaging in patients with brain tumor and arterio-venous malformation using Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime--a comparison with Xe-133 and IMP". Kaku Igaku 24 (11): 1617–1623. PMID 3502279.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 (in en) Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities. National Academies Press (US). 2012-03-29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201991/.
17. ↑ Chart of the Nuclides 13th Edition

* Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by Georges Audi, Aaldert Hendrik Wapstra, Catherine Thibault, Jean Blachot and Olivier Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
* Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes of xenon. Read more

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